Module 2 Flashcards
If you want very high magnification and molecular detail, which kind of microscope do you use?
Electron
What was Pasteurs experiment for theory of spontaneous generation?
He used a swan neck flask that was open to “life force” but prevented microbe entry
What did Robert Hooke observe and come up with?
- the term cell
- the cell theory
What is the “nucleus” of a prokaryotic cell called?
Nucleoid
Which domains are in prokaryotic cells
Bacteria + archaea
What is the shape of a coccus?
Round
What is the shape of a bacillus
Rod
What is the shape of a vibrio?
Curved rod
What is the shape of a coccobacillus?
Short rod (small roundish rod)
What is the shape of a spirillum?
Spiral
What is the shape of a spirochete?
Long, loose, helical spiral
What is a streptococcus?
Chain of cocci
What is a staphylococcus?
Cluster of cocci (coccus)
Are all bacteria microscopic?
Nope
Do prokaryotes have inclusions and compartments? What are they used for?
Yes they act like organelles in eukaryotes. Energy storage, gas vesicles
What is an Endospore?
A resistant spore that developed inside cells (mainly bacteria cells)
Is it gram negative or gram positive Endospore?
There are only gram positive spores
When does a spore become a cell?
Germination
At which step can you inhibit spore formation?
The first step (asymmetrical division)
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
Some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes
Bacteria and eukarya have what kind of linkages
Ester linkages
Archaea have what kind of linkages?
Ether linkages
What are the energy independent transports
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
What is antiport?
2 molecules of the same charge going separate directions through a channel
What is symport?
2 molecules of opposite charge going the same direction through a channel
What can’t get through the cell membrane?
Hydrophilic molecules and charged molecules
What does ABC transporter stand for?
ATP binding cassette transporter
Why is it called ABC transporter?
Needs ATP to bind to the carrier protein to let the molecule in
What’s the energy source in group translocation
Phosphate group
What is unique to bacteria?
Peptidoglycan
What is mycoplasma missing?
A cell wall and peptidoglycan
What does chlamydia have? What is it missing?
It has peptidoglycan but no cell wall
What is unique to gram positive bacteria?
Teichoic acid
What is unique to gram negative bacteria?
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
O antigen/lipid A
What are the sugars in gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
NAG and NAM
What’s different between the peptidoglycan structures of gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
Gram positive has pentapeptide
What’s unique to archaea?
Pseudomeurine
What sugars are present in pseudomurein?
NAG and NAT
What can act as a cell wall for archaea?
S-layer
What is pseudomure in resistant to?
Lysozyme cleavage
What is in the cell wall of fungi?
Chitin
Is fungi cell wall anything like bacteria?
Nope- completely different
What is LPs also called? Why?
An endotoxin. If there’s too much LPS in your blood, it can lead to septic shock
What is unique to acid fast bacteria?
Mycolic acids
What does mycolic acid do?
Provides the cell with an extra wax layer
What is most resistant to an antibiotic that only targets the cell wall?
Well first, fungi because antibiotics only target bacteria. Other answer would be mycoplasma because it has no cell wall to target
if I need to stain a sample, but require it to be alive, what are my options for microscopy?
fluorescence
what is the theory of spontaneous generation?
life can arise from non living matter
what was Pasteurs experiment ? why did he do it and what did he conclude
for spontaneous generation
he did it to try and prove his own theory of spontaneous generation
using a swan neck flask to prevent microbe entry
he concluded that life only comes from life
who came up with the cell theory ?
Robert hooke
what’s the endosymbiotic theory?
states that mitochondria and chloroplasts arise from bacteria. it explains the origin of eukaryotic cells
what is a characteristic of endospores
they are very resistant to changes in environment
are vegitative cells sensitive ?
yep
how many parts to endospore formation?
6
asymmetric division
engulfment
maturation
mother lysis cell
germination
binary fission
what is replication in bacteria called?
binary fission
at which step can you inhibit spore formation?
asymmetrical division
what are the energy independent transports (passive) (2)
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
what ae the energy dependant transports ? (active) (2)
primary and secondary
what molecules don’t make it through simple diffusion?
hydrophilic and charged molecules
is passive diffusion efficient for bacteria to enter cell?
no they cannot get through - it is inefficient
what are the limitations for facilitated diffusion? (2)
size and charge of the molecule
specificity of the channel
what’s the source of energy for active transport?
ATP
is anti port and symport active transport?
yes
what is group translocation used by?
bacteria
what is group translocation?
active transport in which the molecule coming through is chemically modified while coming through the membrane
how does the sugar stay in the membrane once in during group translocation?
it gets phosphorylated
does gram positive or gram negative have a thick cell wall
gram positive
what is the target of lysosomes ?
bacteria
why is gram negative bacteria more resistant than gram positive to an antibiotic that targets the cell wall?
because gram positive cell wall is directly exposed to the environment. gram negative has an outermembrane
what do antibiotics only target
bacteria
what is an s layer composed of?
proteins
where is an s layer found (if present)
the outer most layer of the cell
where do s layers act as cell walls
archaea
where are s layers present
archaea mostly but sometimes bacteria
is an s layer tightly attached?
yes
what is a capsule made of
polysaccharides
what Is the slime made of?
polysaccarides
is the capsule or s layer tightly attached?
capsule is strongly attached to the cell
what can the “cell wall” of archaea be
s layer or pseudomeurine
what is pili
long structure on bacteria surface
where is pili found
in gram negative bacteria
what does pili do for movement?
twitching motility
where is the flagella? how does it work?
bacteria - rotates
how can we identify bacteria?
by how many flagella are on them
what is the movement that uses a flagella?
tumbling, running/swimming
what secretion is flagellum related to
type III
what is the energy of flagellum from?
proton motor force
where is the energy of archaellum from?
ATP
what pili is archaellum related to? secretion?
type IV pili, Type II
what are the surface movements
twitching and gliding
what pili is related to twitching?
type IV pili
where does the energy come from for twitching?
ATP
what does twitching look like ?
extend then pull
where does the energy come from for gliding ?
proton motor force
what does gliding look like
a continuous movement
what is taxis
movement in result of sensing and responding to gradients
