c. studies Flashcards
Youthful population - UGANDA
-Uganda population is 37.6 million, but expected to double by 2025
-Worlds second youngest population
-78% is below 30 years old
-More than half of the population is under 15 years old
-Average Fertility Rate is 7.0 per woman (lack of gender equality, lack of contraceptive)
Effects of a Youthful Population
-Pressure on the economy
-Poverty cycle (¼ of population lives in poverty)
-Congested classrooms; lower quality education
-Increases demand for food (pressure on land)
-Unemployment
pro-natalist policies in France
Needed the policy because fertility rate was low and their population wasn’t growing
- Payment of up to 1300 USD to couples having their third child
- Generous maternity grants
- Family allowances to increase the purchasing power of three child families
- Maternity leave on near full pay for 20 weeks for the first child to 40 weeks or more for the third child
- 100% mortgage and preferential treatment in the allocation of three bedroom council flats
-Tax benefits to parents until the youngest child reaches 18
- 30% fare reduction on all public transport for three child families
- Child-orientated development policies such as expansions of day nurseries
Anti-Natalist policies - China’s One Child Policy
One Child Policy
-1979 the one-child policy was implemented
-The birth rate fell from 33% to 17% in 9 years
-Policy has estimated to have reduced population growth by 300 million people in first 20 years
-Many expceptions
Negative Effects
-Sex Imbalance, currently, 116 boys to every 100 girls born (due to selective abortions)
-Neglect for female infants
-Concerns that China’s single children are growing up to be very self centred (little emperor syndrome )
-Large amount of the male population not being married
social negative effect:
- since Chinese tradition aims for children to take care of their parents and grandparents, one child is not able to do so.
Female Education - Afghanistan HL
Parts of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Africa, women receive significantly poorer education than men
- 75% of the world’s illiterate population are females
-Females needed to work at home and families often only have enough funds to educate one child
-Often belief that the female role is to look after children and take care of the home and therefore does not need an education
.
- The Taliban banned females from working, therefore eliminating female teachers and girls ability to get an education
- Female education effectively ended when females were banned from working. Because girls could not be educated by male teachers, they had no one to teach them
- Without an education females will find it hard to work, earn money and be self-sufficient
- They will have little knowledge about family planning and health issues usually leading to higher fertility rates and poorer health
Trading Bloc: European Union SL
Trading Bloc: European Union SL
-World’s biggest trading bloc consisting of 27 member states
-The EU accounts for over 25% of global GDP
-The aim of the single market was to promote trade between member countries
- Through the relaxation of protectionist policies, the free movement of labour and even the removal of exchange rates for Eurozone countries it was believed that all member states would benefit through increased job creation and income
- The larger economies of Germany and France offer financial support to slow growth countries across the EU
- The common currency has also meant that countries can no longer set their own interest rates which have harmed countries trying to slow growth or increase growth through the use of lowering or highering interest rates
Debt Relief - HIPC HL
The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) are poor countries with high levels of debt and poverty
-Majority located in Africa, with a few in SE Asia and Latin America
- Initiated by the IMF and World Bank in 1996 after extensive campaigning from NGOs. The majority of the debt relief is coming from the IMF and World Bank to countries who had unstable debts
- To remain eligible for debt relief countries had to enforce anti-corruption efforts, promote democracy and account for expenditure
- Nicaragua had unsustainable debt and therefore became eligible to HIPC status. In 2000 Nicaragua received debt relief of nearly $4.5 billion reducing its debt burden
Drought Event: Aral Sea SL
Once fourth largest inland lake in the world
- Since the 1960’s the sea has been shrinking because rivers feeding it had been diverted to irrigate the desert, due to production of melons, rice, wheat and cotton
- 75% of water gets lost through evaporation or leakage
- Between 1960 and 1988 the surface of the Aral Sea shrank by nearly 60%
-By 2007 it was only 10% of its original size and its salinity had gotten very high
- The rapidly increasing salinity has largely killed the sea’s ecosystem
- The fishing industry has collapsed and residents health worsened due to inhalation of salt, a lack of clean water and food shortages
Growing resource consumption: China HL
- China’s 1.4 billion people (2021) population and rapid economic development and urbanization has meant that it is increasingly demanding more and more of the world’s resources.
- China itself only has a finite amount of resources it is looking to other countries and regions to supply it, most noticeably DM of the Congo
- The population is growing and getting richer its is demanding more food (especially meat). This requires ever big areas of land and water to grow the food.
