Module 8: Blood and Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Blood Compostition

Answer 1

Blood tissue
- blood tissue composition
*plasma
*Formed elements
- normal volumes of blood
- blood pH

Blood Plasma
- Composition
- Serum

Question 2

Blood Composition Cont

Answer 2

Formed Elements
- RBC (erythrocytes)
- White blood cells (leukocytes)
*granular
*agranular
-Platelets (thrombocytes)

Hematopoiesis
- Myeloid tissue
- Lymphoid tissue

Question 3

RBC

Answer 3

Structure
- disk-shaped, without nuclei
Function
- transports respiratory gases
RBC count
- Complete blood count (CBC); Hematocrit (Hct)
Hemoglobin (Hb)
- Oxyhemoglobin
- Carbaminohemoglobin

Question 4

RBC

Answer 4

Anemia
- insufficient numbers of RBC’s
- normal hemoglobin deficiency
Blood types
- ABO system
*type A, type B, type AB, type O
- Rh system

Question 5

RBC Blood types ABO system

Answer 5

Type A
- type A self-antigens in RBCs; anti-B type antibodies in plasma
Type B
- Type B self antigens in RBCs; anti-A type antibodies in plasma
Type AB
- Type A and type B self antigens in RBCs; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type O
- No type A or type B self-antigens in RBCs; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma

Question 6

RBC Blood types Rh system

Answer 6

Rh-positive blood
- Rh factor antigen present
Rh-negative blood
- NO Rh factor present
Universal donor
- Type O-
Universal recipient
- Type AB+

Question 7

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Answer 7

structure and function
WBC
- complete count; leukopenia; leukocytosis; differential count
- WBC types
* Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)
[neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils]

• Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)
  *monocytes
  *lymphocytes

Question 8

Platelets and Blood clotting

Answer 8

Platelets (thrombocytes)
- Hemostasis
Clotting mechanism
- release of clotting factors
- chemical reactions to form thrombin
- fibrin formation and trapping of RBCs and platelets
Abnormal blood clots
- thrombus
- embolus

Question 9

Heart: location, size, and position

Answer 9

location and position
- located between the lungs in the lower portion of the mediastinum
- positioned in the thoracic cavity between the sternum in front and bodies of the thoracic vertebrae behind
- apex (blunt point) of the lower edge of the heart lies on the diaphragm

shape and size
- triangular shape
- approximate size of a closed fist

Question 10

Heart anatomy

Answer 10

Heart chambers
- atria
- ventricles
Heart walls
- myocardium
- endocardium
- pericardium
*visceral pericardium
*parietal pericardium

Question 11

Heart Valves

Answer 11

Function
- maintains unidirectional blood flow through the heart
Types of heart valves
- atrioventricular (AV) valves
*tricuspid valve
*Bicuspid (mitral) valve

• Semilunar (SL) valve
  *pulmonary semilunar valve
  *aortic semilunar valve

Question 12

Heart sounds

Answer 12

first sound (lub)
- vibration and closure of AV valves during contraction of the ventricles
Second sound (dub)
- closure of the semilunar valves during relaxation of the ventricles

Question 13

Blood flow through the heart

Answer 13

• venous blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava
• passes from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
• from the right V, it passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary artery to the lungs
• blood moved from the lungs to the left A, passing through the bicuspid (mitral) valve to the left ventricle
• Blood in the LV is pumped through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and is distributed to the body as a whole

Question 14

Cardiac cycle

Answer 14

complete heartbeat or “cycle”
- systole and diastole of atria and ventricles
- 0.8 sec in length
Heart sounds, changes in blood flow, and electrical activity of heart

Cardiac output (CO)
- heart rate (HR)
- stroke volume (SV)

Question 14

Electrical activity of the heart

Answer 14

conduction system of the heart
- intercalated disks
- specialized conduction system structures
*sinoatrial node (SA) [pacemaker]
*Atrioventricular node (AV)
*AV bundle (bundle of His)
*Purkinje fibers

Question 15

Blood vessels

Answer 15

Types
- arteries
- capillaries
- veins
Structure
- outer layer, middle layer, inner layer
Function
- arteries and arterioles
- capillary exchange
- veins and venules

Question 16

Blood vessels: structure

Answer 16

Tunica externa (outer layer)
- arteries - thin layer of fibrous, elastic connective tissue
- veins - heavy layer of fibrous connective tissue

Tunica media (middle layer)
- arteries - smooth muscle with some elastic tissue *thick
- veins - smooth muscle *thin

Tunica intima (inner layer)
- arteries - single layer of squamous epithelial cells
- veins - valves prevent retrograde movement of blood

Capillaries
- flat, endothelial cells *thin

Question 17

Blood vessels: Function

Answer 17

Arteries and arterioles
- high pressure vessels
-distribution of nutrients and movement of blood

Capillary exchange
- exchange vessels for nutrients, wastes, and fluids

Veins and venules
- low pressure vessels
- blood return to heart

Question 17

Systemic and Pulmonary routes of circulation

Answer 17

systemic circulation
- throughout the body
- left V through aorta, smaller arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, vena cava, to right A

Pulmonary circulation
- to and from the lungs
- gas exchange
- right V through pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, to left A

Question 18

Special circulatory routes

Answer 18

Hepatic portal circulation
- blood collected from the capillaries of visceral structures in the abdomen is delivered to the liver through the hepatic portal vein
- blood leaves the liver through the hepatic veins and delivered to the inferior vena cava

Fetal circulation
- blood vessels must carry fetal blood to the placenta for exchange and then returned to the fetal body
- three blood vessels - two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein are involved with this exchange

Question 19

Glossary: ABO system

Answer 19

system of tissue typing that classifies RBC by the presence of immunological markers designated A and B

Question 20

Glossary: Acidosis

Answer 20

condition in which there is an excessive proportion of acid in the blood (and thus an abnormally low blood pH); opposite of alkalosis

Question 21

Glossary: Agglutinate

Answer 21

antibodies causing antigens to clump or stick together

Question 22

Glossary: afranular leukocyte

Answer 22

WBC (leukocyte) that does not exhibit granules when stained; includes monocytes and lymphocytes; also called nongranular leukocyte or agranulocyte

Question 23

Glossary: albumin

Answer 23

one of several types of proteins normally found in blood plasma; helps thicken the blood

Question 24

Glossary: Anemia

Answer 24

Deficient number of RBC or deficient hemoglobin

Question 25

Glossary: Antibody

Answer 25

substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a specific substance (antigen) that has entered the body

Question 26

Glossary: Anticoagulant

Answer 26

Agent that opposes blood clotting

Question 27

Glossary: Antigen

Answer 27

substance that, when introduced into the body, causes formation of antibodies against it