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Nursing 120 > Module 5 : Muscular System > Flashcards

Module 5 : Muscular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Muscle tissue

A

allows the body and its parts to move

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2
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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3
Q

movement caused by…

A

muscle cells/fibres that specialize in contraction (shortening)
muscle movement occurs when chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy

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4
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

comprises of the heart
- involuntary
- intercalated discs
-Interconnected structure allows heart to contract efficiently in its function as a pump

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5
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Non Striated or visceral muscle
- found in walls of hollow structures, such as the digestive tract, and the walls of blood vessels
- contractions are involuntary and highly regulated

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6
Q

Structure of skeletal muscle: muscle organs

A
  • composed of striated muscle fibers and connective tissue
  • threadlike cylindrical cells arranged in bundles and characterized by crosswise striations and multiple nuclei
  • most skeletal muscles extend from one bone across a joint to another bone
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7
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle movement

A

muscles produce movement by pulling on bones as a muscle contracts
- the insertion bone is pulled closer to the origin bone
- movement occurs at the joint between the origin and the insertion

Groups of muscles usually contract to produce a single movement
- prime mover
- synergist muscles
- antagonist muscles

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8
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle posture, heat production, fatigue

A

Posture - maintained by continuous, low-strength muscle contractions called tonic contractions
Heat production - contraction of muscle fibres
~Hyperthermia and hypothermia

Physiological muscle fatigue
- continuous muscle contraction without adequate rest periods
- production and buildup of lactic acid in muscles
- oxygen debt mechanismm

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9
Q

Isotonic

A

same tension
changing length
Eccentric = muscle lengthens
Concentric = muscle shortens

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10
Q

Isometric

A

Same length
Changing tension
Relaxed, contracting

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11
Q

Movements produced by Skeletal muscle contractions

A

Angular movements
- flexion and extension; abduction and adduction

Circular movements
- rotation; circumduction; supination and pronation

Special movements
- Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion; inversion and eversion

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12
Q

When a leg is in flexion…

A

Quads are relaxed
hamstrings are contracted

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13
Q

When a leg is in extension

A

Quads are contracted
Hamstrings are relaxed

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14
Q

Skeletal muscle groups head and neck movements

A

facial muscles
- orbicularis oculi
- Orbicularis oris
- zygomaticus (major and minor)
Muscles of mastication
- masseter
- temporal
Sternocleidomastoid
trapezius

frontal, temporal

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15
Q

Skeletal muscle groups upper extremity movement

A

pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
deltoid
biceps brachii
triceps brachii

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle groups trunk movement

A

abdominal muscles
- rectus abdominis
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- transversus abdominis
Respiratory muscles
- intercostal muscles
- diaphragm

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17
Q

Skeletal muscle groups lower extremity movement

A

iliopsoas
sartorius
gluteus maximus
adductor group
- adductor longus, gracilis, pectineus
hamstring group
- semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris

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18
Q

Skeletal muscle groups lower extremity movement

A

Quadriceps femoris group
- rectus femoris (1)
- Vastus muscles (3) : lateralis, intermedius, medialis

Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Fibularis or Peroneus group (3) : longus, brevis, tertius

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19
Q

Glossary: Abduction

A

Moving away from the midline of the body; opposite motion of adduction

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20
Q

Glossary: Actin

A

Contractile protein found in the thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Glossary: Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Chemical neurotransmitter

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21
Q

Glossary: Adduction

A

Moving toward the midline of the body (or region); opposite of abduction

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22
Q

Glossary: Adductor muscle

A

Any of several muscles that adduct a joint, moving a body part in from the side (lateral) and thus toward the midline (median or midsagittal plane) of the body or of the body region; ex. the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles contract together to pull the arm toward the trunk, thus adducting the shoulder joint

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23
Q

Glossary: Aerobic training

A

Continuous vigorous exercise requiring the body to increase its consumption of oxygen and develop the muscles’ ability to sustain activity over a long period

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24
Q

Glossary: Antagonist

A

any agent that has the opposite effect of the agent to which it is compared; ex. a hormone antagonist opposes the effect of the compared hormone

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25
Q

Glossary: All or none

A

describing a process that occurs at maximum or not at all once it begins

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26
Q

Glossary: Cardiac muscles

A

the type of muscle tissue that makes up most of the heart wall

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26
Q

Glossary: Biceps brachii

A

the primary flexor of the forearm

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27
Q

Glossary: Biomechanical engineering

A

discipline of engineering that applies principles of mechanical engineering to biological systems, as in biomedical engineering

