Module 8: Blood and Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Blood Compostition
Blood tissue
- blood tissue composition
*plasma
*Formed elements
- normal volumes of blood
- blood pH
Blood Plasma
- Composition
- Serum
Blood Composition Cont
Formed Elements
- RBC (erythrocytes)
- White blood cells (leukocytes)
*granular
*agranular
-Platelets (thrombocytes)
Hematopoiesis
- Myeloid tissue
- Lymphoid tissue
RBC
Structure
- disk-shaped, without nuclei
Function
- transports respiratory gases
RBC count
- Complete blood count (CBC); Hematocrit (Hct)
Hemoglobin (Hb)
- Oxyhemoglobin
- Carbaminohemoglobin
RBC
Anemia
- insufficient numbers of RBC’s
- normal hemoglobin deficiency
Blood types
- ABO system
*type A, type B, type AB, type O
- Rh system
RBC Blood types ABO system
Type A
- type A self-antigens in RBCs; anti-B type antibodies in plasma
Type B
- Type B self antigens in RBCs; anti-A type antibodies in plasma
Type AB
- Type A and type B self antigens in RBCs; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type O
- No type A or type B self-antigens in RBCs; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
RBC Blood types Rh system
Rh-positive blood
- Rh factor antigen present
Rh-negative blood
- NO Rh factor present
Universal donor
- Type O-
Universal recipient
- Type AB+
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
structure and function
WBC
- complete count; leukopenia; leukocytosis; differential count
- WBC types
* Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)
[neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils]
- Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)
*monocytes
*lymphocytes
Platelets and Blood clotting
Platelets (thrombocytes)
- Hemostasis
Clotting mechanism
- release of clotting factors
- chemical reactions to form thrombin
- fibrin formation and trapping of RBCs and platelets
Abnormal blood clots
- thrombus
- embolus
Heart: location, size, and position
location and position
- located between the lungs in the lower portion of the mediastinum
- positioned in the thoracic cavity between the sternum in front and bodies of the thoracic vertebrae behind
- apex (blunt point) of the lower edge of the heart lies on the diaphragm
shape and size
- triangular shape
- approximate size of a closed fist
Heart anatomy
Heart chambers
- atria
- ventricles
Heart walls
- myocardium
- endocardium
- pericardium
*visceral pericardium
*parietal pericardium
Heart Valves
Function
- maintains unidirectional blood flow through the heart
Types of heart valves
- atrioventricular (AV) valves
*tricuspid valve
*Bicuspid (mitral) valve
- Semilunar (SL) valve
*pulmonary semilunar valve
*aortic semilunar valve
Heart sounds
first sound (lub)
- vibration and closure of AV valves during contraction of the ventricles
Second sound (dub)
- closure of the semilunar valves during relaxation of the ventricles
Blood flow through the heart
- venous blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava
- passes from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
- from the right V, it passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary artery to the lungs
- blood moved from the lungs to the left A, passing through the bicuspid (mitral) valve to the left ventricle
- Blood in the LV is pumped through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and is distributed to the body as a whole
Cardiac cycle
complete heartbeat or “cycle”
- systole and diastole of atria and ventricles
- 0.8 sec in length
Heart sounds, changes in blood flow, and electrical activity of heart
Cardiac output (CO)
- heart rate (HR)
- stroke volume (SV)
Electrical activity of the heart
conduction system of the heart
- intercalated disks
- specialized conduction system structures
*sinoatrial node (SA) [pacemaker]
*Atrioventricular node (AV)
*AV bundle (bundle of His)
*Purkinje fibers
Blood vessels
Types
- arteries
- capillaries
- veins
Structure
- outer layer, middle layer, inner layer
Function
- arteries and arterioles
- capillary exchange
- veins and venules
Blood vessels: structure
Tunica externa (outer layer)
- arteries - thin layer of fibrous, elastic connective tissue
- veins - heavy layer of fibrous connective tissue
Tunica media (middle layer)
- arteries - smooth muscle with some elastic tissue *thick
- veins - smooth muscle *thin
Tunica intima (inner layer)
- arteries - single layer of squamous epithelial cells
- veins - valves prevent retrograde movement of blood
Capillaries
- flat, endothelial cells *thin
Blood vessels: Function
Arteries and arterioles
- high pressure vessels
-distribution of nutrients and movement of blood
Capillary exchange
- exchange vessels for nutrients, wastes, and fluids
Veins and venules
- low pressure vessels
- blood return to heart
Systemic and Pulmonary routes of circulation
systemic circulation
- throughout the body
- left V through aorta, smaller arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, vena cava, to right A
Pulmonary circulation
- to and from the lungs
- gas exchange
- right V through pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, to left A
Special circulatory routes
Hepatic portal circulation
- blood collected from the capillaries of visceral structures in the abdomen is delivered to the liver through the hepatic portal vein
- blood leaves the liver through the hepatic veins and delivered to the inferior vena cava
Fetal circulation
- blood vessels must carry fetal blood to the placenta for exchange and then returned to the fetal body
- three blood vessels - two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein are involved with this exchange
Glossary: ABO system
system of tissue typing that classifies RBC by the presence of immunological markers designated A and B
Glossary: Acidosis
condition in which there is an excessive proportion of acid in the blood (and thus an abnormally low blood pH); opposite of alkalosis
Glossary: Agglutinate
antibodies causing antigens to clump or stick together
Glossary: afranular leukocyte
WBC (leukocyte) that does not exhibit granules when stained; includes monocytes and lymphocytes; also called nongranular leukocyte or agranulocyte
