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Nursing 120 > Module 10: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Module 10: Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Resp. Tract

A

Upper resp tract
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx

Lower resp tract
- trachea
- bronchial tree
- lungs

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2
Q

Respiratory Mucosa: structure

A
  • ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines most of tract
  • stratified squamous epithelium lines nostrils, vocal cords, and pharynx
  • simple squamous epithelium lines alveoli
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3
Q

Respiratory mucosa:
Function

A

-protection
- air purification
- ciliary escalator

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4
Q

Upper resp tract: nose

A

Structure
- external nares
- nasal septum; R and L nasal cavities
- Frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid sinuses
- lacrimal sacs
- superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae (turbinate)

Function
- warms, filters and moistens inhaled air
- olfactory receptors

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5
Q

Upper resp. tract: pharynx

A

Structure
- nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
- two nasal cavities, mouth, esophagus, larynx, and auditory tubes (Eustachian tubes) open into pharynx
-pharyngeal, lingual, and palatine tonsils

Function:
- passageway for food and liquids
- passageway for air and air distribution

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6
Q

Upper resp tract: larynx

A

Structure
- thyroid cartilage (adams apple), cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis
- glottis
- vocal cords

Function
- air distribution and passageway for air movement
- voice production

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7
Q

Lower resp. tract: trachea

A

Structure
- tube approx. 11 cm long and 2.5 cm wide
- extends from larynx into the thoracic cavity
- c-shaped rings of cartilage

Function
- patent airway
- passageway for air movement
- tracheal obstruction

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8
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

-mechanics of breathing
-regulation of breathing
- breathing patterns

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9
Q

Lower resp. tract

A

structure and function
- trachea> R and L bronchi > secondary bronchi > bronchioles> alveolar ducts> alveolar sacs > alveoli = alveolar air movement and distribution
- Alveoli

Structure:
- surfactant- covered respiratory movement
*type 1 alveolar cells
*type 11 alveolar cells

Function:
- gas exchange between air and blood

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10
Q

Lower resp tract: lungs

A

Structure:
- size: fills the chest cavity, except for middle space occupied by heart, large blood vessels, thymus, and esophagus
*apex (superior)
*base (inferior)

Pleurae
- membrane lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and covering the outer surface of each lung (visceral pleura)

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11
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Respiration
1. pulmonary ventilation
2. external respiration
3. internal respiration

Mechanics of breathing
- pulmonary ventilation
*inspiration (inhalation)
*expiration (exhalation)

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12
Q

Regulation of Ventilation

A

-Homeostasis of Blood gases
- brainstem control of respiration
*medullary centres
*pontine centres
- cerebral cortex control of respiration
- respiratory reflexes
*chemoreflexes
*pulmonary stretch reflexes

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13
Q

Breathing Patterns

A

-Eupnea
-Hyperventilation
-Hypoventilation
-Dyspnea
- Apnea
- Resp arrest
- cheyne-stokes respiration

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14
Q

Glossary: Adenoid

A

Literally, glandlike; adenoids, or pharyngeal tonsils, are paired lymphoid structures in the nasopharynx

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15
Q

Glossary: Alveolar duct

A

airway that branches from the smallest bronchioles; alveolar sacs arise from alveolar ducts

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16
Q

Glossary: Alveolar sac

A

each alveolar duct ends in several sacs that resemble a cluster of grapes

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17
Q

Glossary: Alveoli

A

literally, a small cavity; alveoli of lungs are microscopic saclike dilations of terminal bronchioles

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18
Q

Glossary: Aortic body

A

small cluster of chemosensitive cells that respond to carbon dioxide and oxygen levels

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19
Q

Glossary: Apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing

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20
Q

Glossary: auditory tube (eustachian tube)

A

Tube that connects the throat with the middle ear to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanum (eardrum) ; also called eustachian tube

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21
Q

Glossary: Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

A

Negative ion common in water solutions, including body fluids; HCO3-; often acts as a buffer to increase pH (reduce acidity) of a solution

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22
Q

Glossary: Bronchi

A

The branches of the trachea

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23
Q

Glossary: Bronchiole

A

small branch of a bronchus

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24
Q

Glossary: Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)

A

the compound formed by the union of CO2 with hemoglobin

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25
Q

Glossary: Carbonic anhydrase (CA)

A

the enzyme that converts carbon dioxide into carbonic acid

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26
Q

Glossary: Carotid body

A

chemoreceptor located in the carotid artery that detects changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood acid levels

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27
Q

Glossary: Cellular respiration

A

enzymes in the mitochondrial wall and matrix using oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrients, releasing energy needed for cellular work

