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Nursing 120 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Composition of cells

A

cytoplasm, organelles, cell interior

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2
Q

what are the three structural parts of the cell

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

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3
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A
  • forms outer boundary of cell
  • composed of thin, two-layered membrane of phospholipids
  • embedded with proteins
  • selectively permeable
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4
Q

Nucleus

A

central structure of the cell

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5
Q

nucleus cell control

A

-contains most of the genetic code (genome); 46 nuclear chromosomes contained in DNA
- contains directions for the manufacture of proteins; determines cell structure and function

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6
Q

Structures of the nucleus include:

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • nucleoplasm
  • nucleolus
  • chromatin granules
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7
Q

Ribosomes

A

-composed of two very small subunits of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- manufacture enzymes and other proteins ; protein factories

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8
Q

ER - Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough ER - collects, folds, and transports proteins made by ribosomes
Smooth ER - synthesizes chemicals and makes new membrane

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9
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

group of flattened sacs located near the nucleus

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10
Q

mitochondria

A

composed of inner and outer membranous sacs ; power plants of the cell

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11
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes - able to destroy microbes

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12
Q

centrosome

A

microtiubule-organizing region of the cytoskeleton near the nucleus

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13
Q

the three key cell extensions

A

microvilli
cilia
flagella

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14
Q

what are the four major tissues types

A

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

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15
Q

ECM =?

A

Extracellular Matrix

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16
Q

ECM - extracellular matrix

A
  • jelly like substance
  • mainly made of water
    -tissues differ in the amount and kind of fluid material between the cells
  • matrix varies in amount and composition among the various tissues
    -epithelial tissues have very little matrix because the cells are so closely connected
    (collagen [twisted rope], elastin [rubbery quality], prodial glycons [linking among cells, absorbing shock and lubrication)
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17
Q

Epithelial tissue: if classified according to shape, identified as:

A

-squamous: flat and scalelike
- cuboidal : cube-shaped
- columnar : higher than they are wide
- transitional: varying shapes that can stretch

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18
Q

epithelial tissue: if categorized by cell arrangement:

A

simple and stratified

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19
Q

connective tissue

A

most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body, with many different types, appearances, and functions
- very few cells in the intercellular matrix

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20
Q

connective tissue: reticular tissue

A

fine net of collagen fibers (bone marrow)

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20
Q

connective tissue: cartilage tissue

A

matrix is consistency of gristle-like gel; chondrocyte is cell type

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20
Q

what are the two main types of connective tissues

A

areolar (loose connective) tissue : fibrous glue (fascia) that holds organs together; collagenous and elastic fibers, plus a variety of cell types

adipose (fat) tissue : lipid storage, metabolism regulation; brown fat produces heat

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21
Q

connective tissue: bone tissue

A

matrix is calcified; functions as support and protection

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22
Q

connective tissue: dense fibrous tissue

A

bundles of strong collagen fibers (tendon)

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23
Q

connective tissue: blood tissue

A

matrix is fluid; functions are transportation and protection

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24
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac and
smooth muscle tissue

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25
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

striated or voluntary - attaches to bones, control is voluntary

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25
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

striated involuntary - composes heart wall; ordinarily, usually, cannot control contractions

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26
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

nonstriated [visceral] or involuntary - found in blood vessels and other tube-shaped organs

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27
Q

nervous tissue

A

provides rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions

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28
Q

two types of cells in nervous tissue

A

nerve cells (neurons) and special connecting
- characterized by cell body
- two types of processes; one axon, one or more dendrites
and supporting cells (glia or neuroglia)
- special connecting and supporting cells (glia or neuroglia)

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29
Q

Organ

A

a structure composed of two or more kinds of tissue organized together in a particular arrangement that allows them to perform a more complex function than a single tissue

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30
Q

organ system

A

a group of organs organized together in a particular arrangement that allows them to perform a more complex function than a single organ

