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Nursing 120 > Module 7: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Module 7: Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Endocrine system
- communication and control
- hormones
Endocrine glands
- hormonal reaction in a target cell
- hypersecretion and hyposecretion

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2
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

A

Two major classes of hormones
- nonsteroid hormones
- steroid hormones
Regulation of secretion is controlled by homeostatic feedback
- negative feedback
- positive feedback
- levels of regulation

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3
Q

Prostaglandins (PGs)

A

-Lipid substances located in numerous body tissues
- Several classes of PGs include prostaglandin A (PGA), prostaglandin E (PGE) and prostaglandin F (PGF)
- Have effects on many body functions, including respiration, blood pressure, gastrointestinal secretions, inflammation and reproductive system

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4
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Location
structure of the pituitary gland
- two glands: anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis) [secretes tropic hormones TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH] and Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) [ADH and oxytocin]

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5
Q

Anterior pituitary gland functions of major hormones

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- thyroid hormone secretion
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Adrenal cortex growth; glucocorticoid secretion
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- influences ovulation; estrogen secretion
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- ovulation; estrogen secretion; progesterone production; testosterone secretion
Growth Hormone (GH)
- protein anabolism; fat and glucose catabolism
- hyperglycemia
Prolactin (PRL) or lactogenic hormone
- breast development during pregnancy; secretion of milk

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6
Q

Posterior pituitary gland hormones

A

functions
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- hyposecretion > dehydration

Oxytocin (OT)
- stimulation of uterine contractions
- stimulation of milk release

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary hormone production
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT)
- nervous stimulation control
Regulated anterior pituitary secretion
- releasing hormones (RHs)
- inhibiting hormones (IHs)

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8
Q

Thyroid gland

A

location
thyroid hormones
- triiodothyronine (T3)
- thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin (CT)
- Maintains blood calcium homeostasis

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9
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

location
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- increases blood calcium concentration
~promotes absorption of calcium
~decreases loss of calcium
- Antagonist effect of PTH and CT
~hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia

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10
Q

Adrenal glands

A

location
two separate endocrine glands
- adrenal cortex (outer)
~glandular epithelial tissue
~three cell layers (zones)
[mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones]
- adrenal medulla (inner)
~secretory nervous tissue
[epinephrine, norepinephrine]

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11
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

functions of hormones
- aldosterone
~increases blood sodium and decreases blood potassium to maintain water balance
- cortisol
~blood glucose concentration and blood pressure
~anti-inflammatory response (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
~anti-immunity and antiallergy effects

  • adrenal sex hormones
    ~produced in males and females
    ~ reproductive development
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12
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

hormones
- epinephrine (epi), or adrenaline
~ increased secretion is the first response to stress
~norepinephrine (NR)
- functions of hormones
~produces the body’s flight or fight response to stress

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13
Q

Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

A

endocrine tissue located within the exocrine tissue of the pancreas

hormones
- alpha cells > glucagon
- beta cells > insulin

Functions of hormones
- glucagon increases blood glucose
- insulin decreases blood glucose

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14
Q

Sex glands

A

female sex glands
- ovaries (ovarian follicles and corpus luteum)
- estrogen and progesterone

Male sex glands
- testosterone

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15
Q

Thymus, Placenta, and Pineal gland

A

thymus
- thymosin
placenta
- chorionic gonadotropin (HcG) estrogen, progesterone
Pineal gland
- melatonin

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16
Q

Glossary: Acromegaly

A

Condition caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty, resulting in enlargement of facial features (e.g, jaw, nose), fingers, and toes

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17
Q

Glossary: Addison disease

A

Disease of the adrenal gland resulting in low blood glucose, weight loss, weakness, increases blood sodium, and decreased blood potassium

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18
Q

Glossary: Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior pituitary gland, which has the structure of an endocrine gland

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19
Q

Glossary: Adrenal medulla

A

inner portion of adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norephinephrine

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20
Q

Glossary: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete larger amounts of hormones

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20
Q

Glossary: Adrenal cortex

A

outer portion of adrenal gland that secretes hormones called corticoids

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21
Q

Glossary: Anabolism

A

process in which cells make complex molecules (e.g, hormones) from simpler compounders (e.g, amino acids)

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21
Q

Glossary: Aldosterone

A

hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water

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22
Q

Glossary: Androgen

A

male sex hormone

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23
Q

Glossary: atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

A

Hormone secreted by the heart cells that regulates fluid and electrolyte homeostasis

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24
Q

Glossary: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland to regulate the balance of water in the body by accelerating the reabsorption of water

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25
Q

Glossary: Calcitonin (CT)

A

A hormone secreted by the thyroid that decreases calcium in the blood

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26
Q

Glossary: Chorion

A

structure that develops into an important fetal membrane in the placenta

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27
Q

Glossary: Chorionic gonadotropin

A

Any of several hormones secreted by the developing placenta during pregnancy that have a gonad-stimulating effect

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28
Q

Glossary: Corticoid

A

category of hormones secreted by any of the three cell layers of the adrenal cotex

