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Nursing 120 > Module 5 : Muscular System > Flashcards

Module 5 : Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissue

A

allows the body and its parts to move

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2
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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3
Q

movement caused by…

A

muscle cells/fibres that specialize in contraction (shortening)
muscle movement occurs when chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy

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4
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

comprises of the heart
- involuntary
- intercalated discs
-Interconnected structure allows heart to contract efficiently in its function as a pump

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5
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Non Striated or visceral muscle
- found in walls of hollow structures, such as the digestive tract, and the walls of blood vessels
- contractions are involuntary and highly regulated

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6
Q

Structure of skeletal muscle: muscle organs

A
  • composed of striated muscle fibers and connective tissue
  • threadlike cylindrical cells arranged in bundles and characterized by crosswise striations and multiple nuclei
  • most skeletal muscles extend from one bone across a joint to another bone
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7
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle movement

A

muscles produce movement by pulling on bones as a muscle contracts
- the insertion bone is pulled closer to the origin bone
- movement occurs at the joint between the origin and the insertion

Groups of muscles usually contract to produce a single movement
- prime mover
- synergist muscles
- antagonist muscles

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8
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle posture, heat production, fatigue

A

Posture - maintained by continuous, low-strength muscle contractions called tonic contractions
Heat production - contraction of muscle fibres
~Hyperthermia and hypothermia

Physiological muscle fatigue
- continuous muscle contraction without adequate rest periods
- production and buildup of lactic acid in muscles
- oxygen debt mechanismm

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9
Q

Isotonic

A

same tension
changing length
Eccentric = muscle lengthens
Concentric = muscle shortens

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10
Q

Isometric

A

Same length
Changing tension
Relaxed, contracting

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11
Q

Movements produced by Skeletal muscle contractions

A

Angular movements
- flexion and extension; abduction and adduction

Circular movements
- rotation; circumduction; supination and pronation

Special movements
- Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion; inversion and eversion

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12
Q

When a leg is in flexion…

A

Quads are relaxed
hamstrings are contracted

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13
Q

When a leg is in extension

A

Quads are contracted
Hamstrings are relaxed

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14
Q

Skeletal muscle groups head and neck movements

A

facial muscles
- orbicularis oculi
- Orbicularis oris
- zygomaticus (major and minor)
Muscles of mastication
- masseter
- temporal
Sternocleidomastoid
trapezius

frontal, temporal

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15
Q

Skeletal muscle groups upper extremity movement

A

pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
deltoid
biceps brachii
triceps brachii

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle groups trunk movement

A

abdominal muscles
- rectus abdominis
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- transversus abdominis
Respiratory muscles
- intercostal muscles
- diaphragm

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17
Q

Skeletal muscle groups lower extremity movement

A

iliopsoas
sartorius
gluteus maximus
adductor group
- adductor longus, gracilis, pectineus
hamstring group
- semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris

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18
Q

Skeletal muscle groups lower extremity movement

A

Quadriceps femoris group
- rectus femoris (1)
- Vastus muscles (3) : lateralis, intermedius, medialis

Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Fibularis or Peroneus group (3) : longus, brevis, tertius

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19
Q

Glossary: Abduction

A

Moving away from the midline of the body; opposite motion of adduction

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20
Q

Glossary: Actin

A

Contractile protein found in the thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Glossary: Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Chemical neurotransmitter

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21
Q

Glossary: Adduction

A

Moving toward the midline of the body (or region); opposite of abduction

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22
Q

Glossary: Adductor muscle

A

Any of several muscles that adduct a joint, moving a body part in from the side (lateral) and thus toward the midline (median or midsagittal plane) of the body or of the body region; ex. the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles contract together to pull the arm toward the trunk, thus adducting the shoulder joint

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23
Q

Glossary: Aerobic training

A

Continuous vigorous exercise requiring the body to increase its consumption of oxygen and develop the muscles’ ability to sustain activity over a long period

