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G 1 Flashcards

1
Q

physical and human factors affecting population distribution at the global scale

A
  • proximity to water (soil fertility, infrastructure, trade)
  • altitude and latitude. (temperature climates, accessible, resources available.)
  • hemispheres and landmasses
  • distribution of raw materials (coal and mineral abundance)
  • government policies (south africa under the apartheid policy, Myanmar.)
  • war
    migration
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2
Q

examples of MICs

A

Mexico, Iraq

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3
Q

Examples of LICs

A

Bangladesh.
Congo

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4
Q

Examples of HICs

A

China, Lithuania, Sweden, USA.

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5
Q

CASE STUDY IN CHINA POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

A
  • 90% of the population lives of 30% of the land, majority concentrated by the coast and on friendlier, more productive terrain, while less than 4% of the population lives on 50% of the land (e.g., Tibet and Inner Mongolia).
  • Internal migration: 160 million people have left rural areas for urban ones, this has also increased inequalities, creating urbanization and mega-regions.
  • Largest cities: Beijing, Tianjin, Shenzhen, Hong Kong.
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6
Q

CASE STUDY SOUTH AFRICA POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

A

Kimberley - because of resources like gold and diamonds
Garden Route - agriculture
Capetown - excellent trading

high distribution near mines and farms

  • Uneven distribution in general the population decreases from the south-east to the north-west
  • depends on agricultural activities, mining (blacks moved to cities to work as labourers in gold and diamond mines), rainfall distribution, mountains.
  • Economic migration due to industrial development until 1950s, forced migration during apartheid (4million black people forcibly removed from “white” areas and relocated to homelands (outskirts) and influx control, preventing blacks from entering “white” towns), blacks’ voluntary migration to large cities after the collapse of apartheid system in search for work.
  • 1948-1994
  • circular migration: when a worker moved repeatedly between home and host areas - frequently take poorly paid and insecure jobs in the informal economy, grandparents usually stay in rural areas to take care of the children due to the high cost of living in the cities.
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7
Q

BRICS economic organization

A

brazil, russia, india, china, south africa. MUST mention that they have included more countries now

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8
Q

MINT economic organization

A

mexico, indonesia, nigeria, turkey

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9
Q

CIVETS

A

columbia, indonesia, vietnam, egypt, turkey, south africa.

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10
Q

next 11 economic organization

A

countries that have potentially the fastest growing economies in the 21st century (MEXICO, NIGERIA)

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11
Q

Centrally planned economies

A

North Korea and Cuba

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12
Q

Oil rich countries

A

Saudi Arabia and Libya

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13
Q

North-south divide

A

north-hics south-lics

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14
Q

development gap

A

the difference in wealth between developed and the developing world (North and South)

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15
Q

OPEC

A

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries representing the interests of oil exporters. they control the prices of oil.

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16
Q

the G7/G8

A

A group of the world’s wealthiest and most powerful countries.
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK, JAV.

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17
Q

distribution vs density

A

distribution is where people live, density is a measure of how many live there (per km2)

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18
Q

birth rate

A

(how many people were born in a year per 1000 people

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19
Q

death rate

A

how many people died in a year per 1000 people

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20
Q

natural increase

A

birth rate - death rate, expressed as a percentage migration not taken into account.

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21
Q

doubling time

A

the number of years needed for a population to double in size, divide years by rate of natural increase

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22
Q

population momentum

A

the tendency for population to grow despite a fall in birth rate of fertility levels, occurs because people are in the pre-childbearing and childbearing years, as they grow older, the greater number of births will exceed the number of deaths in the older populations, so the population will continue to grow.

