G G Flashcards
URBAN AREA
a built up area that forms a part of a city or town
informal\formal activities
informal activities are untaxed, unregulated jobs whereas the formal economy refers to taxed, regulated activities such as people working in offices and factories
informal: maids, cleaners, taxi drivers, prostitutes, drug dealers, etc.
informal could be divided in bazaar economy and street economy.
bazaar- small trade, producing cheap good or services for low-income households.
street economy - thieves, shoe-shiners, prostitutes.
suburbanization
the outward growth of towns and cities to engulf surrounding villages and rural areas
Shanghai
Gentrification
improvement of residential areas by immigrants and the residents themsleves, with an economic dimension such as the development of retailing and other services
newcomers - they push away people living in the area, so even poor people because in gentrified places the prices gets higher
(old high income countries\ sweden, norway, zaliakalnis) people are buying their flats because it is near the centre so they are changing the old people that lived before them. (to not so nice places become nice)
counter-urbanization
a process involving the movement of population away from larger urban areas to smaller urban areas, new towns, new estates, commuter towns, or villages on the edge or just beyond the city limits or the rural-urban fringe.
in Latvia they have only Riga that is a large one. People who live in Riga want to go to the villages or live in a smaller town because of the traffic, environment, etc. (to quite good infrastructure etc)
re-urbanization\ urban renewal
the development of activities to increase residential population densities within the existing built-up area of the city. making people move back to those areas and making them more attracted to people when they have fallen into decline. example manhattan.
urban circular system
a sustainable city in which there are recycling reuse and reduction of resources, renewable forms of energy and measures taken to reduce the ecological footprint
urban ecological footprint
the amount of land required to sustain a population with the resources they need and to assimilate their waste
urban place is characterized by:
- population size
- specific features such as CBD and residential zones
- economic activities such as manufacturing and services
- administrative function
the site of a settlement
The site of a settlement is the actual land on which a settlement is built whereas its situation or position refers to its relationship with its surrounding area.
where do cities mostly develop?
near good trade resources or trade areas. For example, Johannesburg and Bloemfontein grew on account of their mineral resources. Places near great rivers, such as New York, on the mouth of the River Hudson, developed, in part, as a result of their excellent ability to trade.
low-order services include
general store, sub-post offfice, a pub
high-order services include:
school, church, community center, etc.
what’s it called when two or more cities merge?
conurbation or metacity\aglimaration
example china’s pearl river delta
a millionaire city
a city with over one million inhabitants
a megacity
a city with over 10 million inhabitants. example: Mumbai, India
what are the negatives effects of megacities?
high rates of unemployment
growth of slums
overcrowded transport systems
air water and noise pollution
growing inequalities
no sanitation of water in slums for example
rising crime rates
in a wider scale it affects other cities by water pollution, natural environment lost, and globally by increasing global warming.
what do countries do if there is an overpopulation in one city?
start building or creating other cities which could hold houses for more people from those overcrowded cities.
examples: Cairo built Sadat city
BID RENT theory
the further from the center, the apartment rent or land price decreases, further from center the cheaper the, the more offices, the more living areas.
characteristics of CBD
high land values
good public transport
many offices
shops occupy first floors where offices - upper.
few people living there
reduced car access
factors influencing CBD decline
rural areas because of the prices become more popular
investment in city centers often lacks coordinated plan
factors affecting the location of urban residential areas
physical factors:
living up the hill or near the river in HIC is perceived as rich since of the view, in LIC it’s where the poor live.
land values:
the further form center the lower the price
ethinicity
where different ethnicity having people must live seperated
(negative segregation in africa during apartheid and positive in London with korean town)
cycle of deprivation
physical indicators
social indicators
economic indices
and political indices
unemployment, crime, levels of income, opportunities to vote
not accessible water, high crime rates, lack of skills, bad healthcare it is passed through generations and the number does not get smaller.
what is slums
over 1 billion people live in slums. group of individuals living in an urban area lacking durable housing, sufficient living space, access to normal water, access to improved sanitation facilities.
settlement hierarchies
range - maximum distance that people are prepared to travel, threshold - how many people for a good service to stay in business,
how often do people buy low-order goods - bread,
how often do people buy high-order goods - car, sphere of influence - the area served by some sort of settlement.