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31
Q

Integumentary system; structure

A

appendages:
- skin
- hair
- nails
- sense receptors
- sweat and oil glands

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31
Q

Integumentary system; functions

A
  • protection
  • regulation of body temperature
  • synthesis of chemicals
  • sense organs
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32
Q

skeletal system; structure

A

bone and joints

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33
Q

skeletal system; functions

A
  • support
  • movement (with joints and muscles)
  • storage of minerals
  • blood cell formation
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34
Q

muscular system; structure

A

muscles
- voluntary, or striated
- involuntary, or smooth
- cardiac

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35
Q

muscular system; functions

A
  • movement
  • maintenance of body posture
  • production of heat
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36
Q

nervous system; structure

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
  • sense organs
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37
Q

nervous system; functions

A
  • communication
  • integration
  • control
  • recognition of sensory stimuli
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38
Q

endocrine system; structure

A
  • pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
  • hypothalamus
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid glands
  • thymus gland
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • ovaries (female)
  • testes (male)
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39
Q

endocrine system; functions

A

-regulation and secretion of hormones directly into bloodstream [growth, metabolism, reproduction, fluid and electrolyte balance]
- organs perform same general functions as nervous system [communication, integration, control slow long duration]

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40
Q

cardio (circ) system; structure

A

heart
blood vessels
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries

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41
Q

cardio (circ) system; functions

A

transportation
regulation of body temp
immunity (body defense)

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42
Q

lymphatic system; structure

A

lymph nodes
lymphatic vessels
tonsils
thymus
spleen

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43
Q

lymph system; functions

A

transportation
immunity (body defense)

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44
Q

immune system; structure

A

includes all structures of the body’s defense systems

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45
Q

immune system; functions

A

protects from disease-causing microorganisms; harmful toxins
appropriate reaction to irritants; injuries

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46
Q

respiratory system; structure

A

nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

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47
Q

respiratory system; functions

A

exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen occurs in the alveoli of the lungs
warm and humidify incoming air
filtration of irritants from inspired air
regulation of acid-base balance

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48
Q

digestive system; structure - primary organs

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • rectum
  • anal canal
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49
Q

digestive systems; functions

A
  • mechanical and chemical breakdown (digestion) of food
  • absorption of nutrients
  • elimination of undigested waste product (feces)
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50
Q

digestive system; structure - secondary organs

A
  • teeth
  • salivary glands
  • tongue
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • appendix
51
Q

digestive system; appendix

A
  • structural component
  • not a functional part of digestive system
52
Q

urinary system; structure

A
  • kidneys
    -ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
53
Q

urinary system; functions

A

clears blood of waste products - eliminated through urine
electrolyte balance
water balance
acid-base balance
urethra has urinary and reproductive functions in males

54
Q

reproductive system; structure male

A

gonads: testes
genital ducts: vas deferens, urethra
accessory gland: prostate
supporting structures: genitalia (penis and scrotum)

55
Q

reproductive system; structure female

A

gonads: ovaries
accessory organs: uterus, uterine (fallopian) tubes, vagina
supporting structures: genitalia (vulva), mammary glands (breasts)

56
Q

reproductive system; functions

A

survival of genes
production of sex cells (male: sperm; female: ova)
transfer and fertilization of sex cells
development and birth of offspring
nourishment of offspring
production of sex hormones

57
Q

Glossary: Active Transport

A

movement of a substance into and out of a living cell requiring the use of cellular energy

58
Q

Glossary: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

chemical compound that provides energy for use by body cells

59
Q

Glossary: Anaphase

A

stage of mitosis; duplicate chromosomes move to poles of dividing cell

60
Q

Glossary: Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death by means of several biochemical processes built into each cell; apoptosis clears space for newer cells, as in early embryonic development or in tissue repair

61
Q

Glossary: benign tumor

A

a relatively harmless neoplasm

62
Q

Glossary: centriole

A

one of a pair of tiny cylinders in the centrosome of a cell; believed to be involved with the spindle fibers formed during mitosis

