Module 5 Flashcards
Learning is…
a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience, not maturation.
What are the three types of learning in Psychology?
1) Associative
2) Non-associative
3) Social (Observational)
Associative learning focuses on learning…
the predictive relationship between two events
There are two kinds of associative learning, ______ ______ and _________ _______
classical conditioning, operant conditioning
In ________ conditioning an originally neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response that it did not previously elicit.
classical
What is Contiguity
How close, in both time and space, two stimuli are presented relative to one another. It is much easier for the learner to develop an associative relationship if that contiguity is as short as possible
Learning happens more easily when there is _____ contiguity in time and/or space.
short
Contingency refers to…
the predictive probability of the UCS given the presence of the NS/CS
Learning happens more easily when there is a _______ contingency between the NS/CS and the UCS.
strong
Learning happens less easily when there is a _______ contingency between the NS/CS and the UCS.
weak
Stimulus value refers to…
how much the learner cares about predicting the presence of the UCS
Learning happens more easily when the UCS is ______ valued by the learner.
highly
Learning happens less easily when the UCS is ______ valued by the learner.
minimally
Novelty of the Neutral Stimulus (NS) refers to…
whether there has been any prior training with the NS. If so, that NS is not novel and the prior learning will interfere with current learning.
Learning happens more easily when the NS (is/isn’t) associated with previous learning.
isn’t
Learning happens less easily when the NS (is/isn’t) associated with previous learning.
is
What are the steps of operant conditioning?
1) Wait for a natural occurrence of the behavior.
2) Observe behavior.
3) Provide reinforcement.
4) Repeat this process from the beginning!
Your credit card company gives you “reward points” that can be used to earn gifts for using your credit card to purchase items. If you do indeed start using your credit card more in response to this, we would say that the reward points had the effect of _____________ your credit card usage.
Positively reinforcing
You suffer from heart burn. You start to recognize that when you eat certain kinds of food, typically those that are very spicy, it results in you being more likely to experience heart burn. As a result, you start to reduce the likelihood that you go to Mexican restaurants for dinner. Your heart burn is serving as a _____________ for going to eat at Mexican restaurants.
Positive punisher
You suffer from heart burn, but you just can’t stop eating Mexican food because you love it soooooo much. So instead, you take an antacid after eating Mexican (and other spicy foods) to relieve your heartburn. We would say that the relief from the heartburn is having the effect of ______________ your antacid taking behavior
Negatively reinforcing
When you are hungry, you eat food. The food relieves your hunger. This results in you eating food more in the future. We would say the hunger relief you experience has ____________ your food eating behavior
Negatively reinforced
When you are hungry, you eat food. But your doctor recently told you that your cholesterol is through the roof and you need to control the types of food that you eat. One of his recommendations is that you tell your roommate that each time you eat a food high in cholesterol (like bacon) that he is allowed to punch you in the face, causing you pain, and hopefully reducing your eating behavior in the future. Besides being a terrible doctor, it seems that he is recommending you use a ________________ to curb your cholesterol ingesting behavior.
Positive punisher
You really like playing video games. Your spouse, on the other hand, does not like how much you play video games. In response, whenever you play video games, your spouse decides that s/he is not going to talk to you for the rest of the evening. As a result, your video game playing behavior goes down. We would say that your spouse taking away the opportunity for conversation has had the effect of ___________________ your video game playing behavior.
Negatively punishing
Interval schedules require…
the passage of time.
