Module 9 Flashcards
What is immunology?
Study of the immune system and immunity
What is immunity?
The ability of an organism to resist infections
What are the 2 branches of immunity?
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
Which immunity is non specific
Innate
What immunity developed memory?
Adaptive
How does your body react to microbes? (3)
Tolerate
Segregate
Defend
Which immunity has a fast response?
Innate
Which immunity is associated with inflammation?
Innate
What is activated when innate fails?
Adaptive
What has specific recognition of pathogen?
Adaptive immunity
Which immunity has mast cells + basophils?
Innate
Which immunity has T cells and B cells and antibodies?
Adaptive immunity
What causes inflammations
Mast cells + basophils
Which immunity has physical and chemical barriers
Innate immunity
What do cellular barriers do?
Deny entry
What are some cellular barriers
Skin, mucous membrane, endothelial cells
What do mechanical defenses do?
Remove potential threats
What are some mechanical defenses
Shedding of skincells, flushing of urine and tears
What are the classes of physical defenses? (3)
Cellular barriers, mechanical defenses, microbiome
What do body fluids do?
Regulate pH
Inhibit microbial growth
What consists of the complement system?
Plasma proteins
What does the compliment system do?
Boost innate and adaptive response
What are the molecular messengers of innate immunity
Cytokines and chemokines
What are cytokines known as?
Chemical messengers
Where do cytokines bind?
Receptors
What does an autocrine cytokine do?
Same cell secretes and receives the signal
What does a paracrine cytokine do?
Cytokine signal secreted to a nearby cell
What does an endocrine cytokine do?
Cytokine signal secreted to circulatory system, and travels to other cells
What are interferons? What do they do?
They are a subclass of cytokines. They activate antiviral response of nearby cells (stimulates the other cells to prevent the virus but they don’t have any antiviral action )
How does blood and the lymphatic system help with immunity?
Circulation and distribution of immune cells
What detects antigens or pathogens circulating in the blood?
Leukocytes detect it and the lymph nodes swell
What are the “cellular players” (5)
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Monocytes
Granulocyles
What are dendritic cells? Where do they reside
.antigenic presenting cells.
Reside in skin and mucous membrane (tissues in contact with the bodies external environment)
What are macrophages? Where do they reside?
Antigen presenting cells that reside in tissues and organs
What cell type is linked to adaptive immunity?
Macrophages
What do neutrophils do? Where do they reside?
They eliminate extracellular bacteria
They reside in blood and bone marrow
What do eosinophils do?
Protect against Protozoa and have a role in allergies
What do basophils do? Where do they reside?
They help with inflammation and allergic reactions
They are found in blood
What do mast cells do?
They help with inflammation and allergic reactions
They are found in tissues
What do natural killer cells do?
Kill virus infected cells and cancerous cells
What immunity is phagocytosis associated with?
Innate
What is a phagolysome?
When the Lysosome fuses with the phagosome
What is a phagosome
Uptake of extracellular pathogen
What cell deals with parasites by secreting toxic protein onto it?
Eosinophils
What cell kills something hidden within a cell
Natural killer cells
What cell will tissue damage activate
Macrophages to phagocytos
How do neutrophils enter tissues
Sticking to capillary walls (marination)
Rolling and squeezing in cellular junctions (diapedesis )
what is the only lymphoid cell that plays a role in innate immunity
natural killer cells
which cells are lymphoid
natural killer cells
T cells
B cells
which cell plays a role in defeating parasites?
eosinophils
what is a pathogen associated molecular pattern
a structure unique to a bacteria or microbe that will be recognized
what are pattern recognizing receptors
receptors that recognize the patterns on the microbes
what cell doesnt use phagocytosis
eosinophils and natural killer cells
what does histamine do?
induce inflammation
what happens during inflammation? what cells will you see? what are the doing
huge increase in phagocytes and lymphocytes
huge influx of phagocytes that will overall increase inflammation
when you get cut, what gets recruited
neutrophils and T cells
what induces fever
LPS and cytokines
what kind of pyrogen is LPS
exogenous pyrogen
what kind of pyrogen is a cytokine
endogenous pyrogen
what is a fever activated by
a hypothalamus
what does fever do to the pathogen
limits its growth
what are the two components of adaptive immunity
humoral and cell mediated
what is humoral immunity
antibodies produced by B cells in response to antigens
what is cell mediated immunity
activation of T cells to control intracellular microbes
what is an antigen
molecule that interacts with antibodies or T cell receptors
do all antigens create an immune response
no
what is an immunogen
something that induces an immune response
what is a hapten
small molecule that binds to an antibody
does a hapten create an immune response?
no
what is required for a hapten to induce an immune response and become an immunogen
a carrier
what are epitopes
sections of the antigen that are recognized
what does the antibody recognize on the antigen
the epitope
what does TCR need to bind to the antigen
a specific section of 20 amino acids or less
what makes up antibodies
immunoglobulin
glycoproteins
blood and tissue
what is the FAB region
where the antibody binds to the antigen
what is special about the FAB region
it is unique to all antibodies
what is the FC region
it is where the antibody interacts with the immune system and phagocytes
what immunity is the complement system in
innate
what are antigens and antibodies a part of
adaptive immunity
what does IgA do
neutralizes by secreting
what does IgD do
it is the B cell receptor
what does IgE do
activates mast cells and basophils
deals with parasites
allergy causer
what does IgG do
helps neutralize threats
what is IgM
the first antibody to appear
what are the main antibodies
IgG and IgM
what does neutralization do
prevents binding by neutralizing the binding site on the virus
what is opsonization
when the virus is marked or coated to be easily recognized for phagocytosis
what is agglutination
when antibodies cause antigen to clump together to form visible clumps (cross linking them)
what is cell mediated cytotoxicity
directly killing pathogens
what is humeral immunity
the production of antibodies to recognize pathogens
what are the MHC’s composed of
surface exposed glycoproteins
what is MHC 1? where is it found?
