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BMSC 210 > module 6 pt1 > Flashcards

module 6 pt1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is evolution

A

a change in allele frequencies in a population over time

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2
Q

what are mutations

A

random changed in DNA sequences overtime

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3
Q

what are the forms of mutations

A

substitutions
deletions
insertions
duplications

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4
Q

how can bacterial and archaea genetics exchange genes

A

horizontal gene transfer

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5
Q

what is wild type

A

the first one we study from nature

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6
Q

what is a mutant

A

a cell or virus derived from a wild type that carries a genotype change

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7
Q

what is the medium that allows you to differentiate between different variants of bacteria

A

macConkey differential media

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8
Q

what is a selectable mutation

A

easy to detect mutated cells

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9
Q

what us a nonselectalle mutation

A

requires specific screening

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10
Q

what is a spontaneous mutation

A

occurs without external intervention

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11
Q

what is an induced mutation

A

caused environmentally or deliberately

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12
Q

what is a point mutation

A

only one base pair changes

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13
Q

what is a silent mutation

A

it has no effect on the protein sequence

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14
Q

what is a nonsense mutation

A

substitutes a stop codon for an amino acid

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15
Q

what is a missense mutation

A

results in an amino acid substitution

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16
Q

what is an insertion or deletion mutation

A

results in a shift in the reading frame

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17
Q

what mutation can be lethal

A

frameshift mutations (insertion/deletions)

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18
Q

what are homologous genes

A

genes that all descended from a single ancestral gene - they tend to have similar nucleotide sequences

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19
Q

what are orthologs

A

homologous genes that share the same function

20
Q

what are paralogs

A

single ancestral gene diverges to may different functions in many different organisms

21
Q

what are gene duplications

A

thought to drive evolution of gene families and organisms

22
Q

what occurs more often: insertions/duplications or deletions

A

deletions

23
Q

what is evolutionary selection defined by

A

fitness

24
Q

what is genetic drift?

A

random process that can cause gene frequencies to change over time (unpredictable change in the gene pool)

25
Q

what does genetic drift usually result in

A

limited diversity

26
Q

what is it called when a small group of individuals breaks away and forms their own population in a separate location?

A

newly founded population

27
Q

when does the bottleneck effect occur

A

when a Radom event unselectively reduces the size of a population

28
Q

how do organisms whose reproduction is asexual create genetic diversity?

A

horizontal gene transfer

29
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer

A

transformation
transduction
conjugation

30
Q

what is vertical gene transfer

A

inheritance from parental organisms

31
Q

what is homologous recombination

A

process that results in a genetic exchange between homologous DNA from 2 sources

32
Q

what is transformation

A

genetic transfer process by which free DNA is incorporated into a recipient cell and brings about genetic change

33
Q

what is competence

A

a call that can take up DNA and be transformed

34
Q

what is conjugation?

A

requires cell to cell contact

35
Q

what F cell will be pulled toward what F cell

A

F- will be pulled towards F+

36
Q

what are the F cells after combination

A

F+

37
Q

which F cell is the donor cell

A

F+

38
Q

what is an Hfr cell

A

high frequency of recombination cell ( has a chromosome with an inserted F plasmid)

39
Q

how do Hfr cells transfer their information to another cell?

A

they form a pilus

40
Q

whats the result of the F cells after Hfr conjugation

A

the F- cell does not become F+

41
Q

what is transduction

A

transfer to DNA from one cell to another by bacteriophage

42
Q

what is generalized transduction

A

DNA from any portion of the host genome is packaged inside the virion

43
Q

what is specialized transduction

A

DNA from a specific region of the host chromosome is integrated directly into the virus genome

44
Q

what are the two phases of generalized transduction

A

lytic cycle
transduction

45
Q

what is the core genome

A

consists of genes shared by all the strains studies

46
Q

what is the pan genome

A

the sum of the above core genome and the dispensable genome

not present in each thing

BMSC 210 (10 decks)

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