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Nursing 120 > Module 7: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Module 7: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Endocrine system
- communication and control
- hormones
Endocrine glands
- hormonal reaction in a target cell
- hypersecretion and hyposecretion

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2
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

A

Two major classes of hormones
- nonsteroid hormones
- steroid hormones
Regulation of secretion is controlled by homeostatic feedback
- negative feedback
- positive feedback
- levels of regulation

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3
Q

Prostaglandins (PGs)

A

-Lipid substances located in numerous body tissues
- Several classes of PGs include prostaglandin A (PGA), prostaglandin E (PGE) and prostaglandin F (PGF)
- Have effects on many body functions, including respiration, blood pressure, gastrointestinal secretions, inflammation and reproductive system

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4
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Location
structure of the pituitary gland
- two glands: anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis) [secretes tropic hormones TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH] and Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) [ADH and oxytocin]

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5
Q

Anterior pituitary gland functions of major hormones

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- thyroid hormone secretion
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Adrenal cortex growth; glucocorticoid secretion
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- influences ovulation; estrogen secretion
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- ovulation; estrogen secretion; progesterone production; testosterone secretion
Growth Hormone (GH)
- protein anabolism; fat and glucose catabolism
- hyperglycemia
Prolactin (PRL) or lactogenic hormone
- breast development during pregnancy; secretion of milk

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6
Q

Posterior pituitary gland hormones

A

functions
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- hyposecretion > dehydration

Oxytocin (OT)
- stimulation of uterine contractions
- stimulation of milk release

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary hormone production
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT)
- nervous stimulation control
Regulated anterior pituitary secretion
- releasing hormones (RHs)
- inhibiting hormones (IHs)

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8
Q

Thyroid gland

A

location
thyroid hormones
- triiodothyronine (T3)
- thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin (CT)
- Maintains blood calcium homeostasis

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9
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

location
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- increases blood calcium concentration
~promotes absorption of calcium
~decreases loss of calcium
- Antagonist effect of PTH and CT
~hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia

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10
Q

Adrenal glands

A

location
two separate endocrine glands
- adrenal cortex (outer)
~glandular epithelial tissue
~three cell layers (zones)
[mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones]
- adrenal medulla (inner)
~secretory nervous tissue
[epinephrine, norepinephrine]

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11
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

functions of hormones
- aldosterone
~increases blood sodium and decreases blood potassium to maintain water balance
- cortisol
~blood glucose concentration and blood pressure
~anti-inflammatory response (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
~anti-immunity and antiallergy effects

  • adrenal sex hormones
    ~produced in males and females
    ~ reproductive development
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12
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

hormones
- epinephrine (epi), or adrenaline
~ increased secretion is the first response to stress
~norepinephrine (NR)
- functions of hormones
~produces the body’s flight or fight response to stress

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13
Q

Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

A

endocrine tissue located within the exocrine tissue of the pancreas

hormones
- alpha cells > glucagon
- beta cells > insulin

Functions of hormones
- glucagon increases blood glucose
- insulin decreases blood glucose

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14
Q

Sex glands

A

female sex glands
- ovaries (ovarian follicles and corpus luteum)
- estrogen and progesterone

Male sex glands
- testosterone

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15
Q

Thymus, Placenta, and Pineal gland

A

thymus
- thymosin
placenta
- chorionic gonadotropin (HcG) estrogen, progesterone
Pineal gland
- melatonin

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16
Q

Glossary: Acromegaly

A

Condition caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty, resulting in enlargement of facial features (e.g, jaw, nose), fingers, and toes

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17
Q

Glossary: Addison disease

A

Disease of the adrenal gland resulting in low blood glucose, weight loss, weakness, increases blood sodium, and decreased blood potassium

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18
Q

Glossary: Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior pituitary gland, which has the structure of an endocrine gland

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19
Q

Glossary: Adrenal medulla

A

inner portion of adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norephinephrine

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20
Q

Glossary: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete larger amounts of hormones

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20
Q

Glossary: Adrenal cortex

A

outer portion of adrenal gland that secretes hormones called corticoids

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21
Q

Glossary: Anabolism

A

process in which cells make complex molecules (e.g, hormones) from simpler compounders (e.g, amino acids)