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23
Q

total fertility rate (TFR)

A

the average number of births per 1000women of childbearing age, highest generally found among poorer countries, although some have transitioned to low feritlity rate - changing fertility rates are due to sociocultural and economic factors for example:
- the status of women
- level of education and material ambition
- location of residence
- religion
- health of mother
- economic prosperity
- the need for children

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24
Q

STAGE 1 in demographic transition model (DTM)

A
  • high and variable
    birth rates and death rates are high and variable
    population growth fluctuates, only some tribes still at this stage - no countries
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25
Q

STAGE 2 in demographic transition model (DTM)

A

EARLY EXPANDING
- birth rate remains high but the death rate comes down rapidly
population growth is rapid
afghanistan and sudan are in this stage

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26
Q

STAGE 3 in demographic transition model (DTM)

A

late expanding:
- birth rate drops and the death rate remains low
- population growth continues but at a slower rate
- Brazil and Argentina are at this stage

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27
Q

STAGE 4 in demographic transition model (DTM)

A

low and variable:
- birth rates and death rates are low and vairable
- population growth fluctuates
- MOst developed countries are at this stage (Lithuania, UK)

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28
Q

STAGE 5 in demographic transition model (DTM)

A

slow declining
- the birth rate is lower than death rate
- the population declines
- Japan and Sweden are in this stage

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29
Q

Life expectancy

A

the average number of years that a perosn can be expected to live - usually from birth, assuming that demographic factors remain unchanged

30
Q

dependency ratios

A

measures the working population and the dependent population and their relation to each other. It is good for comparing countries or tracking changes over time. In the developed world, there is a high proportion of elderly, while in the developing world there is a high proportion of youth

31
Q

megacity growth is:

A

expansion of the built area, increased traffic congestion, air pollution and declining water quality, it gives economic benefits for migrants

32
Q

MUMBAI CASE STUDY AS A MEGACITY

A

India in Mumbai’s largest city has over 18million people

it is the center of india, makes a great impact to the india’s GDP,

Mumbai’s per capita income is 3 times the national average

in 2011 mumbai had 12 million people and 9 million lived in slums

more than 4.000 cases of various viruses like typhoid a day

large part of the population is billionaires and millionaires that live in Mumbai but over half the population lives in slums (Dharavi), slums near the financial district, no secure tenure for inhabitants as it might be destroyed any moment to make space for infrastructural developments

  • problems resulting from rapid city growth, poverty, unemployment, underemployment, limited access to healthcare and education, poor sanitation, unequal access to electricity, and poor sewage system.
  • IT IS THE CENTRE OF BOLLYWOOD
  • up to 85% is in informal sector and work locally, many recycling industries and pottery industries
33
Q

forced migration

A

the movement of refugees and internally displaced people as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine or development projects.

34
Q

conflict induced displacement

A

people who are forced to move due to armed conflict

35
Q

development induced displacement

A

people who are forced to move due to results of large-scale infrastructure projects such as motorways, airports, etc.

36
Q

disaster induced displacement

A

natural disasters resulting in large numbers of displaced people including volcanoes, hurricanes, landslides

37
Q

refugees

A

a person resiging outside his or her country of nationality who is unable or unwilling to return because of well-founded fear of persecution on account og race, religion, nationality, membership, etc

38
Q

asylum seekers

A

the seek for protection in another country but are refused as refugees

39
Q

IDPs - internally displaced persons

A

people forced to flee their home suddently ot unexpectedly in large numbers as a results of armed conflict or violation of human rights, man-made disasters, etc

40
Q

development displaces

A

people compelled to move as a result of policies and projects to promote development

41
Q

environmental or disaster displacees

A

because of environment or disasters forced to move

42
Q

smuggled people

A

people moved illegally for profit

43
Q

trafficked poeple

A

people moved by deception or for the purpose of exploitation and profit.

44
Q

advantages in aging population

A
  • the elderly might have skills and training and some employers prefer them to younger unexperienced workers
  • elderly can look after grandchildren and allow the parents to work
    the “gray economy”, therefore companies provide strategies for this specific market, like holiday companies or healthcare providers.
  • a person born in HIC can expect to outlive a person born in an LIC by 14 years.
    The older dependency ratio (ODR) : acts as an indicator of the balance between working-age people and the older population that they must support.
45
Q

CASE STUDY JAPAN AGING POPULATION

A
  • decreased both birth and death rates since 1945
  • in 2022 almost 30% of the Japanese population were aged over 65 years
  • this created huge buren on pension funds and social welfare programs, especially healthcare:
    inadequate nurning facilities, depletion of the labout force, deterioration of the economy, a trade deficit, migration of Japanese industry to other countries because of smaller amount of people in working-age, the high cost of funding pensions and healthcare, new leisure facilities needed for the elderly, an increase in the burden on the working population to serve as the dependent population

solution:
raise taxes, raise the retirement age, cut back on social welfare programs, and increase care in people’s homes.