- China’s population is rapidly urbanizing so there is growing demand for construction materials like copper and steel
- China’s developing population are demanding more luxury products like televisions, washing machines and mobile phones that all require resources to manufacture.
- China has a large manufacturing economy - it is the world’s biggest exporter. To maintain its position it needs a reliable supply of resources
- China’s economic growth means the demand for fossil fuels is growing.
- Singed 9 Billion dollar deal with Congo
International Agreement: Kyoto HL
- The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving “stabilization of greenhouse gases concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human) interference with the climate system.”
- Initially adopted in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan
- aim is to cut greenhouse has emissions by 5 percent of their 1990 levels by 2015
- carbon market developed when countries started buying other country’s emission units to spare
THEREFORE FAILED NES GASES TAI NEMAZEJO
- As of July 2010, 191 states have signed and ratified the protocol
- Under the Protocol, 37 countries commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gases and two groups of gases produced by them
- it has failed, many countries has left the protocol like USA or CANADA because it did not show a significant changes made, countries failed to fulfill the requirements of reducing emissions.
Rural-Urban Migration in Brazil SL
- Low paid agricultural jobs, loss of jobs because of mechanization, lack of services (schools, hospitals, water supply, electricity) loss of land, poor quality housing, etc.
- Prospect of better jobs (factories), better entertainment, better services, more housing, etc.
- It is one of Brazil’s largest settlements with a population of approximately 11.7 million people.
- Millions of people have migrated from Brazil’s rural areas to Rio de Janeiro. 65% of urban growth is a result of migration.
- Some of these settlements may be 40 or 50 km from the city centre (on the edge of the city), along main roads and up very steep hillsides.
- Problems may include: unemployment, shortage of houses, pressure on schools and hospitals, shortage of water and electricity, congestion and pollution.
Landlocked Countries: Nepal HL
- Bottom 10% global GDP ranking, GDP is about half that of countries which have access to the sea
- India is Nepals sole transit neighbor, meaning they can block Nepals borders or adapt policies to restrict trade.
- Nepal receives 80% of its imports from India.
- Due to mountainous areas flight transportation is not easy or cheap
- 10 year long civil war meant economic growth was damaged, meaning it was not easy especially for agriculture since geographical characteristics were tough.
- Political instability has lead to poor levels of private investment and distribution of public goods.
- Agriculture accounts for 75% of the labour force and contributes to 37% of Nepal’s GDP.
- Dependence on primary sector makes developing the economy a difficult task.
- Globalisation unlikely to improve defender due to to trade locking its resource dependency rather than opening opportunities for growth.
- UN project Nepal wont focus on: gender equality, education, improved sanitation.
McDonalds
- McDonald’s is the World’s largest hamburger chain. It has over 35,000 restaurants in 119 countries and serves an estimated 68 million customers daily
- Employs over 1.9 million people and has revenue in excess of $24 billion
- About 15% of all restaurants are owned directly by the corporation, while the rest operate as franchises
-McDonald’s has also adapted it restaurants to suit local tastes (glocalisation) ex. the Mccurry in India and no beef on the menu in india
-Takes benefits of globalization and adapts it to the local culture
International sports event - London Olympics 2012
-Costed 8 Billion
-17 900 jobs created
-1 billion total TV viewers
-Estimated 14 000 new tourist jobs created
-England had a 3.7% GDP growth during the year of the games
-2.5 Billion spent on regeneration and infrastructure
Regeneration
-Not all events could take place in london
-Important element in bring the games to London was the prospect of regeneration in the East End of London as well as bringing an economic boom to London and the whole UK
-The games brought a transformation to the Lower Lea Valley
-Area has one of the most deprived communities in the UK, with high unemployment
-Olympic venues such as an 80 000 seat stadium, aquatic centre, velodrome, BMX track and an olympic village to house thousands of athletes
-Around 12 000 permanent jobs were created and thousands of temporary ones
-At least seven thousand in the construction centre
-Games also boost tourism
-Olympic-generated tourism estimated at 2.5 billion USD for that year
- MADE A QUEEN ELIZABETH’S PARL FOR GREENERY
Malaria Impacts and Prevention
-Kills up to 3 million people annually and about 500 million more people suffer from the disease
-Cost of malaria is estimated at around 1.3 billion USD annually
-Most prevalent in Africa
-92% of people living with malaria live in Africa
-Due to poor economic development, lack of hygiene, lack of governmental policies and education about the disease and prevention
-2016, malaria affected an estimated 216 million people in 91 countries