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28
Q

Glossary: Cortisol

A

hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to stimulate the availability of glucose in the blood; in large amounts, cortisol can depress immune functions, as when it is used as a drug treatment

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29
Q

Glossary: Corpus luteum (pl. corpora lutea)

A

A hormone-secreting glandular structure transformed after ovulation from a ruptured follicle; it secretes chiefly progesterone and some estrogen

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30
Q

Glossary: Cortisone

A

another name for the hormone cortisol, secreted by the adrenal cortex

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31
Q

Glossary: Cretinism

A

Dwarfism with developmental and intellectual disabilities caused by hyposecretion of the thyroid gland

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32
Q

Glossary: Cushing syndrome

A

condition caused by the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

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33
Q

Glossary: Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

Adenosine monophosphate, one of several second messengers that deliver information inside the cell and thus regulate the cell’s activity

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33
Q

Glossary: Diabetes insipidus

A

Condition resulting from the hyposecretion of ADH in which large volumes of urine are formed and, if left untreated, may cause serious health problems

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34
Q

Glossary: Diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

A condition that occurs when the pancreatic islet cells secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose

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35
Q

Glossary: Dwarfism

A

condition of abnormally small stature, sometimes resulting from hyposecretion of growth hormone

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36
Q

Glossary: Endocrine gland

A

any of the ductless glands that are part of the endocrine system and secrete hormones into intercellular spaces, where they diffuse into the bloodstream

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37
Q

Glossary: Endocrinology

A

Study and treatment of the endocrine glands, hormones, and their disorders

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37
Q

Glossary: Endocrine system

A

the series of ductless glands found in the body

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38
Q

Glossary: Exocrine gland

A

glands that secrete their products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity; for example, sweat glands

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38
Q

Glossary: Epinephrine (Epi)

A

Adrenaline; secretion of the adrenal medulla

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39
Q

Glossary: Estrogen

A

sex hormones secreted by the ovary that causes the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and stimulates growth of the epithelial cells lining the uterus

40
Q

Glossary: Glucagon

A

hormone secreted by alpha cells of the pancreatic islets

40
Q

Glossary: Ghrelin

A

Hormone secreted by epithelial cells lining the stomach; boosts appetite, slows metabolism, and reduces lipid burning; may be involved in the development of obesity

40
Q

Glossary: Gigantism

A

a condition produced by hypersecretion of growth hormone during the early years of life; results in a child who grows to gigantic size

40
Q

Glossary: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

hormone present in males and females; in males, FSH stimulates the production of sperm; in females, FSH stimulates the ovarian follicles to mature and follicle cells to secrete estrogen

41
Q

Glossary: Glucocorticoid (GC)

A

Category of hormones that influence nutrient metabolism; secreted by the adrenal cortex

42
Q

Glossary: Gluconeogenesis

A

Formulation of glucose or glycogen from protein or lipid compounds

43
Q

Glossary: Glycogenolysis

A

Hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate or to glucose

44
Q

Glossary: Glycosuria

A

glucose in the urine; a sign of diabetes mellitus

45
Q

Glossary: Growth hormone

A

hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, that controls the rate of skeletal and visceral growth

46
Q

Glossary: Hydrocortisone

A

therapeutic version of the hormone cortisone (cortisol) secreted by the adrenal cortex; also known as compound F

47
Q

Glossary: Hormone

A

substance secreted by an endocrine gland

48
Q

Glossary: Hypercalcemia

A

a condition in which there is a harmful excess of calcium in the blood

49
Q

Glossary: Hyperglycemia

A

higher than normal blood glucose concentration

50
Q

Glossary: Hypersecretion

A

excessive secretion of a substance

51
Q

Glossary: Hyperthyroidism

A

oversecretion of the thyroid hormones that increases metabolic rate, resulting in loss of weight, increased appetite, and nervous irritability

52
Q

Glossary: Hypoglycemia

A

a lower than normal blood glucose concentration

53
Q

Glossary: Hyposecretion

A

too little of a substance is being secreted

54
Q

Glossary: Hypothyroidism

A

under secretion of thyroid hormones; early in life results in cretinism, later in life in myxedema

55
Q

Glossary: inhibiting hormone (IH)

A

hormone produced by the hypothalamus that slows the release of anterior pituitary hormones

55
Q

Glossary: Leptin

A

hormone, secreted by lipid-storing cells, that regulates how hungry or full we feel and how lipid is metabolized by the body

56
Q

Glossary: Insulin

A

hormone secreted by the pancreatic islets

57
Q

Glossary: leukotriene

A

Cytokine compound that functions as an inflammation mediator

58
Q

Glossary: Luteinization

A

The formation of a golden body (corpus luteum) in the ruptured follicle

59
Q

Glossary: Luteinizing hormone

A

Acts in conjunction with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to stimulate follicle and ovum maturation and release of estrogen and ovulation; known as the ovulating hormone; in males, causes testes to develop and secrete testosterone

60
Q

Glossary: melatonin

A

important hormone produced by the pineal gland that is believed to regulate the onset of puberty and the menstrual cycle; also referred to as the third eye because it responds to levels of light and is thought to be involved with the body’s internal clock

