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BMSC 210 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

If you want very high magnification and molecular detail, which kind of microscope do you use?

A

Electron

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2
Q

What was Pasteurs experiment for theory of spontaneous generation?

A

He used a swan neck flask that was open to “life force” but prevented microbe entry

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3
Q

What did Robert Hooke observe and come up with?

A
  • the term cell
  • the cell theory
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4
Q

What is the “nucleus” of a prokaryotic cell called?

A

Nucleoid

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5
Q

Which domains are in prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria + archaea

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6
Q

What is the shape of a coccus?

A

Round

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7
Q

What is the shape of a bacillus

A

Rod

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8
Q

What is the shape of a vibrio?

A

Curved rod

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9
Q

What is the shape of a coccobacillus?

A

Short rod (small roundish rod)

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10
Q

What is the shape of a spirillum?

A

Spiral

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11
Q

What is the shape of a spirochete?

A

Long, loose, helical spiral

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12
Q

What is a streptococcus?

A

Chain of cocci

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13
Q

What is a staphylococcus?

A

Cluster of cocci (coccus)

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14
Q

Are all bacteria microscopic?

A

Nope

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15
Q

Do prokaryotes have inclusions and compartments? What are they used for?

A

Yes they act like organelles in eukaryotes. Energy storage, gas vesicles

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16
Q

What is an Endospore?

A

A resistant spore that developed inside cells (mainly bacteria cells)

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17
Q

Is it gram negative or gram positive Endospore?

A

There are only gram positive spores

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18
Q

When does a spore become a cell?

A

Germination

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19
Q

At which step can you inhibit spore formation?

A

The first step (asymmetrical division)

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20
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes

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21
Q

Bacteria and eukarya have what kind of linkages

A

Ester linkages

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22
Q

Archaea have what kind of linkages?

A

Ether linkages

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23
Q

What are the energy independent transports

A

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion

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24
Q

What is antiport?

A

2 molecules of the same charge going separate directions through a channel

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25
Q

What is symport?

A

2 molecules of opposite charge going the same direction through a channel

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26
Q

What can’t get through the cell membrane?

A

Hydrophilic molecules and charged molecules

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27
Q

What does ABC transporter stand for?

A

ATP binding cassette transporter

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28
Q

Why is it called ABC transporter?

A

Needs ATP to bind to the carrier protein to let the molecule in

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29
Q

What’s the energy source in group translocation

A

Phosphate group

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30
Q

What is unique to bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

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31
Q

What is mycoplasma missing?

A

A cell wall and peptidoglycan

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32
Q

What does chlamydia have? What is it missing?

A

It has peptidoglycan but no cell wall

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33
Q

What is unique to gram positive bacteria?

A

Teichoic acid

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34
Q

What is unique to gram negative bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
O antigen/lipid A

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35
Q

What are the sugars in gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

NAG and NAM

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36
Q

What’s different between the peptidoglycan structures of gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive has pentapeptide

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37
Q

What’s unique to archaea?

A

Pseudomeurine

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38
Q

What sugars are present in pseudomurein?

A

NAG and NAT

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39
Q

What can act as a cell wall for archaea?

A

S-layer

40
Q

What is pseudomure in resistant to?

A

Lysozyme cleavage

41
Q

What is in the cell wall of fungi?

A

Chitin

42
Q

Is fungi cell wall anything like bacteria?

A

Nope- completely different

43
Q

What is LPs also called? Why?

A

An endotoxin. If there’s too much LPS in your blood, it can lead to septic shock

44
Q

What is unique to acid fast bacteria?

A

Mycolic acids

45
Q

What does mycolic acid do?

A

Provides the cell with an extra wax layer

46
Q

What is most resistant to an antibiotic that only targets the cell wall?

A

Well first, fungi because antibiotics only target bacteria. Other answer would be mycoplasma because it has no cell wall to target

47
Q

if I need to stain a sample, but require it to be alive, what are my options for microscopy?