rural-urban migration
from towns or countryside to urban areas because they believe that life there would be better. push factors - negative features that have the person move away (unemployment, low wages)
pull factors - that attracts in another place (better wages, good schools, etc)
brownfield sites
abandoned, unused places
natural increase
when the birth rate is higher than the death rate. it is usually there were a more young people live, usually urban places, rural places have less of birth rate, but in urban areas women have less pressure to have kids.
urban sprawl
uncontrolled growth of urban area, it suggest that it grows unchecked fashion. Tokyo
Urban system growth
the growth of a city’s population requires a growth of infrastructure. example: shanghai - building other towns to take pressure of one city but it still overgrew.
deinstrulization
is the long-term absolute decline in employment in the manufacturing sectors of an economy. loss of jobs rather than decline in productivity. it’s due the natural factors:
- the exhaustion of resources
- increase in cost of raw materials
- fall in demand
- new technology.
disinvestment areas
where firms are less competitive, require low skills, are less innovative. there is less money and less labour.
two types of deindustrilazation
positive: when industries reduces their workforce to increase productivity through mechanization and rationalization.
negative: where companies decline without any rise of productivity or mechanization.
negative - detroit
what affects the climat eof an urban area
air above the urban area and the structure of the urban area
processes:
sun and radiation (worse visibility),
temperature(heat islands, warmer than in rural areas),
cloud and fog (increasing air pollution because of thicker clouds),
humidity, (no humidity)
pressure and winds, (no wind in narrow streets but a lot in the wide ones) precipitation (intense storsm
the urban heat island effect and managing it
because urban areas are hotter by 2-4 calcius it increases the heat island.
basically, the effect is that comparing urban area to a rural area, urban is much hotter.
it is caused by:
heat produced by human acitivity, the reduced number of open water bodies, buildings have a high thermal capacity therefore it creates a change in energy balance.
manage:
paint houses in light colors, increasing greenery, areas where you cannot access with cars, using public transport.
factors to develop a crime hotspot + managing :
the presence of crime targets for an offence to happen, site features such as easy access and lack of security, the presence of a higher number of offenders and sufficient incentive and ability to commit crime, a high level of residential land use, lack of health centers, schools, lack of police station.
managing:
more police officers on patrol, greater use of security cameras, improved street lighting, buildings designed to reduce dark\unlit areas, greater availability of taxi services arounf the closing time of clubs and bars, more women-only taxes, adopting zer-tolerence policies towards crime, as in New York City.
contested land + case study
getting away of slums and making it into a higher economy buildings. Mumbai, Dharavi - they want to develop it into an international business destination. they want to move almost a million people on an edge of the city. informal industries that poeple in slums Dharavi perform generates 650$ million anually and has 90% of employment in informal sectors.
depletion of urban green space
without the green space the noise pollution and air pollution is bigger, important for well-being.
mumbai has less than 2m2 of open space per resident, london - 50m2 - they have made the open space especially for olympic games in 2012 creatin Queen Elizabeth Park
urban crime factors and victims, manage:
it is most possible that the victim will be from a minority, a male, young, from a low income, large family, unskilled and unemployed.
factors:
presence of crime targets
lack of security
high level of residential use so crowded
lack of police stations.
manage:
more police officers on patrol
security cameras
more light in the streets
taxi for women
more taxi after closing bard
deprivation in barcelona
problems: inner-city distric and its poor-quality housing and social housing buildings.
they solved it by creating more job opportunities, it increased by 50% from 1995-2008 (900 000 new jobs) and new housing , as well as used re-urbanization in abandoned areas
changes in the urban microclimate processes
radiation and sunshine - very little radiation reaches street level
thicker cloud covers in summer and fogs or smogs in winter because of air pollution
air pollution also contributes to heat island effect where centre of built-up areaas are warmer than rural areas
the canyon effect - creating a wind tunnel causing strong local pressure in the streets between the skyscappers
more storms
decrease in humidity
managing emissions
using technologies such as electric or hybrid cars
public transport
increasing enforcements of emissions standards
one of the most polluted countries in the world (air pollution) in 2022
delhi, india
lahore, pakistan
hotan, china
slum clearance case study
in rio de janeiro in 2016 while olympic games were taking place, government has cleared the slums, for example Favela do Metro, home to 1000 residents, was destroyed to make parking spaces.
predictions of how many people will live in urban areas
in 2050 - 2.5 billion
managing hazard risk
in new york for the floodings, electricity generators were removed from basements and transferred to upper floors