46
Q

policies to manage population change to aging societies

A

countries and governmetns can either aim to increase or decrease population size and fertility rates
family planning methods include contraceptices as the pill or condom as well as drastic methods as forced sterilization, abortion.

47
Q

China one-child policy

A
  • imposed in 1979, one of the most severe and controversial family planning programs
  • prevented around 400 million births
  • changed in 2015 to allow 2 children
  • female infants valued less, they were aborted or abandoned, or killed because only a man can carry the family name.
  • couples living in rural areas would have a 2nd child if the first was a girl.
  • fertility rate droppedthus easing food security fears but labour force was shrinking and aging population was growing.
  • now children is seen as expensive luxury.
48
Q

CASE STUDY pro-nationalist policies in Russia

A
  • low fertility for a number of decades due to poor reproductive healthcare services, a lack of modern contraceptives, widespread and unsafe abortions, high divorce rates, an aging population structure, inferitlity and women choosing to have fewer children.
  • governmetn tac of childlessness from 1941 to 1990, and families rewarded for having a 3rd or 4th child, then for having even 2 childs.
  • by 2006, feritlity had dropped to less than 1.3 births per woman, so Putin announced measures to increase birth rate
  • Increase in pregnancy, birth, and child benefits according to the number of children a family had.
  • increased parental leave following the birth of a child.
    increased payments to mothers of second and third child
    between 2006-2011 fertility increased by 21% but after 5 years of the policy, women ended up still not wanting another child.
49
Q

policies in Kerala of gender equality

A

a state in India
successes in improving health and literacy and education, decreasing birth rate
stability of the government
women and men having the same education
access to any education to women - even doctors or nurses
fertility rate (1.9 just below replacement level), high life expectancies and high levels of literacy, low infant mortality rate
but women in work is 18% where men is 53%. WOMEN are more focused on low-paid jobs
their roles in decision-making are limtied
legal system dominated by males, violence and sexual harassment against women is still common and often related to husbands’ alcohol consumption.

50
Q

trafficking nigerian women to europe

A

for sexual exploitation trafficked to europe
women are made belieced that theya re travelling for prosperous new life with opporutnities but are the forced to prostitution to pay back large debt
threats are made to theri family members
they are controlled by ‘madams’ how have grown up rom the same fate

51
Q

demographic dividend

A

increase in the number of adults in a population, occurs when fertility rates decline, allowing faster economic growth.
benefits:
- women - healthier, better
- people can save money
- more opportunities for jobs
- stabilizing the economy
- decreasing dependency ratio

after the demographic dividend (like in Japan) later generations must take care of now large number of elderly people.

52
Q

pro-natalist vs anti-natalist

A

pro - increase children in the country
anti - decrease children in the country

53
Q

pro-natalist in Finland

A

Since 2013, every new-born baby in Lestijärvi, one of the smallest municipalities in Finland, has been ‘worth’ €10,000.

That’s when Lestijärvi’s administrators decided to fight back against the declining birth rate and shrinking population in the village, in which only one child had been born the previous year. The municipality introduced an incentive called the ‘baby bonus’: any resident who gave birth would be entitled to €10,000, paid over 10 years.

It’s taken off: nearly 60 children have since been born in the municipality. Compared to the prior seven years in which only 38 children were born, the new babies are a big boost to this village of fewer than 800 people.

2018, it hit a record low of 1.4 children per woman

54
Q

Birth rate falling because of higher income

A

In countries like Singapore, where the status of women has improved, the birth rate has fallen, between 1960 and 2000 there were great social and economic changes there, resulting in full employment including for females. so, as a result, TFR fell from 3 to 1.5 in 2000 and to 0.81 in 2015.

55
Q

birth rate higher in LIC

A

in Democratic Republic of Congo in 2021 there is 6.16, contraceptives are limited to the minority because of majority of the country is poor - agricultural country so children could help in farming.