- local level
-Detrimental impacts to individuals, families and communities
-Costs of malaria - purchase of drugs, expenses of treatment and travel, expenses of preventative malaria measures
-Loss of days at work and/or school that malaria can cause - National level (largely economic)
-Excess government money in already poor areas has to be spent on health facilities, drugs and supplies insecticide spraying and bed nets
-Loss of tourism
-Massive loss of economic growth due to a less productive work force (source: CDC and WHO) - International scale
-loss of economic output by affected countries
-Large amounts of money on aid and drugs are spent by the entire world to try and reduce the problem
Strategies to reduce malaria:
1. Distribution of insecticide treated bed-nets
- Distribution of Anti-malarial drugs
-One type of treatment called seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SDC)
-Set of drugs given to young children once a month during and after the rainy season where malaria is most prevalent
-WHO recommended use of SDC as prevention method - estimated 11 million cases and approximately 50 000 deaths could be avoided each year if SDC was implemented
-Creation of vaccine (largely to do with the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation)
- Killing Mosquito larvae
-Killing mosquito larvae and removing stagnant water drastically reduces mosquito populations
Example: US in 1931 invasively drained bodies of water (bogs, swamps) and covered wetlands with insecticide and oil - drastically reduced mosquitos but was environmentally damaging
Palm Oil
-Around 50% of packaged products in american superstores contain palm oil
-In order to meet the worlds huge demand for palm oil huge areas of rainforest are cleared, this destroys biodiversity and threatens endangered animals
-Indonesia is the worlds biggest produced of palm oil, half the worlds supply
Climate Change and Kiribati
South pacific islands emit less than 1% of worlds greenhouse gases
-Kiribati is composed of 33 atolls (21 inhabited) that is especially vulnerable to sea-level rise and storm surges
-The atolls are naturally low-lying and have a high ratio of coastline to land area so are especially vulnerable
-The highest point on the main island is less than 3 meters
-Beach erosion, contamination of freshwater
-Coral bleaching will reduce tourism
-By end of the century - predicted 23 inch rise
-Some studies have suggested that Kiribati could lose about 34 percent of its 1998 GDP by 2050 because of climate change and sea-level rise
Southern Sudan Conflict and Food Insecurity
-Conflict in southern Sudan created large amounts of food insecurity
-Conflict affects many factors that have a negative impact of food production such as breaking down public order and infrastructure
-Conflict caused loss of many high potential agricultural areas due to fighting
-In June of 2011 around 350 000 farmers were forced to flee their farms during cultivation season
Horn of Africa (Food Shortages / Deforistation)
-Includes countries such as Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya
-15.2 million people require immediate lifesaving assistance (USAID)
-Vulnerable because 95% of food being grown is rain fed (droughts and increased temperatures can have massive impact)
-In 2011, crop production was only 19% of 2010 crop production
-Due to food shortages, many people turning to other sources of income
-Most commonly the production of charcoal due to low access of electricity in the region
-In Djibouti, 15% of the rural population depends on charcoal
-Production of charcoal puts burden on environment
-Loss of forest cover
-Ethiopia lost an average of 140 900 hectares of forest cover per year
-Deforestation makes environment more arid
-Combined with loss of root structure strongly increases the amount of land degradation
-Due to demand in Gulf states, charcoal production has increased
-More people producing charcoal and less producing food - makes problem worse
Ways to Reduce Vulnerability:
1. Policy changes at local, regional and national levels
- Irrigation/water management that reduce
effects of extreme environmental shocks or drought resistant seeds - Lowering fertility rates by family planning programs helps to reduce food shortages
Tourism - Belize
Relatively small and only 2 hours flight from Miami
-Has wildlife such as howler monkeys and heritage sites, rainforests, coral reefs, wetlands etc
-12.8% of jobs related to tourism
-18% of GDP
-1 million tourists in 2012 (population only around 370 000)
-Tourism managed by the Belize tourist board, ministry of tourism and the private sector
Sustainability
-36% of land protected and 13% of water protected
But
-1 cruise ship carrying 5 000 passengers create huge amount of waste above the carrying capacity such as 800 000L of raw sewage
-One of the marine reserves is infected with black band disesase
Governments Plan for Sustainabiliyt
-Better cruise ship regulations (take waste home)
-Training programs to increase knowledge of ecosystems and their role in tourism
Sustainable City - Curitiba
Curitiba:
Buses
-3 mil, 99% are happy
-Public transport to limit car use, public transport limits financial resources
-5 Arterial roads that were bus only, brought people all around the city, prevented congestion
-Bus system carries 2 million people a day.