63
Q

Glossary: centromere

A

a beadlike structure that attaches one chromatid to another during the early stages of mitosis

64
Q

Glossary: centrosome

A

area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus that coordinated the building and breaking up of microtubules in the cell; contains centrioles

65
Q

Glossary: chromatid

A

either of two replicated chromatin (DNA) strands within a chromosome of a cell ready to divide

66
Q

Glossary: chromatin granule

A

early stained substance in the nucleus of cells made up of DNA strands wound around spools of protein; condenses into chromosomes during mitosis

67
Q

Glossary: chromosome

A

DNA molecule that has coiled to form a compact mass during mitosis or meiosis; each chromosome is composed of regions called genes, each of which transmits hereditary info

68
Q

Glossary: cilium

A

hairlike projections of cells; eyelashes. pl., cilia

69
Q

Glossary: cleavage furrow

A

depression in the parent cell surface during cell division; appears at the end of anaphase and begins to divide the cell into two daughter cells

70
Q

Glossary: codon

A

in RNA, a triplet of three base pairs that codes for a particular amino acid; subunit of a protein-coding gene

71
Q

Glossary: complementary base pairing

A

bonding of purines and pyridines in DNA; adenine always binds with thymine, and cytosine always binds with guanine

72
Q

Glossary: crenation

A

abnormal notching in an erythrocyte resulting from shrinkage after suspension in a hypertonic solution

73
Q

Glossary: cytokinesis

A

process by which a dividing cell splits its cytoplasm and plasma membrane into two distinct daughter cells; cytokinesis happens along with mitosis (or meiosis) during the cell division process

74
Q

Glossary: cytoskeleton

A

cell’s internal supporting, moving framework

75
Q

Glossary: cytoplasm

A

the gel-like substance of a cell exclusive of the nucleus and other organelles

76
Q

Glossary: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

genetic material of the cell that carries the chemical ‘blueprint’ of the body

77
Q

Glossary: dialysis

A

separation of smaller (diffusible) particles from larger (non-diffusible) particles through a semipermeable membrane

78
Q

Glossary: differentiate

A

a process by which daughter cells become different structure and function (by using different genes from the genome shared by all cells of the body), as when some of the original cells of early developmental stages differentiate to become muscle cells and other cells become nerve cells. and so on (differentiation is another form of this term)

79
Q

Glossary: diffusion

A

spreading; for ex. scattering of dissolved particles

80
Q

Glossary: DNA replication

A

the unique ability of DNA molecules to make copies of themselves

81
Q

Glossary: ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

A

network of tubules and vesicles in cytoplasm

82
Q

Glossary: filtration

A

movement of water and solutes through a membrane by a higher hydrostatic pressure on one side

83
Q

Glossary: flagellum

A

a single projection extending from the cell surface; the only example in humans is the ‘tail’ of the male sperm. pl = flagella

84
Q

Glossary: gene

A

one of many segments of a chromosome (DNA molecule); each gene contains the genetic code for synthesizing a protein molecule such as an enzyme or hormone

85
Q

Glossary: genetic counselor

A

sequence of base pairs in DNA or RNA that represents inherited info

86
Q

Glossary: genome

A

the entire set of chromosomes in a cell; the human genome refers to the entire set of human chromosomes

86
Q

Glossary: genetic engineer

A

someone who specializes in manipulating the genetic code

87
Q

Glossary: genetics

A

the science of heredity and genetic info

88
Q

Glossary: golgi apparatus

A

small sacs stacked on one another near the nucleus that make carbohydrate compounds, combines them with protein molecules, and packages the product in a globule

89
Q

Glossary: hypertonic

A

a solution containing a high level of salt (NaCl) than is found in a living red blood cell (above 0.9% NaCl)

90
Q

Glossary: hypotonic

A

a solution containing a lower level of salt than is found in a living RBC (below 0.9% NaCl)

91
Q

Glossary: interstitial fluid

A

fluid located in the microscopic spaces between the cells

91
Q

Glossary: Interphase

A

the phase immediately before the visible stages of cell division, when the DNA of each chromosome replicates itself

