body defense&respiration Flashcards
pathogen
an invader in the body
defence methods in the body
- WBC
-nose hair - stomach acids
- sweat
- mucus
a disease that fill the coronary arteries with atheroma
artherosclerosis
atheroma
fat deposits in the arteries because of bad cholesterol or other conditions
skin’s features as a body protector
thick and tough layer
protects the outer body areas
secrete chemicals that prevent microbial growth on the skin
contains a low pH (5,4-6,4) to porhibit microbal growth
mucous membrane’s features as a body protector
protects internal structures (externally accessible like trachea or oesophagus)
consists of thin layer of living cells that wash away the pathogens - tears, mucus, saliva.
removes pathogens together with sneezing or coughing.
symptoms of the hear attack
cold sweat
dizziness
heavy chest pain
heavy breathing
innate immunity
a born in immunity that is primitive (found in all organisms)
it reacts to all the pathogens the same way - engulfs them and digests them to kill it
the reaction is very fast since it’s same for everyone.
effectors (activated cells to play in the response) - phagocytes, epithelial cells.
adaptive immunity
only in animals
directed only to a specific pathogens and the response is created specifically to it
the response (generation of antibodies) is therefore slow
leaves a memory cell that latter works faster generating the same successful response
activated cells - lymphocytes (in the blood - B cells, in the tissue T cells)
phagocytosis
in innate immunity a phagocyte’s receptors interacts with the pathogen, the phagocyte engulfs the pathogen, lysosomes (digestion organelles) start digesting the pathogen, it is broken down to proteins and other molecules.
first line of defence
skin, nose hair
second line of defence
innate cell - born with this immunity, phagocytes perform phagocytosis and try to kill the pathogen by eating it, the response is fast and the same every time.
third line of defence
adaptive cell - lymphocytes are working. T-cells in the WBC recognizes the pathogen and B-cells are then generating a specific response to it, therefore it is slower. This line of defense leave the memory cells after killing other lymphocytes if the attack was successful to perform the same response the next time same pathogen invades the body.
antigen
a protein that is on a surface of a pathogen that make the body react to it and make antibodies against it. the pathogen is recognized because of an antigen.
what are the types of lymphocytes
B-cells T-cells and natural killing cells
each type generate one type of antibody
what are antibodies and antigens made of
proteins
what is HIV
human immunodeficiency virus that attacks the body’s immune system, more specifically B-cells, it releases it genome to manufacture its proteins and therefore slowly kill the immune system. If not treated it can develop to AIDS - a syndrome.
It spreads through unsafe sex and uncleaned needles.
antibiotics are
compounds that kill bacteria by targeting prokaryotic matabolism, features include 70s ribosomes and cell wall that is not relevant to animal cells, therefore it doesn’t kill the host infected cell but only the bacteria.
why antibiotics do not treat viruses
because they do not have the features of a prokaryotic cell which makes then unrecognizable for the antibiotic. viruses are treated with vaccines (other viruses) that eventually develop an immunity.
what happens after constant usage of antibiotics or not as long usage of antibiotics?
bacteria inside the body becomes resistant to the antibiotic therefore it is not working anymore. It is a natural selection.
vaccines are and are used for
treating viruses, it gives a long term immunity to a pathogen by stimulating memory cells. The immune response with the primary immune response, people might get couple of shots throughout the year because memory cells not always live a lifetime.
herd immunity
when large part of the population of an area is immune to a specific disease.
when vaccines cannot be gotten?
when pregnant, sick with cancer, HIV, having an organ transplant, even cultural beliefs. Immune tends to not to react to the vaccine then.
epidemic
increased occurrence of a particular infection within a given region