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24
Glossary: Antagonist
any agent that has the opposite effect of the agent to which it is compared; ex. a hormone antagonist opposes the effect of the compared hormone
25
Glossary: All or none
describing a process that occurs at maximum or not at all once it begins
26
Glossary: Cardiac muscles
the type of muscle tissue that makes up most of the heart wall
26
Glossary: Biceps brachii
the primary flexor of the forearm
27
Glossary: Biomechanical engineering
discipline of engineering that applies principles of mechanical engineering to biological systems, as in biomedical engineering
28
Glossary: Carpal tunnel syndrome
muscle weakness, pain, and tingling in the radial side (thumb side) of the wrist, hand, and fingers - sometimes radiating to the forearm and shoulder; caused by compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (a passage along the ventral concavity of the wrist)
28
Glossary: Bursa (pl. bursae)
Small, cushionlike sac found alongside joints, cushioning moving bones
29
Glossary: Circumduction
the process of moving the distal end of a body part in a circular path
30
Glossary: Deltoid
triangular; ec. the deltoid muscle
30
Glossary: Concentric contraction
type of isotonic muscle contraction in which a muscle's length decreases
31
Glossary: Diaphragm
membrane or partition that separates one thing from another; the flat muscular sheet that separates the thorax and abdomen and is a major muscle of respiration
32
Glossary: Dorsiflexion
angular movement when the top of the foot is elevated (brought toward the front of the leg) with the toes pointing upward
32
Glossary: Disuse atrophy
when prolonged inactivity results in the muscles shrinking in size
33
Glossary: Eccentric contraction
Type of isotonic muscle contraction in which a muscle's length increases under a load
34
Glossary: Ergonomics
applied study of workers and their work environment
35
Glossary: Endurance training
continuous vigorous exercise requiring the body to increase its consumption of oxygen and developing the muscles' ability to sustain activity over a prolonged period
36
Glossary: Fatigue
loss of muscle power; weakness
37
Glossary: Eversion
foot movement that turns the ankle so that the sole faces out to the side
38
Glossary: Fibularis group
Leg muscles that plantar flex and evert the foot; formerly called peroneous group
39
Glossary: External oblique
the outermost layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall
40
Glossary: Extension
increasing the angle between two bones at a joint
41
Glossary: Flexion
Act of bending; decreasing the angle between two bones at the joint
42
Glossary: Frontal muscle
one of the muscles of facial expression; it moves the eyebrows and furrows the skin of the forehead
42
Glossary: Gastrocnemius
Superficial muscle of the calf of the leg, connected (along with the soleus muscle) to the calcaneus bone of the foot by way of the Achilles (calcaneal) tendon; its action is to dorsiflex the foot, bending the toes upward
43
Glossary: Gluteus Maximus
major extensor of the thigh and also supports the torso in an erect position
44
Glossary: hamstring muscle
any of the powerful flexors of the hip; the hamstring group is made up of the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris muscles
45
Glossary: Hypertrophy
increased size of a part caused by an increase in the size of its cells
46
Glossary: Iliopsoas
A flexor of the thigh and an important stabilizing muscle for posture
46
Glossary: Hypothermia
subnormal core body temp below 37 degrees
46
Glossary: Intercostal muscle
the respiratory muscles located between the ribs
47
Glossary: Insertion
a muscle's attachment to a bone that moves when it contracts (as distinguished from its origin)
47
Glossary: Inversion
foot movement that turns the ankle so that the sole faces inward, toward the midline of the body
48
Glossary: Isometric contraction
type of muscle contraction in which muscle does not shorten
48
Glossary: Intercalated disk
any of the dislike cells connects that exist between cardiac muscle fibers
49
Glossary: Internal oblique
the middle layer of the anterolateral abdominal walls
50
Glossary: Isotonic contraction
contraction in which the length changes but the tension seems to be about the same; a mobilizing hind of contraction
51
Glossary: Latissimus dorsi
An extensor of the arm
51
Glossary: Masseter
Large muscle of the cheek, used to life the lower jaw (mandible) and thus provide chewing movement
52
Glossary: Massage therapy
pressing, rubbing, or other manipulation of muscle and other soft tissue to prevent or treat a variety of health conditions
53
Glossary: Motor neuron
transmits nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glandular epithelial tissues
53
Glossary: Mastication
chewing