92
Q

Glossary: isotonic

A

relating to the same pressure or tension; for example, isotonic solutions have the same osmotic pressure

93
Q

Glossary: lyse

A

disintegration of a cell

94
Q

Glossary: lysosome

A

membranous organelles containing various enzymes that can dissolve most cellular compounds; hence called digestive bags or suicide bags of cells

95
Q

Glossary: malignant tumor

A

cancerous

96
Q

Glossary: messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

a duplicate copy of a gene sequence on the DNA that passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

97
Q

Glossary: metaphase

A

second stage of mitosis, during which the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear

98
Q

Glossary: microvillus

A

second stage of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear pl. = microvilli

99
Q

Glossary: mitochondrion

A

tiny membranous organelles where much of a cell’s ATP is generated in the presence of oxygen pl= mitochondria

100
Q

Glossary: mitosis

A

indirect cell division involving complex changes in the nucleus

101
Q

Glossary: neoplasm

A

an abnormal mass of proliferating cells that may be either benign or malignant

102
Q

Glossary: nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that surrounds the cell nucleus

103
Q

Glossary: nucleoplasm

A

a special type of cytoplasm found in the nucleus

103
Q

Glossary: nucleolus

A

critical to protein formation because it ‘programs’ the formation of ribosomes in the nucleus

104
Q

Glossary: nucleus

A

spherical structure within a cell; a group of neuron cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord; central core of the atom, made up of protons and (sometimes) neutrons

105
Q

Glossary: organelle

A

cell organ; for ex. the ribosome

106
Q

Glossary: osmosis

A

type of passive movement of water (only) through a semipermeable membrane

107
Q

Glossary: passive transport

A

cellular process in which substances move through a cellular membrane with their own energy

108
Q

Glossary: phagocytosis

A

ingestion and digestion of particles by a cell

109
Q

Glossary: phospholipid

A

phosphate-containing lipid molecule found in cell membranes; one end of the molecule is water-soluble and the other end is lipid-soluble

110
Q

Glossary: pinocytosis

A

the Active transport mechanism used to transfer fluids or dissolved substances into cells

111
Q

Glossary: plasma membrane

A

membrane that separates the contents of a cell from the tissue fluid; encloses the cytoplasm and forms the outer boundary of the cell

112
Q

Glossary: goblet cells

A

mucus producing cells

113
Q

Glossary: RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

a nucleic acid found in the cytoplasm that is crucial to protein synthesis

113
Q

Glossary: prophase

A

first stage of mitosis during which chromosomes become visible

114
Q

Glossary: ribosome

A

organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that synthesizes proteins; also known as a protein factory

115
Q

Glossary: semipermeable

A

adjective used to describe a membrane that allows only certain substances to move through (permeate) it; compare to selectively permeable

116
Q

Glossary: NaK pump

A

a system of coupled ion pumps that actively transports sodium ions out of a cell and K ions into the cell at the same time; found in all living cells; also called the Na-K pump

117
Q

Glossary: solute

A

substance that dissolves into another substance; ie. in saltwater the salt is the solute dissolved in water

118
Q

Glossary: spindle fiber

A

a network of tubules formed in the cytoplasm between the centrioles as they are moving away from each other

119
Q

Glossary: stem cell

A

ancestor cell that has the ability to maintain a constant population of newly differentiating cells

120
Q

Glossary: telophase

A

last stage of mitosis in which the cell divides

121
Q

Glossary: transcription

A

occurs when the double-stranded DNA molecules unwind and form mRNA

122
Q

Glossary: transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

RNA involved with protein synthesis; tRNA molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome for placement in the sequence prescribed by mRNA

123
Q

Glossary: translation

A

the synthesis of a protein by ribosomes

124
Q

Glossary: transport process

A

process of carrying materials within the body, often across membranes and within fluids

125
Q

Glossary: vesicle

A

any tiny membranous bubble within a cell

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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