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28
Q

Glossary: Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

muscle weakness, pain, and tingling in the radial side (thumb side) of the wrist, hand, and fingers - sometimes radiating to the forearm and shoulder; caused by compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (a passage along the ventral concavity of the wrist)

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28
Q

Glossary: Bursa (pl. bursae)

A

Small, cushionlike sac found alongside joints, cushioning moving bones

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29
Q

Glossary: Circumduction

A

the process of moving the distal end of a body part in a circular path

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30
Q

Glossary: Deltoid

A

triangular; ec. the deltoid muscle

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30
Q

Glossary: Concentric contraction

A

type of isotonic muscle contraction in which a muscle’s length decreases

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31
Q

Glossary: Diaphragm

A

membrane or partition that separates one thing from another; the flat muscular sheet that separates the thorax and abdomen and is a major muscle of respiration

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32
Q

Glossary: Dorsiflexion

A

angular movement when the top of the foot is elevated (brought toward the front of the leg) with the toes pointing upward

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32
Q

Glossary: Disuse atrophy

A

when prolonged inactivity results in the muscles shrinking in size

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33
Q

Glossary: Eccentric contraction

A

Type of isotonic muscle contraction in which a muscle’s length increases under a load

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34
Q

Glossary: Ergonomics

A

applied study of workers and their work environment

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35
Q

Glossary: Endurance training

A

continuous vigorous exercise requiring the body to increase its consumption of oxygen and developing the muscles’ ability to sustain activity over a prolonged period

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36
Q

Glossary: Fatigue

A

loss of muscle power; weakness

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37
Q

Glossary: Eversion

A

foot movement that turns the ankle so that the sole faces out to the side

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38
Q

Glossary: Fibularis group

A

Leg muscles that plantar flex and evert the foot; formerly called peroneous group

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39
Q

Glossary: External oblique

A

the outermost layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall

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40
Q

Glossary: Extension

A

increasing the angle between two bones at a joint

41
Q

Glossary: Flexion

A

Act of bending; decreasing the angle between two bones at the joint

42
Q

Glossary: Frontal muscle

A

one of the muscles of facial expression; it moves the eyebrows and furrows the skin of the forehead

42
Q

Glossary: Gastrocnemius

A

Superficial muscle of the calf of the leg, connected (along with the soleus muscle) to the calcaneus bone of the foot by way of the Achilles (calcaneal) tendon; its action is to dorsiflex the foot, bending the toes upward

43
Q

Glossary: Gluteus Maximus

A

major extensor of the thigh and also supports the torso in an erect position

44
Q

Glossary: hamstring muscle

A

any of the powerful flexors of the hip; the hamstring group is made up of the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris muscles

45
Q

Glossary: Hypertrophy

A

increased size of a part caused by an increase in the size of its cells

46
Q

Glossary: Iliopsoas

A

A flexor of the thigh and an important stabilizing muscle for posture

46
Q

Glossary: Hypothermia

A

subnormal core body temp below 37 degrees

46
Q

Glossary: Intercostal muscle

A

the respiratory muscles located between the ribs

47
Q

Glossary: Insertion

A

a muscle’s attachment to a bone that moves when it contracts (as distinguished from its origin)

47
Q

Glossary: Inversion

A

foot movement that turns the ankle so that the sole faces inward, toward the midline of the body

48
Q

Glossary: Isometric contraction

A

type of muscle contraction in which muscle does not shorten

48
Q

Glossary: Intercalated disk

A

any of the dislike cells connects that exist between cardiac muscle fibers

49
Q

Glossary: Internal oblique

A

the middle layer of the anterolateral abdominal walls

50
Q

Glossary: Isotonic contraction

A

contraction in which the length changes but the tension seems to be about the same; a mobilizing hind of contraction

51
Q

Glossary: Latissimus dorsi

A

An extensor of the arm

51
Q

Glossary: Masseter

A

Large muscle of the cheek, used to life the lower jaw (mandible) and thus provide chewing movement

52
Q

Glossary: Massage therapy

A

pressing, rubbing, or other manipulation of muscle and other soft tissue to prevent or treat a variety of health conditions

53
Q

Glossary: Motor neuron

A

transmits nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glandular epithelial tissues

53
Q

Glossary: Mastication

A

chewing

54
Q

Glossary: Motor unit

A

A single motor neuron with the muscle cells it innervates

55
Q

Glossary: Muscle Fibers

A

any of the specialized contractile cells of muscle tissue

56
Q

Glossary: Muscle strain

A

overstretching or tearing skeletal muscle fibers resulting from overexertion or trauma

