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Phycology > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many axons does the average neuron have

A

One

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2
Q

What part of the neuron holds the nucleus

A

Soma

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3
Q

______ __________ ________ end in a button shape rather than a tapered point

A

Axon’s terminal fibers

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4
Q

What are terminal fibers responsible for

A

Releasing chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters, that communicate the interneuronal signal from one neuron to the next.

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5
Q

Why are there many dendrites on one neuron

A

to provide a larger surface area for receptor sites to receive signals from other neurons.

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6
Q

True or false: the myelin sheath covers the whole axon

A

False

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7
Q

The unmyelinated sections of an axon are called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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8
Q

Where is a cells action potential generated

A

at an unmyelinated region near the nexus of the axon and the soma (at a point called the axon hillock),

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9
Q

The thicker the myelin sheath, the (more/less) effective it is at sending neural impulses

A

more

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10
Q

The _____ ________ is the state of a neuron between communication

A

resting potential

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11
Q

During the resting potential sodium is primarily (inside/outside) the neuron

A

outside

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12
Q

During the resting potential potassium is primarily (inside/outside) the neuron

A

inside

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13
Q

Sodium and potassium create the (chemical/electrical) gradient, during resting potential

A

chemical

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14
Q

Chlorine ions and proteins in the cell, create the (chemical/electrical) gradient, during resting potential

A

Electrical

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15
Q

The large proteins in a neuron are (negatively/positively) charged

A

negatively

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16
Q

The chlorine ions outside of a neuron are (negatively/positively) charged

A

positively

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17
Q

The starting relative electrical charge of the average neuron during resting potential is about…

A

negative 70 millivolts

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18
Q

When sodium enters the neuron the sodium potassium pump will…

A

pump it back out

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19
Q

When potassium leaves the neuron the sodium potassium pump will…

A

try to get it back in

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20
Q

What happens when an excitatory neurotransmitter binds with an excitatory gate

A

the gate opens and lets sodium in, in an attempt to bring the cell closer to firing by, increasing the relative electrical charge

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21
Q

What happens when an inhibitory neurotransmitter binds with an inhibitory gate

A

the gate opens and lets potassium out, in an attempt to bring the cell further from firing by, decreasing the relative electrical charge

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22
Q

True or false: The intensity of a neuron firing depends on the voltage released

A

False (they fire the same voltage each time)

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23
Q

True or false: The intensity of a neuron firing depends the speed at which it fires

A

True

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24
Q

what makes up the myelinization of the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann Cells

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25
Q

How does myelin influence the process of propagation

A

It accelerates it

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26
Q

What do voltage gated channels respond to

A

certain relative voltages between the inside and outside of the cell

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27
Q

The term “synapse” is interchangeable with

A

synaptic gap, synaptic cleft

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28
Q

What happens after the auto-receptors stop the production of a neurotransmitter

A

Reuptake channels suck them back into the pre-synaptic neuron

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29
Q

What happens after the reuptake channels suck the neurotransmitters back into the pre-synaptic neuron

A

Chemical Enzymes break them down, so they are now infective

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30
Q

What is Acetylcholine responsible for

A

Motor Control

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31
Q

What is Epinephrine responsible for

A

Energy

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32
Q

What is Norepinephrine responsible for

A

Arousal / Vigilance

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33
Q

What is Serotonin responsible for

A

Emotional States / Impulse Control

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34
Q

What is Dopamine responsible for

A

Reward and Motivation

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35
Q

What is GABA responsible for

A

Inhibition of Action Potentials

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36
Q

What does GABA stand for

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid

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37
Q

What is Endorphins responsible for

A

Pain Reduction and Rewards

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38
Q

As neurons remain dormant, they will become less easily activated and the synapses that connect these neurons shrivel up – this is referred to as _________ _________

A

synaptic pruning

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39
Q

They become more likely to fire. Each activation of a neuron makes it more likely to fire in the future and enhances the connections that neuron has to other neurons – this is referred to as _____________

A

synaptogenesis

40
Q

the less active your brain is, the (more/less) synaptic pruning will occur.

A

more

41
Q

The ___________ ______ is the collection of neurons that allow for the communication between the brain and self-regulated functions

A

Autonomic PNS (ANS)

42
Q

the _______ ____ which is responsible for willful volitional control.

A

Somatic PNS (SNS)

43
Q

What does PNS stand for

A

Peripheral Nervous System

44
Q

What does CNS stand for

A

Central Nervous System

45
Q

ANS can be further subdivided into the…

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

46
Q

The sympathetic nervous system helps you get (calm/aroused)

A

Aroused

47
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system helps you get (calm/aroused)

A

Calm

48
Q

What are the three classes of neurons

A

Afferent neurons, efferent neurons, and interneurons

49
Q

afferent neurons are referred to as _______ neurons

A

sensory

50
Q

efferent neurons are referred to as _______ neurons

A

motor

51
Q

What three major regions can the brain be divided into

A

1) the brainstem and cerebellum,
2) the limbic system,
3) the cerebral cortex.