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21
Q

Glossary: Aldosterone

A

hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water

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22
Q

Glossary: Androgen

A

male sex hormone

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23
Glossary: atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
Hormone secreted by the heart cells that regulates fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
24
Glossary: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland to regulate the balance of water in the body by accelerating the reabsorption of water
25
Glossary: Calcitonin (CT)
A hormone secreted by the thyroid that decreases calcium in the blood
26
Glossary: Chorion
structure that develops into an important fetal membrane in the placenta
27
Glossary: Chorionic gonadotropin
Any of several hormones secreted by the developing placenta during pregnancy that have a gonad-stimulating effect
28
Glossary: Corticoid
category of hormones secreted by any of the three cell layers of the adrenal cotex
28
Glossary: Cortisol
hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to stimulate the availability of glucose in the blood; in large amounts, cortisol can depress immune functions, as when it is used as a drug treatment
29
Glossary: Corpus luteum (pl. corpora lutea)
A hormone-secreting glandular structure transformed after ovulation from a ruptured follicle; it secretes chiefly progesterone and some estrogen
30
Glossary: Cortisone
another name for the hormone cortisol, secreted by the adrenal cortex
31
Glossary: Cretinism
Dwarfism with developmental and intellectual disabilities caused by hyposecretion of the thyroid gland
32
Glossary: Cushing syndrome
condition caused by the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex
33
Glossary: Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Adenosine monophosphate, one of several second messengers that deliver information inside the cell and thus regulate the cell's activity
33
Glossary: Diabetes insipidus
Condition resulting from the hyposecretion of ADH in which large volumes of urine are formed and, if left untreated, may cause serious health problems
34
Glossary: Diabetes mellitus (DM)
A condition that occurs when the pancreatic islet cells secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose
35
Glossary: Dwarfism
condition of abnormally small stature, sometimes resulting from hyposecretion of growth hormone
36
Glossary: Endocrine gland
any of the ductless glands that are part of the endocrine system and secrete hormones into intercellular spaces, where they diffuse into the bloodstream
37
Glossary: Endocrinology
Study and treatment of the endocrine glands, hormones, and their disorders
37
Glossary: Endocrine system
the series of ductless glands found in the body
38
Glossary: Exocrine gland
glands that secrete their products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity; for example, sweat glands
38
Glossary: Epinephrine (Epi)
Adrenaline; secretion of the adrenal medulla
39
Glossary: Estrogen
sex hormones secreted by the ovary that causes the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and stimulates growth of the epithelial cells lining the uterus
40
Glossary: Glucagon
hormone secreted by alpha cells of the pancreatic islets
40
Glossary: Ghrelin
Hormone secreted by epithelial cells lining the stomach; boosts appetite, slows metabolism, and reduces lipid burning; may be involved in the development of obesity
40
Glossary: Gigantism
a condition produced by hypersecretion of growth hormone during the early years of life; results in a child who grows to gigantic size
40
Glossary: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
hormone present in males and females; in males, FSH stimulates the production of sperm; in females, FSH stimulates the ovarian follicles to mature and follicle cells to secrete estrogen
41
Glossary: Glucocorticoid (GC)
Category of hormones that influence nutrient metabolism; secreted by the adrenal cortex
42
Glossary: Gluconeogenesis
Formulation of glucose or glycogen from protein or lipid compounds
43
Glossary: Glycogenolysis
Hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate or to glucose
44
Glossary: Glycosuria
glucose in the urine; a sign of diabetes mellitus
45
Glossary: Growth hormone
hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, that controls the rate of skeletal and visceral growth
46
Glossary: Hydrocortisone
therapeutic version of the hormone cortisone (cortisol) secreted by the adrenal cortex; also known as compound F
47
Glossary: Hormone
substance secreted by an endocrine gland
48
Glossary: Hypercalcemia
a condition in which there is a harmful excess of calcium in the blood
49
Glossary: Hyperglycemia
higher than normal blood glucose concentration
50
Glossary: Hypersecretion
excessive secretion of a substance
51
Glossary: Hyperthyroidism
oversecretion of the thyroid hormones that increases metabolic rate, resulting in loss of weight, increased appetite, and nervous irritability
52
Glossary: Hypoglycemia
a lower than normal blood glucose concentration
53
Glossary: Hyposecretion
too little of a substance is being secreted
54
Glossary: Hypothyroidism
under secretion of thyroid hormones; early in life results in cretinism, later in life in myxedema
55
Glossary: inhibiting hormone (IH)
hormone produced by the hypothalamus that slows the release of anterior pituitary hormones
55
Glossary: Leptin
hormone, secreted by lipid-storing cells, that regulates how hungry or full we feel and how lipid is metabolized by the body
56
Glossary: Insulin
hormone secreted by the pancreatic islets
57
Glossary: leukotriene
Cytokine compound that functions as an inflammation mediator
58
Glossary: Luteinization
The formation of a golden body (corpus luteum) in the ruptured follicle
59
Glossary: Luteinizing hormone
Acts in conjunction with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to stimulate follicle and ovum maturation and release of estrogen and ovulation; known as the ovulating hormone; in males, causes testes to develop and secrete testosterone