61
Q

Glossary: Mineralocorticoid (MC)

A

Hormone that influences mineral salt metabolism; secreted by adrenal cortex; aldosterone is the chief mineralocorticoid

62
Q

Glossary: myxedema

A

condition caused by deficiency of thyroid hormone in adults

63
Q

Glossary: negative feedback

A

homeostatic control system in which information feeding back to the control center causes the level of a variable to be changed in the direction opposite to that of the initial stimulus

64
Q

Glossary: Neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary gland

65
Q

Glossary: nonsteroid hormone

A

general type of hormone that does not have the lipid steroid structure (derived from cholesterol) but is instead a protein or protein derivative; also sometimes called protein hormone

66
Q

Glossary: norepinephrine (NR)

A

hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; released by the sympathetic nervous system

67
Q

Glossary: Ova (sing. ovum)

A

female gametes; egg

68
Q

Glossary: Oxytocin (OT)

A

hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland before and after the delivery of a baby; thought to initiate and maintain labor, it also causes the release of breast milk into ducts for the baby to suck

68
Q

Glossary: Pancreatic islet (islet of langerhans)

A

Endocrine portion of the pancreas; made up of small groupings of alpha and beta cells among others; also known as islet of Landerhans

68
Q

Glossary: Ovarian follicle

A

pockets in the ovaries that contain developing oocytes

69
Q

Glossary: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that increases the concentration of calcium in the blood

69
Q

Glossary: Parathyroid gland

A

any of the endocrine glands located in the neck on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland; secretes parathyroid hormone

70
Q

Glossary: Paracrine

A

hormone that regulates activity in nearby cells within the same tissue as their source

71
Q

Glossary: Pituitary gland

A

endocrine gland located in the skull; made up of the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

72
Q

Glossary: Positive feedback

A

Homeostatic control system in which information feeding back to the control center causes the level of a variable to be pushed further in the direction of the original deviation, causing an amplification of the original stimulus; ordinarily this mechanism is used by the body to amplify a process and quickly finish it, as in labor contractions and blood clotting

73
Q

Glossary: Prostaglandin (PG)

A

Any of a group of naturally occurring lipidty acids that regulate body functions within a local area; also called tissue hormones

73
Q

Glossary: Progesterone

A

hormone produced by the corpus luteum; stimulates secretion of the uterine lining; with estrogen, helps initiate the menstrual cycle in girls entering puberty

74
Q

Glossary: Prolactin

A

Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland during pregnancy to stimulate the breast development needed for lactation

75
Q

Glossary: Releasing hormone (RH)

A

hormone produced by the hypothalamus gland that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release its hormones

76
Q

Glossary: Sella turcica

A

Depression of the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland

77
Q

Glossary: Second messenger

A

chemical that provides communication within a hormone’s target cell; for ex. cAMP

78
Q

Glossary: Semen

A

male reproductive fluid; also called seminal fluid

79
Q

Glossary: Sella turcica

A

Depression of the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland

80
Q

Glossary: Sex hormone

A

any hormone that has a reproductive funciton

81
Q

Glossary: Signal transduction

A

term that refers to the whole process of getting a chemical signal (such as a hormone or neurotransmitter) to the inside of a cell; in a way, signal transduction is really “ signal translation” by the cell

81
Q

Glossary: Sperm (pl. sperms or sperm)

A

the male spermatozoon; sex cell

81
Q

Glossary: Simple Goiter

A

Condition in which the thyroid enlarges because iodine is lacking in the diet

82
Q

Glossary: Steroid hormone

A

lipid-soluble hormones that pass intact through the cell membrane of the target cell and influence cell activity by acting on specific genes

83
Q

Glossary: Stress

A

an actual or perceived threat, or the reaction of the body to such a threat; pressure

84
Q

Glossary: Target cell

A

Cell acted on by a particular hormone or other signal and responding to it

85
Q

Glossary: Thromboxane

A

Prostaglandin-like substance in platelets that plays a role in hemostasis and blood clotting

85
Q

Glossary: Testosterone

A

male sex hormone produced by the interstitial cells in the testes; the “masculinizing hormone”

86
Q

Glossary: Thyroid follicle

A

pocket of thyroid colloid (suspended, stored form of the thyroid hormone) in the thyroid gland

86
Q

Glossary: Thymosin

A

family of hormones produced by the thymus that is vital to the development and functioning of the body’s immune system, particularly the development of T lymphocytes

87
Q

Glossary: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

a tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to increase its secretion of thyroid hormone

88
Q

Glossary: Thyroxine (T4)

A

Thyroid hormone that stimulates cellular metabolism

89
Q

Glossary: Tropic hormone

A

Hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones

90
Q

Glossary: Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Thyroid hormone that stimulates cellular metabolism

91
Q

Glossary: Type 1 Diabetes mellitus

A

A condition resulting when the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose; formerly known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

92
Q

Glossary: Type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

A condition resulting when cells of the body become less sensitive to the hormone insulin and perhaps the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose; formerly known as maturity-onset diabetes or insulin- independent diabetes mellitus

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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