G G

Question 1

URBAN AREA

Answer 1

a built up area that forms a part of a city or town

Question 2

informal\formal activities

Answer 2

informal activities are untaxed, unregulated jobs whereas the formal economy refers to taxed, regulated activities such as people working in offices and factories
informal: maids, cleaners, taxi drivers, prostitutes, drug dealers, etc.
informal could be divided in bazaar economy and street economy.
bazaar- small trade, producing cheap good or services for low-income households.
street economy - thieves, shoe-shiners, prostitutes.

Question 3

suburbanization

Answer 3

the outward growth of towns and cities to engulf surrounding villages and rural areas

Shanghai

Question 4

Gentrification

Answer 4

improvement of residential areas by immigrants and the residents themsleves, with an economic dimension such as the development of retailing and other services

newcomers - they push away people living in the area, so even poor people because in gentrified places the prices gets higher

(old high income countries\ sweden, norway, zaliakalnis) people are buying their flats because it is near the centre so they are changing the old people that lived before them. (to not so nice places become nice)

Question 5

counter-urbanization

Answer 5

a process involving the movement of population away from larger urban areas to smaller urban areas, new towns, new estates, commuter towns, or villages on the edge or just beyond the city limits or the rural-urban fringe.

in Latvia they have only Riga that is a large one. People who live in Riga want to go to the villages or live in a smaller town because of the traffic, environment, etc. (to quite good infrastructure etc)

Question 6

re-urbanization\ urban renewal

Answer 6

the development of activities to increase residential population densities within the existing built-up area of the city. making people move back to those areas and making them more attracted to people when they have fallen into decline. example manhattan.

Question 7

urban circular system

Answer 7

a sustainable city in which there are recycling reuse and reduction of resources, renewable forms of energy and measures taken to reduce the ecological footprint

Question 8

urban ecological footprint

Answer 8

the amount of land required to sustain a population with the resources they need and to assimilate their waste

Question 9

urban place is characterized by:

Answer 9

• population size
• specific features such as CBD and residential zones
• economic activities such as manufacturing and services
• administrative function

Question 10

the site of a settlement

Answer 10

The site of a settlement is the actual land on which a settlement is built whereas its situation or position refers to its relationship with its surrounding area.

Question 11

where do cities mostly develop?

Answer 11

near good trade resources or trade areas. For example, Johannesburg and Bloemfontein grew on account of their mineral resources. Places near great rivers, such as New York, on the mouth of the River Hudson, developed, in part, as a result of their excellent ability to trade.

Question 12

low-order services include

Answer 12

general store, sub-post offfice, a pub

Question 13

high-order services include:

Answer 13

school, church, community center, etc.

Question 14

what’s it called when two or more cities merge?

Answer 14

conurbation or metacity\aglimaration
example china’s pearl river delta

Question 15

a millionaire city

Answer 15

a city with over one million inhabitants

Question 16

a megacity

Answer 16

a city with over 10 million inhabitants. example: Mumbai, India

Question 17

what are the negatives effects of megacities?

Answer 17

high rates of unemployment
growth of slums
overcrowded transport systems
air water and noise pollution
growing inequalities
no sanitation of water in slums for example
rising crime rates

in a wider scale it affects other cities by water pollution, natural environment lost, and globally by increasing global warming.

Question 18

what do countries do if there is an overpopulation in one city?

Answer 18

start building or creating other cities which could hold houses for more people from those overcrowded cities.
examples: Cairo built Sadat city

Question 19

BID RENT theory

Answer 19

the further from the center, the apartment rent or land price decreases, further from center the cheaper the, the more offices, the more living areas.

Question 20

characteristics of CBD

Answer 20

high land values
good public transport
many offices
shops occupy first floors where offices - upper.
few people living there
reduced car access

Question 21

factors influencing CBD decline

Answer 21

rural areas because of the prices become more popular
investment in city centers often lacks coordinated plan

Question 22

factors affecting the location of urban residential areas

Answer 22

physical factors:
living up the hill or near the river in HIC is perceived as rich since of the view, in LIC it’s where the poor live.
land values:
the further form center the lower the price
ethinicity
where different ethnicity having people must live seperated
(negative segregation in africa during apartheid and positive in London with korean town)

Question 23

cycle of deprivation

Answer 23

physical indicators
social indicators
economic indices
and political indices
unemployment, crime, levels of income, opportunities to vote
not accessible water, high crime rates, lack of skills, bad healthcare it is passed through generations and the number does not get smaller.

Question 24

what is slums

Answer 24

over 1 billion people live in slums. group of individuals living in an urban area lacking durable housing, sufficient living space, access to normal water, access to improved sanitation facilities.

Question 25

settlement hierarchies

Answer 25

range - maximum distance that people are prepared to travel, threshold - how many people for a good service to stay in business,
how often do people buy low-order goods - bread,
how often do people buy high-order goods - car, sphere of influence - the area served by some sort of settlement.