57
Q

Glossary: Muscle Tone

A

the tension of muscle or tonic contraction; characteristic of muscle of a normal individual who is awake

57
Q

Glossary: Myoglobin

A

large protein molecule in the cytoplasm of muscle cells that attracts oxygen and holds it temporarily

58
Q

Glossary: Myofilament

A

any of the ultramicroscopic threadlike protein structures found in cylindrical groupings within each muscle fiber and involved in muscle contraction

59
Q

Glossary: Myosin

A

Contractile protein found in the thick filaments of skeletal muscle

60
Q

Glossary: Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

the point of contact between the nerve endings and muscle fibers

61
Q

Glossary: Nutritionist

A

professional consultant specializing in diet and food

61
Q

Glossary: Nurse

A

health-care professional trained to care for the sick and injured

62
Q

Glossary: Origin

A

a muscle’s attachment to a bone that does not move when it contracts, as distinguished from insertion

63
Q

Glossary: Paralysis

A

loss of the power of motion, especially voluntary motion

63
Q

Glossary: oxygen debt

A

continued increased oxygen consumption that occurs after exercise; also called excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

64
Q

Glossary: Pectoralis Major

A

Loss of the power of motion, especially voluntary motion

65
Q

Glossary: Posture

A

position of the body

66
Q

Glossary: Prime mover

A

the muscle responsible for producing a particular movement

66
Q

Glossary: Physical education

A

health professional who helps patients improve body movements and manage pain

67
Q

Glossary: Physician

A

Health care professional, usually holding a doctorate in medicine or related discipline, licensed to provide and supervise medical care

68
Q

Glossary: Plantar Flexion

A

action of the bottom of the foot being directed downward; this motion allows a person to stand on his or her tiptoes

69
Q

Glossary: pronation

A

to turn the palm downward

69
Q

Glossary: Quadriceps femoris

A

Extensor of the leg

70
Q

Glossary: Rotation

A

movement around a longitudinal axis; ex. shaking your head no

71
Q

Glossary: rectis abdominis

A

muscle that runs down the middle of the abdomen; protects the abdominal viscera and flexes the spinal column

72
Q

Glossary: Sliding filament model

A

concept in muscle physiology describing the contraction of a muscle fiber in terms of the sliding of microscopic protein filaments past each other within the sarcomere in a manner that shortens all the sarcomeres and thus the entire muscle

72
Q

Glossary: Sarcomere

A

contractile unit of muscle; length of a cylindrical grouping of myofilaments between two z bands

73
Q

Glossary: Skeletal muscle

A

the bones, cartilage, and ligaments that provide the body with a rigid framework for support and protection

74
Q

Glossary: Smooth muscle

A

muscle that is not under conscious control; also known as involuntary muscle or visceral muscle; forms the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs

75
Q

Glossary: Sternocleidomastoid

A

‘strap’ muscle located on the anterior aspect of the neck

76
Q

Glossary: Strength Training

A

Contracting muscles against resistance to enhance muscle hypertrophy

77
Q

Glossary: Supination

A

To turn the palm of the hand upward; opposite of pronate

78
Q

Glossary: Synergist

A

muscle that assists a prime mover

79
Q

Glossary: Synovial membrane

A

connective tissue membrane lining that spaces between bones and joints that secretes synovial fluid

80
Q

Glossary: Tendon

A

a band or cord of fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone or other structure

81
Q

Glossary: Tendon sheath

A

Tube-shaped structure lined with synovial membrane that encloses certain tendons

82
Q

Glossary: Tenosynovitis

A

Inflammation of a tendon sheath

83
Q

Glossary: Tetanic contraction

A

Sustained contraction

84
Q

Glossary: Tetanus

A

sustained muscular contraction

85
Q

Glossary: Threshold stimulus

A

Minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract

86
Q

Glossary: Tibialis Anterior

A

Dorsiflexor of the foot

87
Q

Glossary: Tonic contraction

A

special type of skeletal muscle contraction used to maintain posture

88
Q

Glossary: Transversus abdominis

A

The innermost layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall

89
Q

Glossary: Trapezius

A

triangular muscle in the back that elevates the shoulder and extends the head backwards

90
Q

Glossary: Triceps Brachii

A

extensor of the elbow

91
Q

Glossary: Twitch

A

a quick, jerky response to a single stimulus

92
Q

Glossary: Zygomaticus

A

Muscle that elevates the corners of the mouth and lips; also known as the smiling muscle

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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