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28
Q

Glossary: Chemoreceptor

A

Any receptor that responds to chemicals, such as those responsible for taste and smell

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29
Q

Glossary: Chemoreflex

A

Any reaction triggered by a chemical change, as when the heart rate changes in response to shift in oxygen concentration in the blood

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30
Q

Glossary: Chronic bronchitis

A

chronic inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles characterized by edema and excessive mucus production, often blocking air passages

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30
Q

Glossary: Cheyne- stokes respiration (CSR)

A

Pattern of breathing associated with critical conditions such as brain injury or drug overdose and characterized by cycles of apnea and hyperventilation

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31
Q

Glossary: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

General term referring to a group of disorders characterized by progressive, irreversible obstruction of airflow in the lungs

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32
Q

Glossary: ciliary escalator

A

Process of cilia moving mucus and entrapped particles upward and out of the respiratory tract

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33
Q

Glossary: Compliance

A

the ease of stretch of a material - as in lung compliance, the stretchability of the lung tissues

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34
Q

Glossary: Conchae

A

shell-shaped structures; for ex. bony projections into the nasal cavity

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34
Q

Glossary: Diaphragm

A

membrane or partition that separates one thing from another; the flat muscular sheet that separates the thorax and abdomen and is a major muscle of respiration

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35
Q

Glossary: Diffusion

A

spreading; ie. scattering of dissolved particles

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36
Q

Glossary: Emergency medical technician

A

first responder trained to assess health conditions and administer emergency medical care

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36
Q

Glossary: Dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing

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37
Q

Glossary: Emphysema

A

Abnormal condition characterized by trapping of air in alveoli of the lung that causes them to rupture and fuse with other alveoli

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37
Q

Glossary: Eupnea

A

normal respiration

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38
Q

Glossary: Eustachian tube

A

Tube that connects the throat with the middle ear to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanum

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38
Q

Glossary: Endotracheal intubation

A

medical procedure in which a hollow tube is placed through the throat and directly down into the trachea to allow airflow

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39
Q

Glossary: Epiglottis

A

lidlike cartilage overhanging the entrance to the larynx

40
Q

Glossary: expiration (exhalation)

A

moving air out of the lungs; also known as exhilation

41
Q

Glossary: Expiratory muscle

A

any of the muscles that allow more forceful expiration to increase the rate and depth of ventilation; the internal intercostals and the abdominal muscles

42
Q

Glossary: Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring the tidal volume (TV)

42
Q

Glossary: External nares

A

nostrils

43
Q

Glossary: external respiration

A

the exchange of gases between air in the lungs and in the blood

44
Q

Glossary: glottis

A

the space between the vocal cords

45
Q

Glossary: Heme

A

iron-containing component of a hemoglobin molecule

45
Q

Glossary: Hyperventilation

A

very rapid deep respirations

46
Q

Glossary: Hypoventilations

A

slow, shallow respirations

47
Q

Glossary: Hypoxia

A

abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood or tissue fluids

48
Q

Glossary: Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

A

leading case of death in premature babies; due to a lack of surfactant in the alveolar air sacs

49
Q

Glossary: Inspiration (inhalation)

A

movement of air into the lungs; same as inhalation, opposite of exhalation or expiration

50
Q

Glossary: Inspiratory muscle

A

the muscles that increase the size of the thorax, including the diaphragm and external intercostals, and allow air to rush into the lungs

51
Q

Glossary: Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

The amount of air that can be forcibly inspired over and above a normal respiration

52
Q

Glossary: Interarytenoid notch

A

The V-shaped groove at the median of the posterior margin of the opening of the larynx, between the two arytenoid cartilages of the larynx

53
Q

Glossary: internal respiration

A

the exchange of gases that occurs between the blood and the cells of the body

53
Q

Glossary: Lacrimal sac

A

pouch that collects tears from the eye and then drains them toward the nasal cavity

54
Q

Glossary: larygopharynx

A

the lowest part of the pharynx

55
Q

Glossary: larynx

A

the voice box, located just below the pharynx; the largest piece of cartilage making up the larynx is the thyroid cartilage, commonly known as the adams apple

56
Q

Glossary: lingual tonsil

A

mass of lymphoid tissue located in the mucous membrane at the base of the tongue

57
Q

Glossary: lower resp. tract

A

division of the respiratory tract that is within the thorax and composed of the trachea, all segments of the bronchial tree, and the lung

58
Q

Glossary: lung

A

organ of respiration; the right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes

