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BMSC 210 > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

Study of the immune system and immunity

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2
Q

What is immunity?

A

The ability of an organism to resist infections

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3
Q

What are the 2 branches of immunity?

A

Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity

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4
Q

Which immunity is non specific

A

Innate

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5
Q

What immunity developed memory?

A

Adaptive

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6
Q

How does your body react to microbes? (3)

A

Tolerate
Segregate
Defend

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7
Q

Which immunity has a fast response?

A

Innate

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8
Q

Which immunity is associated with inflammation?

A

Innate

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9
Q

What is activated when innate fails?

A

Adaptive

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10
Q

What has specific recognition of pathogen?

A

Adaptive immunity

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11
Q

Which immunity has mast cells + basophils?

A

Innate

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12
Q

Which immunity has T cells and B cells and antibodies?

A

Adaptive immunity

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13
Q

What causes inflammations

A

Mast cells + basophils

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14
Q

Which immunity has physical and chemical barriers

A

Innate immunity

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15
Q

What do cellular barriers do?

A

Deny entry

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16
Q

What are some cellular barriers

A

Skin, mucous membrane, endothelial cells

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17
Q

What do mechanical defenses do?

A

Remove potential threats

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18
Q

What are some mechanical defenses

A

Shedding of skincells, flushing of urine and tears

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19
Q

What are the classes of physical defenses? (3)

A

Cellular barriers, mechanical defenses, microbiome

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20
Q

What do body fluids do?

A

Regulate pH
Inhibit microbial growth

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21
Q

What consists of the complement system?

A

Plasma proteins

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22
Q

What does the compliment system do?

A

Boost innate and adaptive response

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23
Q

What are the molecular messengers of innate immunity

A

Cytokines and chemokines

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24
Q

What are cytokines known as?

A

Chemical messengers

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25
Q

Where do cytokines bind?

A

Receptors

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26
Q

What does an autocrine cytokine do?

A

Same cell secretes and receives the signal

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27
Q

What does a paracrine cytokine do?

A

Cytokine signal secreted to a nearby cell

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28
Q

What does an endocrine cytokine do?

A

Cytokine signal secreted to circulatory system, and travels to other cells

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29
Q

What are interferons? What do they do?

A

They are a subclass of cytokines. They activate antiviral response of nearby cells (stimulates the other cells to prevent the virus but they don’t have any antiviral action )

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30
Q

How does blood and the lymphatic system help with immunity?

A

Circulation and distribution of immune cells

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31
Q

What detects antigens or pathogens circulating in the blood?

A

Leukocytes detect it and the lymph nodes swell

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32
Q

What are the “cellular players” (5)

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Monocytes
Granulocyles

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33
Q

What are dendritic cells? Where do they reside

A

.antigenic presenting cells.

Reside in skin and mucous membrane (tissues in contact with the bodies external environment)

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34
Q

What are macrophages? Where do they reside?

A

Antigen presenting cells that reside in tissues and organs

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35
Q

What cell type is linked to adaptive immunity?

A

Macrophages

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36
Q

What do neutrophils do? Where do they reside?

A

They eliminate extracellular bacteria

They reside in blood and bone marrow

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37
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Protect against Protozoa and have a role in allergies

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38
Q

What do basophils do? Where do they reside?

A

They help with inflammation and allergic reactions

They are found in blood

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39
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

They help with inflammation and allergic reactions

They are found in tissues

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40
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

Kill virus infected cells and cancerous cells

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41
Q

What immunity is phagocytosis associated with?

A

Innate

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42
Q

What is a phagolysome?

A

When the Lysosome fuses with the phagosome

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43
Q

What is a phagosome

A

Uptake of extracellular pathogen

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44
Q

What cell deals with parasites by secreting toxic protein onto it?

A

Eosinophils

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45
Q

What cell kills something hidden within a cell

A

Natural killer cells

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46
Q

What cell will tissue damage activate

A

Macrophages to phagocytos

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47
Q

How do neutrophils enter tissues

A

Sticking to capillary walls (marination)
Rolling and squeezing in cellular junctions (diapedesis )

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48
Q

what is the only lymphoid cell that plays a role in innate immunity

A

natural killer cells

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49
Q

which cells are lymphoid

A

natural killer cells
T cells
B cells

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50
Q

which cell plays a role in defeating parasites?

A

eosinophils

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51
Q

what is a pathogen associated molecular pattern

A

a structure unique to a bacteria or microbe that will be recognized

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52
Q

what are pattern recognizing receptors

A

receptors that recognize the patterns on the microbes

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53
Q

what cell doesnt use phagocytosis

A

eosinophils and natural killer cells

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54
Q

what does histamine do?

