Module 5 Flashcards
Learning is…
a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience, not maturation.
What are the three types of learning in Psychology?
1) Associative
2) Non-associative
3) Social (Observational)
Associative learning focuses on learning…
the predictive relationship between two events
There are two kinds of associative learning, ______ ______ and _________ _______
classical conditioning, operant conditioning
In ________ conditioning an originally neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response that it did not previously elicit.
classical
What is Contiguity
How close, in both time and space, two stimuli are presented relative to one another. It is much easier for the learner to develop an associative relationship if that contiguity is as short as possible
Learning happens more easily when there is _____ contiguity in time and/or space.
short
Contingency refers to…
the predictive probability of the UCS given the presence of the NS/CS
Learning happens more easily when there is a _______ contingency between the NS/CS and the UCS.
strong
Learning happens less easily when there is a _______ contingency between the NS/CS and the UCS.
weak
Stimulus value refers to…
how much the learner cares about predicting the presence of the UCS
Learning happens more easily when the UCS is ______ valued by the learner.
highly
Learning happens less easily when the UCS is ______ valued by the learner.
minimally
Novelty of the Neutral Stimulus (NS) refers to…
whether there has been any prior training with the NS. If so, that NS is not novel and the prior learning will interfere with current learning.
Learning happens more easily when the NS (is/isn’t) associated with previous learning.
isn’t
Learning happens less easily when the NS (is/isn’t) associated with previous learning.
is
What are the steps of operant conditioning?
1) Wait for a natural occurrence of the behavior.
2) Observe behavior.
3) Provide reinforcement.
4) Repeat this process from the beginning!
Your credit card company gives you “reward points” that can be used to earn gifts for using your credit card to purchase items. If you do indeed start using your credit card more in response to this, we would say that the reward points had the effect of _____________ your credit card usage.
Positively reinforcing
You suffer from heart burn. You start to recognize that when you eat certain kinds of food, typically those that are very spicy, it results in you being more likely to experience heart burn. As a result, you start to reduce the likelihood that you go to Mexican restaurants for dinner. Your heart burn is serving as a _____________ for going to eat at Mexican restaurants.
Positive punisher
You suffer from heart burn, but you just can’t stop eating Mexican food because you love it soooooo much. So instead, you take an antacid after eating Mexican (and other spicy foods) to relieve your heartburn. We would say that the relief from the heartburn is having the effect of ______________ your antacid taking behavior
Negatively reinforcing
When you are hungry, you eat food. The food relieves your hunger. This results in you eating food more in the future. We would say the hunger relief you experience has ____________ your food eating behavior
Negatively reinforced
When you are hungry, you eat food. But your doctor recently told you that your cholesterol is through the roof and you need to control the types of food that you eat. One of his recommendations is that you tell your roommate that each time you eat a food high in cholesterol (like bacon) that he is allowed to punch you in the face, causing you pain, and hopefully reducing your eating behavior in the future. Besides being a terrible doctor, it seems that he is recommending you use a ________________ to curb your cholesterol ingesting behavior.
Positive punisher
You really like playing video games. Your spouse, on the other hand, does not like how much you play video games. In response, whenever you play video games, your spouse decides that s/he is not going to talk to you for the rest of the evening. As a result, your video game playing behavior goes down. We would say that your spouse taking away the opportunity for conversation has had the effect of ___________________ your video game playing behavior.
Negatively punishing
Interval schedules require…
the passage of time.
Ratio schedules require…
a number of responses.
A variable schedule is…
random and unpredictable.
A fixed schedule is…
constant and predictable.
participants are rewarded for the first response after a set amount of time has elapsed. This is a _____ schedule
Fixed Interval (FI)
participants are rewarded for the first response after some amount of time has elapsed. This is a _____ schedule
Variable Interval (VI)
participants are rewarded after a certain number of responses have been made. This is a _____ schedule
Fixed Ratio (FR)
participants are rewarded after some number of responses have been made. This is a _____ schedule
Variable Ratio (VR)
Getting extra video game lives after collecting 100 coins is an example of _______ schedule
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Slot machines are examples of a _____ schedule
Variabile Ratio (VR)
____________ corresponds to how our natural response to a stimulus (an object or event) changes over time
Non-associative learning
When repeatedly exposed to a stimulus, one of four things can happen. These four things are…
1) no change from baseline response
2) sensitization
3) habituation
4) dishabituation
What is sensitization
your response gets more pronounced each time you are exposed to the stimulus
What is Habituation
your response gets less and less pronounced each time you are exposed to the stimulus
What is dishabituation
Noticing the absence of a previously habituated stimulus
How do you tell the difference between associative and non associative learning
Whether you are learning to make a prediction or not
In the case of ___________ learning, no prediction is being made
non associative
In the case of ___________ learning, a prediction is being made
associative
A _____ _____ can be anyone from whom we learn behavior
social model