59
Q

Glossary: max. oxygen consumption

A

the max amount of oxygen taken up by the lungs, transported to the tissues, and used to do work

60
Q

Glossary: Mucus

A

thick, slippery material that is secreted by the mucous membrane and keeps the membrane moist

61
Q

Glossary: Nasal cavity

A

the moist, warm cavities lined by mucosa located just beyond the nostrils; olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa

62
Q

Glossary: Nasal septum

A

a partition that separates the right and left nasal cavities

63
Q

Glossary: Nasopharynx

A

the uppermost portion of the tube just behind the nasal cavities

64
Q

Glossary: Nose

A

respiratory organ

65
Q

Glossary: Oropharynx

A

the portion of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth

66
Q

Glossary: oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

A

oxygenated form of hemoglobin

67
Q

Glossary: palatine tonsil

A

either of a pair of lymphoid masses located behind and below the pillars of the fauces

68
Q

Glossary: Paramedic

A

health care worker trained to assist a physician or to give care in the absence of a physician, often as part of a first-responder team

69
Q

Glossary: paranasal sinus

A

four pairs of sinuses that have openings into the nose

70
Q

Glossary: Partial pressure (P)

A

pressure exerted by any one gas in a mixture of gases or in a liquid; symbol used to designate partial pressure is the capital letter P preceding the chemical symbol for the gas

70
Q

Glossary: pharyngeal tonsil

A

tonsils located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx; when enlarged, referred to as adenoids

71
Q

Glossary: pharynx

A

organ of the digestive and respiratory system; commonly called the throat

72
Q

Glossary: phrenic nerve

A

the nerve that stimulates the diaphragm to contract

72
Q

Glossary: pleura

A

the serous membrane in the thoracic cavity that lines each pleural cavity and covers the lungs

73
Q

Glossary: pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleura

74
Q

Glossary: pneumothorax

A

Accumulation of air in the pleural space, causing collapse of the lung

74
Q

Glossary: Primary bronchi

A

first branches of the trachea (right and left primary bronchi)

74
Q

Glossary: pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing; process that moves air in and out of the lungs

75
Q

Glossary: Residual volume (RV)

A

the air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration

76
Q

Glossary: respiration

A

process that results in the absorption, transport, and utilization or exchange of respiratory gases between an organism and its environment

77
Q

Glossary: Respiratory arrest

A

cessation of breathing without resumption

78
Q

Glossary: resp. control center

A

any of the centers located in the medulla and pons that regulate the muscles of respiration

79
Q

Glossary: Resp. membrane

A

the single layer of cells that makes up the wall of the alveoli

80
Q

Glossary: resp. mucosa

A

mucus-covered membrane that lines the tubes of the resp. tree

81
Q

Glossary: resp. system

A

the organs that allow the exchange of oxygen from the air with the CO2 from the blood

82
Q

Glossary: Resp. therapist

A

health professional who helps patients increase respiratory function or overcome or cope with the effects of respiratory conditions

83
Q

Glossary: Secondary bronchi

A

smaller bronchial branches resulting from division of primary bronchi

84
Q

Glossary: sinusitis

A

sinus infection

84
Q

Glossary: spirometer

A

an instrument used to measure the amount of air exchanged in breathing

85
Q

Glossary: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

abnormal terminal condition in which an infant stops breathing

86
Q

Glossary: Surfactant

A

a substance covering the surface of the resp. membrane inside the alveolus, which reduces surface tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing

87
Q

Glossary: Tidal volume (TV)

A

amount of air breathed in and out with each breath

87
Q

Glossary: tonsilitis

A

an inflammation of the tonsils

88
Q

Glossary: tonsils

A

mass of lymphoid tissue; protects against bacteria; three types: palatine - located on each side of the throat, pharyngeal (adenoids) - near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity, and lingual tonsils - near the base of the tongue

89
Q

Glossary: trachea

A

the windpipe; the tube extending from the larynx to the bronchi

90
Q

Glossary: tracheostomy

A

an opening in the trachea made by the tracheotomy (surgical cutting of the trachea)

91
Q

Glossary: tracheotomy

A

surgical procedure in which an opening is cut into the trachea to maximize ventilation of the lower resp. tract

92
Q

Glossary: turbinate

A

curving or spiral in structure

93
Q

Glossary: Upper resp. tract

A

division of resp. tract outside the thorax that is composed of the nose, pharynx, and larynx

93
Q

Glossary: Vital capacity (VC)

A

largest amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in one inspiration of expiration

94
Q

Glossary: Vocal cord

A

One of the bands of tissue in larynx responsible for production of sound (Speech)

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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