A

induce inflammation

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55
Q

what happens during inflammation? what cells will you see? what are the doing

A

huge increase in phagocytes and lymphocytes
huge influx of phagocytes that will overall increase inflammation

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56
Q

when you get cut, what gets recruited

A

neutrophils and T cells

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57
Q

what induces fever

A

LPS and cytokines

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58
Q

what kind of pyrogen is LPS

A

exogenous pyrogen

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59
Q

what kind of pyrogen is a cytokine

A

endogenous pyrogen

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60
Q

what is a fever activated by

A

a hypothalamus

61
Q

what does fever do to the pathogen

A

limits its growth

62
Q

what are the two components of adaptive immunity

A

humoral and cell mediated

63
Q

what is humoral immunity

A

antibodies produced by B cells in response to antigens

64
Q

what is cell mediated immunity

A

activation of T cells to control intracellular microbes

65
Q

what is an antigen

A

molecule that interacts with antibodies or T cell receptors

66
Q

do all antigens create an immune response

A

no

67
Q

what is an immunogen

A

something that induces an immune response

68
Q

what is a hapten

A

small molecule that binds to an antibody

69
Q

does a hapten create an immune response?

A

no

70
Q

what is required for a hapten to induce an immune response and become an immunogen

A

a carrier

71
Q

what are epitopes

A

sections of the antigen that are recognized

72
Q

what does the antibody recognize on the antigen

A

the epitope

73
Q

what does TCR need to bind to the antigen

A

a specific section of 20 amino acids or less

74
Q

what makes up antibodies

A

immunoglobulin
glycoproteins
blood and tissue

75
Q

what is the FAB region

A

where the antibody binds to the antigen

76
Q

what is special about the FAB region

A

it is unique to all antibodies

77
Q

what is the FC region

A

it is where the antibody interacts with the immune system and phagocytes

78
Q

what immunity is the complement system in

A

innate

79
Q

what are antigens and antibodies a part of

A

adaptive immunity

80
Q

what does IgA do

A

neutralizes by secreting

81
Q

what does IgD do

A

it is the B cell receptor

82
Q

what does IgE do

A

activates mast cells and basophils

deals with parasites

allergy causer

83
Q

what does IgG do

A

helps neutralize threats

84
Q

what is IgM

A

the first antibody to appear

85
Q

what are the main antibodies

A

IgG and IgM

86
Q

what does neutralization do

A

prevents binding by neutralizing the binding site on the virus

87
Q

what is opsonization

A

when the virus is marked or coated to be easily recognized for phagocytosis

88
Q

what is agglutination

A

when antibodies cause antigen to clump together to form visible clumps (cross linking them)

89
Q

what is cell mediated cytotoxicity

A

directly killing pathogens

90
Q

what is humeral immunity

A

the production of antibodies to recognize pathogens

91
Q

what are the MHC’s composed of

A

surface exposed glycoproteins

92
Q

what is MHC 1? where is it found?

A

they present normal self antigens to basically say to other cells that they are in the “club”

it is found on all nucleated cells (except red blood cells)

93
Q

what is MHC 2? where are they found

A

they present non self antigens by trapping the pathogen and exposing it

they are found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

94
Q

where does antigen presenting occur for MHC 2

A

phagolysosome

95
Q

what does MCH 1 present

A

usually things that are inside the cell (normal things)

96
Q

what do MCH 2s present

A

usually pathogens or not normal things

97
Q

what is cell mediated immunity driven by

A

T cells

98
Q

do antibodies enter cells

A

no

99
Q

what are the 3 parts of cell mediated immunity involving T cells

A
  1. eliminate cells infected with a microbe
  2. eliminate cancerous or abnormal cells
  3. regulate function of cells involved in innate and humoral immunity
100
Q

where does T cell selection occur

A

thymus

101
Q

what is autoimmunity

A

immune system destroying itself

102
Q

what is positive selection

A

when a T cell has a weak interaction and can determine self MHC molecules

103
Q

what is a negative selection

A

TCR that strongly interacts with self MHC molecules

this leads to autoimmunity

104
Q

MHC 1 is associated with what surface CD molecules?

A

CD8

105
Q

what is CD8 associated with

A

MHC 1 and cytotoxic T cells

106
Q

MHC 2 is associated with what surface CD molecule

A

CD4

107
Q

CD4 is associated with what

A

MHC 2 and helper T cells

108
Q

what does a T cell co receptor do?