they present normal self antigens to basically say to other cells that they are in the “club”
it is found on all nucleated cells (except red blood cells)
what is MHC 2? where are they found
they present non self antigens by trapping the pathogen and exposing it
they are found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
where does antigen presenting occur for MHC 2
phagolysosome
what does MCH 1 present
usually things that are inside the cell (normal things)
what do MCH 2s present
usually pathogens or not normal things
what is cell mediated immunity driven by
T cells
do antibodies enter cells
no
what are the 3 parts of cell mediated immunity involving T cells
- eliminate cells infected with a microbe
- eliminate cancerous or abnormal cells
- regulate function of cells involved in innate and humoral immunity
where does T cell selection occur
thymus
what is autoimmunity
immune system destroying itself
what is positive selection
when a T cell has a weak interaction and can determine self MHC molecules
what is a negative selection
TCR that strongly interacts with self MHC molecules
this leads to autoimmunity
MHC 1 is associated with what surface CD molecules?
CD8
what is CD8 associated with
MHC 1 and cytotoxic T cells
MHC 2 is associated with what surface CD molecule
CD4
CD4 is associated with what
MHC 2 and helper T cells
what does a T cell co receptor do?
strengthens interactions between TCR and MHC
what are CD4 and CD8
helpers that strengthen interactions
what are the subtypes of helper T cells
TH1 TH2 and memory helper T cells
what do TH1 cells do
initiate a strong cell mediated immune response
what do TH2 cells do
produce antibodies
what do memory helper T cells do
remember specific pathogens
what stimulates cytotoxic T cells
TH1
where does B cell selection occur
bone marrow
what interacts with B cells when they are T cell dependant when activating
Th2
is the activation of B cell by antigen interacting with BCR T cell dependant or independent
there are 2 ways, one is dependant and the other is not
what is the T cell dependent antigen presentation on BCR
its stronger and induces memory
presentation using a MHC2 with Th2 cells
activates cytokines
what cell does humoral immunity affect
B cells
what cells does cell mediated immunity use
T cells
what do cytotoxic T cells doo
kill infected cells that present wrong MHC 1
does T cell independent allow memory for B cells
no memory with T cell independence
what are the 2 antigen presenting cells
dendritic and B cells
what does a mean
inflammation
what does b mean
opsonization
what is the membrane attack complex
a pore that will lysis if there is enough
what is variolation
an early way of infecting to protect individuals from outbreaks
who is Edward Jenner
father of vaccination
whats a passive mechanism of acquisition of immunity
antibodies going into the body passively (ie, breastfeeding, IV)
whats an active mechanism of acquisition of immunity
stimulating the immune system through natural infection or vaccination (immunity gained through illness and recovery, vaccine)
what is a live attenuated vaccine?
Pro and cons?
a weakened (non pathogenic live virus)
pro - it mimics a “real” infection
con -n not suitable for immunocompromised people
what is a whole inactivated vaccine?
Pro and cons?
a dead pathogen vaccine
pro - entire microbe without risk of infection
con - weaker immunity (needs a stronger doe or booster)
what is a toxoid vaccine?
Pro and cons?
inactivated toxin
pro- antibodies neutralize toxins
con - does not prevent infection (targets the toxin, not the bacteria)
what is a conjugated vaccine?
Pro and cons?
low immunogenic antigen attached to an immunogen
pro - effective in younger kids
cons - costly
what is a viral like particle vaccine?
Pro and cons?
proteins that assemble as a capsid
pro - mimic the virus
con - low immunogenicity
what is a viral vector vaccine?
Pro and cons?
a virus expressing as an antigen
pro - mimic natural infection
con - risk of genomic integration
what is an RNA vaccine?
Pro and cons?
rna strand that can be translated
pro - strong cell mediated immunity
con - weak humoral immunity (not as many antibodies as wanted)
what are booster vaccines for (3)
-stronger immune response later on
- antibodies produced during the second response have more memory
- levels of antibodies remain elevated for longer
what antibody do we want high levels of ? what happens to it after second exposure
IgG - and they are way higher and remain higher after booster
vaccines can … (3)
prevent infection
limit infections
limit severe effects
what is the purpose of a vaccine
herd immunity
what are the 3 broad categories of deficiencies in the immune system
hypersensitivity
immunodefiencency
autoimmunity
what is type 1 hypersensitivity
IgE
soluble antigen
allergen IgE’s bind to mast cells and start to degranulate them
what is type 2 hypersensitivity
IgG or IgM
cell bound antigen
antibody binds to cellular antigen and destroys it (bad)
what is type 3 hypersensitivity
IgG and IgM
soluble antigen
antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissues (epithelial cells) causing tissue damage
what is type 4 hypersensitivity
T cells
soluble or cell bound antigen
Th1 cells secrete cytokines which activate macrophages, delayed reaction
cell mediated hypersensitivity (T cells instead of antibodies)
what is immunodeficiency
failure to mount an appropriate defensive response to a danger
what is a primary immunodeficiency
inherited, present at birth
what is a secondary immunodeficiency
acquired during life due to exposure to an external agent
