Module 9 Flashcards
What are the Five stages of development?
Prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood
What is the age rang for the prenatal stage of human development?
conception until birth
What is the age rang for the infancy stage of human development?
birth until 18-24 months
What is the age rang for the childhood stage of human development?
~2-11 years old
What is the age rang for the adolescent stage of human development?
~12-18 years old
What is the age rang for the adult stage of human development?
~18 years old until death
Prenatal development includes three distinct stages which are…
zygote, embryo, and fetus
The zygote stage begins at ________ and lasts about _____ _______
conception, two weeks
What three things should develop during the zygote stage?
amnion sac, placenta, and umbilical cord
The end of the zygote stage is marked by…
The zygote’s attachment to the uterine wall
What forms during the embryonic stage…
internal organs and systems
At what point of the prenatal stage is the individual most vulnerable? Why?
The embryonic stage is a period of extreme vulnerability, as the effects of teratogens, maternal stress, and poor nutrition can impair or interfere with development.
How long does the embryonic stage of prenatal development last?
Up until the two month mark
How long does the fetal stage of prenatal development last?
From two months to birth at 38-40 weeks
Define teratogens and explain how they affect the prenatal growth process.
Teratogens are “agents” such as drugs, alcohol, bacteria, viruses, and harmful chemicals that can negatively impact prenatal development.
In the presence of the caregiver, kids with secure attachment…
play and explore freely. They may return to the caregiver periodically to “check in,” but they quickly resume their play activity.
When the caregiver leaves, children with secure attachment…
experience moderate distress
When the caregiver returns, children with secure attachment…
seek contact and are easily calmed. This demonstrates that the caregiver is a source of comfort during times of distress.
Approximately _____ of children display secure attachment.
60-65%
In the presence of the caregiver, insecure avoidant children…
stay close and do not explore as freely as do secure children.
When the caregiver leaves, insecure avoidant children…
experience almost no distress. They may even prefer playing with the stranger.
When the caregiver returns, insecure: avoidant children are…
dismissive and avoid the attachment figure (caregiver). This demonstrates that the caregiver is not a source of comfort during times of distress.
Approximately ___ of children display insecure: avoidant attachment.
20%
In the presence of the caregiver, insecure: anxious/ambivalent children…
stay close and do not explore as freely as do secure children.
When the caregiver leaves, insecure: anxious/ambivalent children…
experience extreme distress.
When the caregiver returns, insecure: anxious/ambivalent children…
Seek out the caregiver but are inconsolable, often rejecting their comfort and pushing away when the caregiver attempts to console them. This demonstrates that the caregiver is not a source of comfort during times of distress.
Approximately ____ of children display insecure: avoidant/ambivalent attachment.
10%
If a child consistently screams and cries uncontrollably when a parent leaves them with a babysitter, but is inconsolable when that parent returns, which of the following attachment styles does this child likely have?
Insecure:Anxious/Ambivalent
If a child plays and explores independently when mom or dad are nearby, but cries for a bit when they leave, which of the following attachment styles does this child likely have?
Secure
If a child experiences little or no distress when mom or dad leave the room and also avoids them upon return, which of the following attachment styles does this child likely have?
Insecure:Avoidant
There are two main ways in which children develop their schemas…
assimilation and accommodation
In assimilation, new information…
is incorporated into an already existing schema
In accommodation, new information…
does not fit our existing schemas, so an existing schema is adjusted or a new schema is developed to account for the new information.
What are Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor stage, Preoperational stage, Concrete operational stage, formal operational stage
When is the sensory motor stage?
Birth to 2 years old
Object permeance beings to emerge at what age?
6 months old
the capability of self-recognition is reached at what age?
18 months old
Object permeance and self-recognition are milestones reached in which of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
The sensorimotor stage
During the preoperational stage, children gain the ability to…
engage in symbolic representation
When is the sensory preoperational stage
2-7 years old
what is centration?
the tendency to only be able to think about one dimension or quality of objects.
Centration and egocentrism are found in which of Jean Piaget’s stages
preoperational
During the concrete operational stage children are able to…
perform mental operations using concrete objects.
If a child can answer “6 apples plus 3 more apples” but can’t answer “6 + 3” they are the Jean Piaget’s _______ stage
concrete operational
In transitive inference, you…
compare two concepts to one another by using a third comparison concept
recognizing that object A is smaller than B, and that object B is smaller than C, then A must be smaller than C, is an example of…
transitive inference
transitive inference develops during which of Jean Piaget’s stages of development?
concrete operational
At the Formal operational stage children become capable of…
reasoning in sophisticated, abstracted ways.
A child who has just learned the concept of conservation is probably in which stage of cognitive development?
Concrete Operational
A child who can understand and and reason with hypothetical situations is probably in which stage of cognitive development?
Formal Operational
Which developmental stage is characterized by egocentrism?
Preoperational
At which stage of development does a child begin to be able to make transitive inferences?
Concrete Operational
Which of the following milestones is achieved during the sensorimotor stage?
Object Permanence
False Belief
Theory of Mind
Empathy
Object Permanence
If a child assumes that everyone shares her knowledge of the world, she (has/has not) developed theory of mind.
Has not
What are the two major criticism of jean Paget’s stages of development
1) not flexible enough (some kids move back and forth between stages)
2) The ages are off
what are Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
For people in the preconventional stage of moral reasoning, morality is determined by…
self-interest, pleasure, and the outcome of their behavior.
In the _____ stage of moral development, everything is about avoiding punishment and getting rewards.
preconventional
A teenager who does not stay out past curfew, only because he does not want to be grounded, not because he cares about what his parents think or the rules they set for him, is in the ______ stage of moral development
preconventional
People in the conventional stage of moral reasoning are…
primarily concerned with authority
The ______ stage of moral development is characterized by a focus on following rules and avoiding the disapproval of others.
Conventional
A person who suffers from glaucoma but would not smoke marijuana — even though it relieves their symptoms — because it is illegal in their state, is in the _____ stage of moral development.
Conventional
In the postconventional stage of moral reasoning, morality is determined by….
complex reasoning about abstract principles, and about the value of all life.