Question 26

rural-urban migration

Answer 26

from towns or countryside to urban areas because they believe that life there would be better. push factors - negative features that have the person move away (unemployment, low wages)
pull factors - that attracts in another place (better wages, good schools, etc)

Question 27

brownfield sites

Answer 27

abandoned, unused places

Question 28

natural increase

Answer 28

when the birth rate is higher than the death rate. it is usually there were a more young people live, usually urban places, rural places have less of birth rate, but in urban areas women have less pressure to have kids.

Question 29

urban sprawl

Answer 29

uncontrolled growth of urban area, it suggest that it grows unchecked fashion. Tokyo

Question 30

Urban system growth

Answer 30

the growth of a city’s population requires a growth of infrastructure. example: shanghai - building other towns to take pressure of one city but it still overgrew.

Question 31

deinstrulization

Answer 31

is the long-term absolute decline in employment in the manufacturing sectors of an economy. loss of jobs rather than decline in productivity. it’s due the natural factors:
- the exhaustion of resources
- increase in cost of raw materials
- fall in demand
- new technology.

Question 32

disinvestment areas

Answer 32

where firms are less competitive, require low skills, are less innovative. there is less money and less labour.

Question 33

two types of deindustrilazation

Answer 33

positive: when industries reduces their workforce to increase productivity through mechanization and rationalization.
negative: where companies decline without any rise of productivity or mechanization.

negative - detroit

Question 34

what affects the climat eof an urban area

Answer 34

air above the urban area and the structure of the urban area
processes:
sun and radiation (worse visibility),
temperature(heat islands, warmer than in rural areas),
cloud and fog (increasing air pollution because of thicker clouds),
humidity, (no humidity)
pressure and winds, (no wind in narrow streets but a lot in the wide ones) precipitation (intense storsm

Question 35

the urban heat island effect and managing it

Answer 35

because urban areas are hotter by 2-4 calcius it increases the heat island.
basically, the effect is that comparing urban area to a rural area, urban is much hotter.
it is caused by:
heat produced by human acitivity, the reduced number of open water bodies, buildings have a high thermal capacity therefore it creates a change in energy balance.

manage:
paint houses in light colors, increasing greenery, areas where you cannot access with cars, using public transport.

Question 36

factors to develop a crime hotspot + managing :

Answer 36

the presence of crime targets for an offence to happen, site features such as easy access and lack of security, the presence of a higher number of offenders and sufficient incentive and ability to commit crime, a high level of residential land use, lack of health centers, schools, lack of police station.

managing:
more police officers on patrol, greater use of security cameras, improved street lighting, buildings designed to reduce dark\unlit areas, greater availability of taxi services arounf the closing time of clubs and bars, more women-only taxes, adopting zer-tolerence policies towards crime, as in New York City.

Question 37

contested land + case study

Answer 37

getting away of slums and making it into a higher economy buildings. Mumbai, Dharavi - they want to develop it into an international business destination. they want to move almost a million people on an edge of the city. informal industries that poeple in slums Dharavi perform generates 650$ million anually and has 90% of employment in informal sectors.

Question 38

depletion of urban green space

Answer 38

without the green space the noise pollution and air pollution is bigger, important for well-being.
mumbai has less than 2m2 of open space per resident, london - 50m2 - they have made the open space especially for olympic games in 2012 creatin Queen Elizabeth Park

Question 39

urban crime factors and victims, manage:

Answer 39

it is most possible that the victim will be from a minority, a male, young, from a low income, large family, unskilled and unemployed.

factors:
presence of crime targets
lack of security
high level of residential use so crowded
lack of police stations.

manage:
more police officers on patrol
security cameras
more light in the streets
taxi for women
more taxi after closing bard

Question 40

deprivation in barcelona

Answer 40

problems: inner-city distric and its poor-quality housing and social housing buildings.
they solved it by creating more job opportunities, it increased by 50% from 1995-2008 (900 000 new jobs) and new housing , as well as used re-urbanization in abandoned areas

Question 41

changes in the urban microclimate processes

Answer 41

radiation and sunshine - very little radiation reaches street level
thicker cloud covers in summer and fogs or smogs in winter because of air pollution
air pollution also contributes to heat island effect where centre of built-up areaas are warmer than rural areas
the canyon effect - creating a wind tunnel causing strong local pressure in the streets between the skyscappers
more storms
decrease in humidity

Question 42

managing emissions

Answer 42

using technologies such as electric or hybrid cars
public transport
increasing enforcements of emissions standards

Question 43

one of the most polluted countries in the world (air pollution) in 2022

Answer 43

delhi, india
lahore, pakistan
hotan, china

Question 44

slum clearance case study

Answer 44

in rio de janeiro in 2016 while olympic games were taking place, government has cleared the slums, for example Favela do Metro, home to 1000 residents, was destroyed to make parking spaces.

Question 45

predictions of how many people will live in urban areas

Answer 45

in 2050 - 2.5 billion

Question 46

managing hazard risk

Answer 46

in new york for the floodings, electricity generators were removed from basements and transferred to upper floors