54
Glossary: Motor unit
A single motor neuron with the muscle cells it innervates
55
Glossary: Muscle Fibers
any of the specialized contractile cells of muscle tissue
56
Glossary: Muscle strain
overstretching or tearing skeletal muscle fibers resulting from overexertion or trauma
57
Glossary: Muscle Tone
the tension of muscle or tonic contraction; characteristic of muscle of a normal individual who is awake
57
Glossary: Myoglobin
large protein molecule in the cytoplasm of muscle cells that attracts oxygen and holds it temporarily
58
Glossary: Myofilament
any of the ultramicroscopic threadlike protein structures found in cylindrical groupings within each muscle fiber and involved in muscle contraction
59
Glossary: Myosin
Contractile protein found in the thick filaments of skeletal muscle
60
Glossary: Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
the point of contact between the nerve endings and muscle fibers
61
Glossary: Nutritionist
professional consultant specializing in diet and food
61
Glossary: Nurse
health-care professional trained to care for the sick and injured
62
Glossary: Origin
a muscle's attachment to a bone that does not move when it contracts, as distinguished from insertion
63
Glossary: Paralysis
loss of the power of motion, especially voluntary motion
63
Glossary: oxygen debt
continued increased oxygen consumption that occurs after exercise; also called excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
64
Glossary: Pectoralis Major
Loss of the power of motion, especially voluntary motion
65
Glossary: Posture
position of the body
66
Glossary: Prime mover
the muscle responsible for producing a particular movement
66
Glossary: Physical education
health professional who helps patients improve body movements and manage pain
67
Glossary: Physician
Health care professional, usually holding a doctorate in medicine or related discipline, licensed to provide and supervise medical care
68
Glossary: Plantar Flexion
action of the bottom of the foot being directed downward; this motion allows a person to stand on his or her tiptoes
69
Glossary: pronation
to turn the palm downward
69
Glossary: Quadriceps femoris
Extensor of the leg
70
Glossary: Rotation
movement around a longitudinal axis; ex. shaking your head no
71
Glossary: rectis abdominis
muscle that runs down the middle of the abdomen; protects the abdominal viscera and flexes the spinal column
72
Glossary: Sliding filament model
concept in muscle physiology describing the contraction of a muscle fiber in terms of the sliding of microscopic protein filaments past each other within the sarcomere in a manner that shortens all the sarcomeres and thus the entire muscle
72
Glossary: Sarcomere
contractile unit of muscle; length of a cylindrical grouping of myofilaments between two z bands
73
Glossary: Skeletal muscle
the bones, cartilage, and ligaments that provide the body with a rigid framework for support and protection
74
Glossary: Smooth muscle
muscle that is not under conscious control; also known as involuntary muscle or visceral muscle; forms the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs
75
Glossary: Sternocleidomastoid
'strap' muscle located on the anterior aspect of the neck
76
Glossary: Strength Training
Contracting muscles against resistance to enhance muscle hypertrophy
77
Glossary: Supination
To turn the palm of the hand upward; opposite of pronate
78
Glossary: Synergist
muscle that assists a prime mover
79
Glossary: Synovial membrane
connective tissue membrane lining that spaces between bones and joints that secretes synovial fluid
80
Glossary: Tendon
a band or cord of fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone or other structure
81
Glossary: Tendon sheath
Tube-shaped structure lined with synovial membrane that encloses certain tendons
82
Glossary: Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of a tendon sheath
83
Glossary: Tetanic contraction
Sustained contraction
84
Glossary: Tetanus
sustained muscular contraction
85
Glossary: Threshold stimulus
Minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract
86
Glossary: Tibialis Anterior
Dorsiflexor of the foot
87
Glossary: Tonic contraction
special type of skeletal muscle contraction used to maintain posture
88
Glossary: Transversus abdominis
The innermost layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall
89
Glossary: Trapezius
triangular muscle in the back that elevates the shoulder and extends the head backwards
90
Glossary: Triceps Brachii
extensor of the elbow
91
Glossary: Twitch
a quick, jerky response to a single stimulus
92
Glossary: Zygomaticus
Muscle that elevates the corners of the mouth and lips; also known as the smiling muscle

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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