-Each bus has 3 carriages, 500 cheaper to build than metro
-Glass boarding tubes before bus to pay, speed up boarding process
-High rise buildings placed near arterial roads
-Average travel time has been cut by 1/3
Network of Parks
-Ring the city, increasing value of surrounding land
-Increases quality of life, helps with flood control with soft engineering
-Sheep keep grass short, providing jobs
Zoning
-Designate zones for specific industries, prevented industry from building in park areas
Environmental Sustainability Strategy - London Congestion Charges
Congestion charges in London
-London introduced congestion charge zones in 2003. If any vehicle is used within those zones between 7:00am - 6:00pm has to pay a fee.
-Charge aims to reduce traffic and raise investments for London transport systems.
-Charge is 11.5 pounds.
-If they have electric cars, fee is lower
PROS:
-Number of vehicles reduced by 30% from 2003-2007
-Increase in bikes
-NOx levels fell by 17% from 2003-2006.
CONS:
-Increase in taxi’s and buses
-The charged zone made other streets more crowded.
Remitances
- Money sent back home from workers in a foreign country.
- India and China are the largest recipients with a combined total of 130.7 billion dollars.
Eco tourism - Costa Rica
Monteverde Cloud Forest, in Costa Rica
- 26% of Costa Rica is dedicated to national parks
- 18% of the Costa Rica’s total tourist revenue is from the Cloud Forest.
- Known for bird watching.
Outsourcing
-To contract work abroad.
- IBM employs 150,000 workers in India
- Good literacy/skill levels and low wages make India a suitable place for outsourcing
Barcelona Car Pollution
Barcelona in 2014 had a serious air pollution problem and was consistently failing to meet the EU’s air quality target
Air pollution in the region was causing 3500 premature deaths every year
Traffic was causing noise pollution
The city developed an extensive urban mobility plan to try and reduce traffic by 21%
One strategy was the creation of superblocks where 9 block square sections of the city were blocked off entirely or open to cars going slower than 10 km/h and parking was removed or moved underground, cars could still go through the city just on main roads that surrounded the super block
Goal change the layout of the city to prioritize pedestrians over cars
In a surrounding municipality this has been implemented since 2008 and has shown significant reduction in noise pollution and an increase of around 50% in pedestrians
There was also a 42% nitrogen oxide reduction in the surrounding area
What was also found was that it was good for business as more people were walking around and stopping and spending money at local businesses
Distribution of population in South Africa
Kimberley - because of resources like gold and diamonds
Garden Route - agriculture
Capetown - excellent trading
high distribution near mines and farms
Uneven distribution in general the population decreases from the south-east to the north-west
- depends on agricultural activities, mining (blacks moved to cities to work as labourers in gold and diamond mines), rainfall distribution, mountains.
- Economic migration due to industrial development until 1950s, forced migration during apartheid (4million black people forcibly removed from “white” areas and relocated to homelands (outskirts) and influx control, preventing blacks from entering “white” towns), blacks’ voluntary migration to large cities after the collapse of apartheid system in search for work.
- circular migration: when a worker moved repeatedly between home and host areas - frequently take poorly paid and insecure jobs in the informal economy, grandparents usually stay in rural areas to take care of the children due to the high cost of living in the cities.
Leisure in Sudan
When rural children are running errands, collecting water or herding sheep and goats, they introduce elements of play intro their activities. Children use scrap medal to make toys, when hopping on one leg while herding, children make their work more enjoyable and fun.
Ageing Population - Japan’s High Old Dependency Ratio
Around 25% of Japan’s population is over 65
This is because:
-High life expectancy
- GDP per capita 38,000 dollars
- Healthier diets
-High quality education
- 1.4 Births per woman
-gender equality equal
-99% of woman literate
- High dependency ratio
-Population will shrink from 127 to 90 million by 2055 if conditions stay the same.
-Immigration could solve population decline but Japanese population is very traditional and so allowing large scale immigration would involve huge social and cultural changes.
problems:
- inadequate nursing facilities
depletion of labour force
migration
solutions:
raising taxes+increase care in care homes
raise retirement age+cut back social welfare
Tourism in Oxford university, UK
it attracts over 5 million visitors each year, even though it has been built as a university, not a hotspot. Oxford tOURISM sTRATEGY HAS BEEN estabilshed to make sure it evens out the tourists on each season, provide larger parks and more public transport, etc.
National park as a hotspot - Ireland, Killarney
in ireland, killarney national park has been suffering big crowds of people because of places like muckross house, therefore wanting to preserve the heritage, landscapes, etc, they made zones, in which different levels of manegement are applied.