A

strengthens interactions between TCR and MHC

109
Q

what are CD4 and CD8

A

helpers that strengthen interactions

110
Q

what are the subtypes of helper T cells

A

TH1 TH2 and memory helper T cells

111
Q

what do TH1 cells do

A

initiate a strong cell mediated immune response

112
Q

what do TH2 cells do

A

produce antibodies

113
Q

what do memory helper T cells do

A

remember specific pathogens

114
Q

what stimulates cytotoxic T cells

A

TH1

115
Q

where does B cell selection occur

A

bone marrow

116
Q

what interacts with B cells when they are T cell dependant when activating

A

Th2

117
Q

is the activation of B cell by antigen interacting with BCR T cell dependant or independent

A

there are 2 ways, one is dependant and the other is not

118
Q

what is the T cell dependent antigen presentation on BCR

A

its stronger and induces memory
presentation using a MHC2 with Th2 cells
activates cytokines

119
Q

what cell does humoral immunity affect

A

B cells

120
Q

what cells does cell mediated immunity use

A

T cells

121
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells doo

A

kill infected cells that present wrong MHC 1

122
Q

does T cell independent allow memory for B cells

A

no memory with T cell independence

123
Q

what are the 2 antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic and B cells

124
Q

what does a mean

A

inflammation

125
Q

what does b mean

A

opsonization

126
Q

what is the membrane attack complex

A

a pore that will lysis if there is enough

127
Q

what is variolation

A

an early way of infecting to protect individuals from outbreaks

128
Q

who is Edward Jenner

A

father of vaccination

129
Q

whats a passive mechanism of acquisition of immunity

A

antibodies going into the body passively (ie, breastfeeding, IV)

130
Q

whats an active mechanism of acquisition of immunity

A

stimulating the immune system through natural infection or vaccination (immunity gained through illness and recovery, vaccine)

131
Q

what is a live attenuated vaccine?
Pro and cons?

A

a weakened (non pathogenic live virus)

pro - it mimics a “real” infection
con -n not suitable for immunocompromised people

132
Q

what is a whole inactivated vaccine?
Pro and cons?

A

a dead pathogen vaccine

pro - entire microbe without risk of infection
con - weaker immunity (needs a stronger doe or booster)

133
Q

what is a toxoid vaccine?
Pro and cons?

A

inactivated toxin

pro- antibodies neutralize toxins
con - does not prevent infection (targets the toxin, not the bacteria)

134
Q

what is a conjugated vaccine?
Pro and cons?

A

low immunogenic antigen attached to an immunogen

pro - effective in younger kids
cons - costly

135
Q

what is a viral like particle vaccine?
Pro and cons?

A

proteins that assemble as a capsid

pro - mimic the virus
con - low immunogenicity

136
Q

what is a viral vector vaccine?
Pro and cons?

A

a virus expressing as an antigen

pro - mimic natural infection
con - risk of genomic integration

137
Q

what is an RNA vaccine?
Pro and cons?

A

rna strand that can be translated

pro - strong cell mediated immunity
con - weak humoral immunity (not as many antibodies as wanted)

138
Q

what are booster vaccines for (3)

A

-stronger immune response later on
- antibodies produced during the second response have more memory
- levels of antibodies remain elevated for longer

139
Q

what antibody do we want high levels of ? what happens to it after second exposure

A

IgG - and they are way higher and remain higher after booster

140
Q

vaccines can … (3)

A

prevent infection
limit infections
limit severe effects

141
Q

what is the purpose of a vaccine

A

herd immunity

142
Q

what are the 3 broad categories of deficiencies in the immune system

A

hypersensitivity
immunodefiencency
autoimmunity

143
Q

what is type 1 hypersensitivity

A

IgE
soluble antigen
allergen IgE’s bind to mast cells and start to degranulate them

144
Q

what is type 2 hypersensitivity

A

IgG or IgM
cell bound antigen
antibody binds to cellular antigen and destroys it (bad)

145
Q

what is type 3 hypersensitivity

A

IgG and IgM
soluble antigen
antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissues (epithelial cells) causing tissue damage

146
Q

what is type 4 hypersensitivity

A

T cells
soluble or cell bound antigen
Th1 cells secrete cytokines which activate macrophages, delayed reaction
cell mediated hypersensitivity (T cells instead of antibodies)

147
Q

what is immunodeficiency

A

failure to mount an appropriate defensive response to a danger

148
Q

what is a primary immunodeficiency

A

inherited, present at birth

149
Q

what is a secondary immunodeficiency

A

acquired during life due to exposure to an external agent

BMSC 210 (16 decks)

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