A

fluorescence

48
Q

what is the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

life can arise from non living matter

49
Q

what was Pasteurs experiment ? why did he do it and what did he conclude

A

for spontaneous generation
he did it to try and prove his own theory of spontaneous generation
using a swan neck flask to prevent microbe entry
he concluded that life only comes from life

50
Q

who came up with the cell theory ?

A

Robert hooke

51
Q

what’s the endosymbiotic theory?

A

states that mitochondria and chloroplasts arise from bacteria. it explains the origin of eukaryotic cells

52
Q

what is a characteristic of endospores

A

they are very resistant to changes in environment

53
Q

are vegitative cells sensitive ?

A

yep

54
Q

how many parts to endospore formation?

A

6
asymmetric division
engulfment
maturation
mother lysis cell
germination
binary fission

55
Q

what is replication in bacteria called?

A

binary fission

56
Q

at which step can you inhibit spore formation?

A

asymmetrical division

57
Q

what are the energy independent transports (passive) (2)

A

diffusion
facilitated diffusion

58
Q

what ae the energy dependant transports ? (active) (2)

A

primary and secondary

59
Q

what molecules don’t make it through simple diffusion?

A

hydrophilic and charged molecules

60
Q

is passive diffusion efficient for bacteria to enter cell?

A

no they cannot get through - it is inefficient

61
Q

what are the limitations for facilitated diffusion? (2)

A

size and charge of the molecule
specificity of the channel

62
Q

what’s the source of energy for active transport?

A

ATP

63
Q

is anti port and symport active transport?

A

yes

64
Q

what is group translocation used by?

A

bacteria

65
Q

what is group translocation?

A

active transport in which the molecule coming through is chemically modified while coming through the membrane

66
Q

how does the sugar stay in the membrane once in during group translocation?

A

it gets phosphorylated

67
Q

does gram positive or gram negative have a thick cell wall

A

gram positive

68
Q

what is the target of lysosomes ?

A

bacteria

69
Q

why is gram negative bacteria more resistant than gram positive to an antibiotic that targets the cell wall?

A

because gram positive cell wall is directly exposed to the environment. gram negative has an outermembrane

70
Q

what do antibiotics only target

A

bacteria

71
Q

what is an s layer composed of?

A

proteins

72
Q

where is an s layer found (if present)

A

the outer most layer of the cell

73
Q

where do s layers act as cell walls

A

archaea

74
Q

where are s layers present

A

archaea mostly but sometimes bacteria

75
Q

is an s layer tightly attached?

A

yes

76
Q

what is a capsule made of

A

polysaccharides

77
Q

what Is the slime made of?

A

polysaccarides

78
Q

is the capsule or s layer tightly attached?

A

capsule is strongly attached to the cell

79
Q

what can the “cell wall” of archaea be

A

s layer or pseudomeurine

80
Q

what is pili

A

long structure on bacteria surface

81
Q

where is pili found

A

in gram negative bacteria

82
Q

what does pili do for movement?

A

twitching motility

83
Q

where is the flagella? how does it work?

A

bacteria - rotates

84
Q

how can we identify bacteria?

A

by how many flagella are on them

85
Q

what is the movement that uses a flagella?

A

tumbling, running/swimming

86
Q

what secretion is flagellum related to

A

type III

87
Q

what is the energy of flagellum from?

A

proton motor force

88
Q

where is the energy of archaellum from?

A

ATP

89
Q

what pili is archaellum related to? secretion?

A

type IV pili, Type II

90
Q

what are the surface movements

A

twitching and gliding

91
Q

what pili is related to twitching?

A

type IV pili

92
Q

where does the energy come from for twitching?

A

ATP

93
Q

what does twitching look like ?

A

extend then pull

94
Q

where does the energy come from for gliding ?

A

proton motor force

95
Q

what does gliding look like

A

a continuous movement

96
Q

what is taxis

A

movement in result of sensing and responding to gradients

BMSC 210 (10 decks)

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