evolution and ecology Flashcards
homologous structure
similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor but the features serve different functions
artificial selection
the identification by humans of desirable traits in plans and animals, they take steps to develop generations with those traits ahead.
vestigial structures
a feature that a specie inherited from an ancestor but that is now less elaborate and functional than in case of the ancestor
divergent evolution
different ancestors but same traits because of the environment (selection pressure) (shark and dophin)
convergent evolution
same ancestors but different traits to adapt in their environment (puma and dolphin)
what did Darwin prove
theory of natural selection
reasons for variation in the world
*mutation, meiosis and sexual reproduction
least common
through which part of the structure do bacteria exchange information
plasmids
porifera examples
sea sponge
cnidaria examples
jellyfish, coral
platyhelmintha examples
tapeworm, planaria, ocean’s worms with flat structures
annelida examples
earthworm, leech (siurbele)
mollusca examples
snail, octupus, squid
arthropoda examples
insects and spiders
amphibian examples
frogs, zalciai
reptile examples
snakes, lizards, crocodiles
bird examples
ducks, owls
mammal examples
human, elephant, tiger
bryophyta examples
mosses (samanos)
filicinophyta examples
ferns, papartis
coniferophyta examples
conifers, pine trees
angiospermophyta examples
flowers that bloom
species
groups of organisms that can interbreed and have offsprings
community
population of different species living and interacting with each other
chemotrophs
gets their energy by breaking down organic or inorganic molecules within the environment
autotrophic organisms
organisms that feed by creating nutrients using inorganic molecules as an energy source. plants.
heterotrophic
organisms that have to ‘steal’ nutrients from others in order to survive. they eat other organisms. humans.
heterotrophs classification
cosumers - feed on living organisms (giraffe, racoon), detrivores - obtain organic nutrients from dead organisms due internal digestion (snails), saprotrophs - obtain nutrients from dead organisms due external digestion (fungi).
herbivores
only plant eating organisms (giraffe)
carnivores
mainly meat from other animals eating organisms (tiger)
omnivores
both plant and meat eating organisms (racoon)
taxonomists what do they do
they classify animals by using hierarchy of taxa (domain, kingdom, tt)
a clade ; how are caldograms formed?
a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor. caldograms are formed due to DNA sequences
classification of animals
artificial classification - choosing 1-2 common feature and then grouping
natural classification - taking all of their characteristics and grouping them
phylogenetic classification - sequencing DNA and putting them into groups based on how many differences and similarities exist.
analogous structure
different ancestor but same function of the similar trait
population
same area, same species
abiotic environment
a non-living part of the ecosystem that shapes its environment (temperature, light, water)