56
Q

ODR

A

older dependency ratio

57
Q

asian tigers

A

Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan

58
Q

DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND IN SOUTH KOREA

A

korea followed an aggressive population policy, the government invested in health centres to provide a range of services including family planning, field workers visited homes and provided family planning information and methods.

result:
between 1950-1975, fertily dropped from 5.4 to 2.9 and by 2005 to 1.2.

government focused on education, where before there were education were had by 54% and they achieved 97% by 1990.

improved relations with japan and japan invested in strengthening agriculture, fishing, manufacturing industries

59
Q

multiplier effect

A

near the hotspot of tourism, local people are creating their own businesses, and people are paying taxes and therefore multiplying the economy. their business relies on the hotspot and the people that are coming to that object - hotspot (e.g. hotel. Santa Claus in Rovaniemi, Finland)

60
Q

CASE STUDY: tourism in Oxford university, UK

A

it attracts over 5 million visitors each year, even though it has been built as a university, not a hotspot. Oxford tOURISM sTRATEGY HAS BEEN estabilshed to make sure it evens out the tourists on each season, provide larger parks and more public transport, etc.

61
Q

case study of glastonbury festival in the UK

A

Glastonbury festival is the largest open-air music festival in Europe, visitors are attracted to see some sort of performance.
the area where the festival is held can keep up to 250 000 people.

environmental impacts: air pollution, because of many people coming for those three days, waste disposal, empty plastic bottles and tents
noise pollution, many performances continue through the night which disturbs local residents.

works with Greenpeace to gain money for the festival and they are protecting their reputation so people would ignore the unsustainable aspect of this festival.

70% of festival’s pollution is from cars and traffics

62
Q

coachella festival in indio, california.

A

in 2021 there were 200 tonnes of waste and only 20% were recycled, experts claim that plastic should be banned in coachella.
70% of festival’s pollution is from cars and traffics

63
Q

transnational corporations in tourism

A

in toursim countries as LIC do not have enough infrastructure or money for infrastructure to develop toruism on their own so it could benefit their economy, therefore TNCs like large hotel chains from HIC organize and market these resources and products.

advantages:
TNC attracts tourists because of their recognision
tourists from HIC are aiming for high standards and TNCs can provide that
TNCs improve the productivity anf sustainability of the sector and the econmy
TNCs provide employement, they offer better wages

disadvantages:
labour exploitation, the jobs are mostly seasonal
TNCs use the resources that could have been useful to the original country and its locals
leakage - the money that was made during the tourism is often passed on the countries that TNCs was made in
TNCs’s decisions are from outside and are focused on how to benefit them rather than local community too

example: radisson hotel in Azerbaijan or Iran

64
Q

TNC in lithuania

A
  • ziauriai scammina nes duoda pasirasineti sutartis angliskai even though yra policy kad turetu buti isversta i native local language
  • lithuania has cheap labour force and very educated people
  • leakage
  • raddison in kaunas
    mazos taxes kad neiseitu tnc, bet lietuva specialiai mazina for foreign investments
65
Q

informal formal activities

A

informal activities are untaxed, unregulated jobs whereas the formal economy refers to taxed, regulated activities such as people working in offices and factories
informal: maids, cleaners, taxi drivers, prostitutes, drug dealers, etc.
informal could be divided in bazaar economy and street economy.
bazaar- small trade, producing cheap good or services for low-income households.
street economy - thieves, shoe-shiners, prostitutes.

66
Q

types of deindustrialization

A

positive: when industries reduces their workforce to increase productivity through mechanization and rationalization.
negative: where companies decline without any rise of productivity or mechanization.

negative - detroit

67
Q

what affects the climate of an urban area

A

air above the urban area and the structure of the urban area
processes:
sun and radiation (worse visibility),
temperature(heat islands, warmer than in rural areas),
cloud and fog (increasing air pollution because of thicker clouds),
humidity, (no humidity)
pressure and winds, (no wind in narrow streets but a lot in the wide ones) precipitation (intense storsm

68
Q

indigenous people coping with periglacial environments

A

indigenous people have turned to river and the oceans since fishing is extremely important in periglacial environments. (Nenets of the Yamal Peninsula in SIbera e.g.)

69
Q

Global dimming

A

is a process by which less direct sunlight reaches Earth’s surface due to aerosol particles, dust, and pollution in the atmosphere that reflect sunlight back into space.

70
Q

stakeholders examples

A

farmers, politicians, industrialists, water engineers.

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