52
Q

The brainstem is made up of the…

A

medulla oblongata, the pons, and the reticular formation.

53
Q

The cerebellum is responsible

A

for balance and coordination of voluntary movement.

54
Q

The Cerebellum can be found

A

extending from the rear of the brainstem

55
Q

The limbic system is composed of several structures that control…

A

appetite behaviors, emotions, and other psychological behaviors.

56
Q

The medulla oblongata is responsible…

A

for the most basic functions, maintaining self-regulated organ functions, like your heart-rate, breathing, and even coordinates the muscles in your throat to ensure effective swallowing

57
Q

What does ARAS do

A

carries sensory information from the body up to the thalamus

58
Q

What does ARAS stand for

A

Ascending Reticular Activating System

59
Q

what descending reticulospinal tracts do?

A

which carry motor information from the brain to the spinal cord–which the directs this information to our muscles through motor/efferent neurons

60
Q

The Raphe nucleus is responsible…

A

for the synthesis of serotonin

61
Q

What does the pons do?

A

an extension of the reticular formation and a continuation of the bridge for sensory and motor responses between the brain, body, and the and other geographically proximate regions like the cerebellum.

62
Q

The cerebellum is composed of…

A

two wrinkled little hemispheres that look like a miniature version of our cerebral cortex​.

63
Q

Does the cerebellum coordiante or initiate movements

A

coordinate

64
Q

The limbic system is made up of several subcortical structures that help control…

A

emotion, memory, and appetitive behaviors.

65
Q

The limbic system is made up of structures such as

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

66
Q

The hypothalamus controls the _________ system

A

endocrine

67
Q

the thalamus is responsible for

A

routing incoming sensory information to the regions on the cerebral cortex that are responsible for processing that information.

68
Q

hippocampus helps us to…

A

form new memories

69
Q

Damage to the hippocampus results in…

A

anterograde amnesia (Can’t make new memories)

70
Q

The frontal lobes are responsible for…

A

higher order cognitive processes, language production, and initiation of movement.

71
Q

The temporal lobes are responsible for…

A

auditory functions.

72
Q

The occipital lobes are responsible…

A

for vision.

73
Q

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is responsible for…

A

our rational activity.

74
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

the loss of the ability to speak

75
Q

Where is Broca’s Area located

A

the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere

76
Q

parietal lobes are responsible for…

A

attention, spatial relations, and the conscious experience of many sensory experiences, including the sensations of taste and touch.

77
Q

What does The right hemisphere of the parietal lobe do?

A

Mental imagery (picturing and manipulating things in your minds eye)

78
Q

What does the The left hemisphere of the parietal lobe do?

A

the ability to understand and engage in writing/reading, as well as mathematical concepts

79
Q

The somatosensory cortex is involved in…

A

the perception of being touched

80
Q

The motor cortex is involved in…

A

Initiating movement

81
Q

The homonuclus in the somatosensory cortex is going to be distorted according to the amount of..

A

Sensitivity of that body part

82
Q

The homonuclus in the motor cortex is going to be distorted according to the amount of..

A

Amount of fine motor movement in that body part

83
Q

Only the (somatosensory/motor) cortex’s homunculus have teeth and genitals

A

somatosensory

84
Q

The primary auditory cortex is the portion of the temporal lobe that is responsible…

A

for hearing.

85
Q

Wernicke’s area is located in the…

A

temporal lobe of the left hemisphere

86
Q

Wernicke’s area is responsible for…

A

comprehension of speech

87
Q

The fusiform face area is located in the ______ hemisphere of the ________ lobe

A

right hemisphere of the temporal lobe

88
Q

The occipital lobes are responsible for…

A

vision

89
Q

Which lobe is responsible for hearing?

A

Temporal Lobe

90
Q

Which lobe contains the somatosensory cortex?

A

Parietal Lobe

91
Q

Which lobe contains the fusiform face area?

A

Temporal Lobe

92
Q

Damage to this lobe can result in hemineglect:

A

Parietal Lobe

93
Q

Which lobe contains the primary motor cortex?

A

Frontal Lobe

94
Q

Which lobe is responsible for vision?

A

Occipital Lobe

95
Q

Which lobe contains the angular gyrus?

A

Parietal Lobe

96
Q

Which lobe contains the Broca’s area?

A

Frontal Lobe

97
Q

Which lobe is responsible for higher order cognitive processes, language production, and initiation of movement?

A

Frontal Lobe

Phycology (13 decks)

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