60
Glossary: melatonin
important hormone produced by the pineal gland that is believed to regulate the onset of puberty and the menstrual cycle; also referred to as the third eye because it responds to levels of light and is thought to be involved with the body's internal clock
61
Glossary: Mineralocorticoid (MC)
Hormone that influences mineral salt metabolism; secreted by adrenal cortex; aldosterone is the chief mineralocorticoid
62
Glossary: myxedema
condition caused by deficiency of thyroid hormone in adults
63
Glossary: negative feedback
homeostatic control system in which information feeding back to the control center causes the level of a variable to be changed in the direction opposite to that of the initial stimulus
64
Glossary: Neurohypophysis
posterior pituitary gland
65
Glossary: nonsteroid hormone
general type of hormone that does not have the lipid steroid structure (derived from cholesterol) but is instead a protein or protein derivative; also sometimes called protein hormone
66
Glossary: norepinephrine (NR)
hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; released by the sympathetic nervous system
67
Glossary: Ova (sing. ovum)
female gametes; egg
68
Glossary: Oxytocin (OT)
hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland before and after the delivery of a baby; thought to initiate and maintain labor, it also causes the release of breast milk into ducts for the baby to suck
68
Glossary: Pancreatic islet (islet of langerhans)
Endocrine portion of the pancreas; made up of small groupings of alpha and beta cells among others; also known as islet of Landerhans
68
Glossary: Ovarian follicle
pockets in the ovaries that contain developing oocytes
69
Glossary: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that increases the concentration of calcium in the blood
69
Glossary: Parathyroid gland
any of the endocrine glands located in the neck on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland; secretes parathyroid hormone
70
Glossary: Paracrine
hormone that regulates activity in nearby cells within the same tissue as their source
71
Glossary: Pituitary gland
endocrine gland located in the skull; made up of the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
72
Glossary: Positive feedback
Homeostatic control system in which information feeding back to the control center causes the level of a variable to be pushed further in the direction of the original deviation, causing an amplification of the original stimulus; ordinarily this mechanism is used by the body to amplify a process and quickly finish it, as in labor contractions and blood clotting
73
Glossary: Prostaglandin (PG)
Any of a group of naturally occurring lipidty acids that regulate body functions within a local area; also called tissue hormones
73
Glossary: Progesterone
hormone produced by the corpus luteum; stimulates secretion of the uterine lining; with estrogen, helps initiate the menstrual cycle in girls entering puberty
74
Glossary: Prolactin
Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland during pregnancy to stimulate the breast development needed for lactation
75
Glossary: Releasing hormone (RH)
hormone produced by the hypothalamus gland that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release its hormones
76
Glossary: Sella turcica
Depression of the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland
77
Glossary: Second messenger
chemical that provides communication within a hormone's target cell; for ex. cAMP
78
Glossary: Semen
male reproductive fluid; also called seminal fluid
79
Glossary: Sella turcica
Depression of the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland
80
Glossary: Sex hormone
any hormone that has a reproductive funciton
81
Glossary: Signal transduction
term that refers to the whole process of getting a chemical signal (such as a hormone or neurotransmitter) to the inside of a cell; in a way, signal transduction is really " signal translation" by the cell
81
Glossary: Sperm (pl. sperms or sperm)
the male spermatozoon; sex cell
81
Glossary: Simple Goiter
Condition in which the thyroid enlarges because iodine is lacking in the diet
82
Glossary: Steroid hormone
lipid-soluble hormones that pass intact through the cell membrane of the target cell and influence cell activity by acting on specific genes
83
Glossary: Stress
an actual or perceived threat, or the reaction of the body to such a threat; pressure
84
Glossary: Target cell
Cell acted on by a particular hormone or other signal and responding to it
85
Glossary: Thromboxane
Prostaglandin-like substance in platelets that plays a role in hemostasis and blood clotting
85
Glossary: Testosterone
male sex hormone produced by the interstitial cells in the testes; the "masculinizing hormone"
86
Glossary: Thyroid follicle
pocket of thyroid colloid (suspended, stored form of the thyroid hormone) in the thyroid gland
86
Glossary: Thymosin
family of hormones produced by the thymus that is vital to the development and functioning of the body's immune system, particularly the development of T lymphocytes
87
Glossary: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
a tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to increase its secretion of thyroid hormone
88
Glossary: Thyroxine (T4)
Thyroid hormone that stimulates cellular metabolism
89
Glossary: Tropic hormone
Hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones
90
Glossary: Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroid hormone that stimulates cellular metabolism
91
Glossary: Type 1 Diabetes mellitus
A condition resulting when the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose; formerly known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
92
Glossary: Type 2 diabetes mellitus
A condition resulting when cells of the body become less sensitive to the hormone insulin and perhaps the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose; formerly known as maturity-onset diabetes or insulin- independent diabetes mellitus

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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