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Nursing 120 > Module 4 : Skeletal System > Flashcards

Module 4 : Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A

-Supportive framework of the body
- protection of internal organs
- moveable joints promote movement
- maintains homeostasis of blood calcium (calcitonin [CT] and Parathyroid hormone [PTH]
- Hemopoiesis (blood cell formation in red bone marrow)

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2
Q

Gross structure of bones;
four major bone types

A

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

also sesamoid (round) bones

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3
Q

Structure of long bones

A
  • diaphysis
  • medullary cavity
  • epiphyses
  • articular cartilage
  • periosteum
  • endosteum
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4
Q

Microscopic structure of bones; bone tissue structure

A

cancellous bone (spongy bone)
- trabeculae
compact bone
- osteon, concentric lamella
- osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi

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5
Q

Microscopic structure of bones; cartilage tissue structure

A

cartilage
- chondrocytes

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6
Q

Bone Development

A

making and remodeling bone
- ongoing process of the formation of new bone by osteoblasts and the reabsorption of bone by osteoclasts

endochondral ossification
- cartilage models are gradually replaced by calcified bone

Intramembranous ossification
- bones that are formed by the calcification of fibrous membranes

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7
Q

Human skeleton; Axial skeleton

A

consists of 80 bones that include the skull (cranial bones, ear bones, face bones), spine (vertebrae), thorax (ribs, sternum), and hyoid bone

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8
Q

Human skeleton; appendicular skeleton

A

consists of 126 bones that include the upper extremities (shoulder/pectoral girdle) and the lower extremities (hip/pelvic girdle)

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9
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull
- cranial bones
- ear bones
- face bones
spine
- vertebrae
thorax
- ribs
- sternum
hyoid bone

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10
Q

appendicular Skeleton

A

upper extremities
- pectoral (shoulder) girdle
- arm and forearm bones
- wrist bones
- hand bones

lower extremities
- pelvic (hip) girdle
- thigh and leg bones
- ankle bones
- foot bones

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11
Q

Skeletal Variations

A

size
shape of pelvis
size of pelvic inlet
pubic angle
age differences
environmental factors

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12
Q

Joints; articulation of bones

A

-joints hold bones together and make it possible for movement to occur
- every bone except the hyoid connects to at least one other bone

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13
Q

Joints; types of joints

A

Synarthroses (no movement)
- fibrous connective tissue grows between articulating bones (sutures of skull)

Amphiarthroses (slight movement)
- cartilage connects articulating bones (symphysis pubis)

Diarthroses (free movement)
- most joints belong to this type

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14
Q

Diarthroses

A

structures of freely movable joints
- joint capsule and ligaments hold adjoining bones together but permit movement at joint; structure determines type of movement (ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, gliding, and condyloid)
- articular cartilage
- synovial membrane
- joint cavity
- bursa

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15
Q

Types of joint movements

A

flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
rotation
circumduction

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16
Q

Glossary: abduct

A

To move away from the midline of the body (or region)

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17
Q

Glossary: Abduction

A

moving away from the midline of the body; opposite motion of adduction

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18
Q

Glossary: Acetabulum

A

socket in the hip bone (pelvic bone) into which the head of the femur fits

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19
Q

Glossary: Adduction

A

moving toward the midline of the body or region; opposite of abduction

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20
Q

Glossary: Adduct

A

to move toward the midline of the body or region

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21
Q

Glossary: Amphiarthrosis (pl. amphiarthroses)

A

Slightly movable joint such as the joint joining the two pubic bones

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22
Q

Glossary: Appendicular skeleton

A

the bones of the upper and lower extremities of the body

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23
Q

Glossary: Arch

A

any structure resembling an arch or arc, as in archlike arrangement of foot support structures; the process of forming an arch, as when flexing or extending the spine to form an arch

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24
Q

Glossary: Articular cartilage

A

Cartilage covering the joint ends of bones

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25
Q

Glossary: Athletic trainer

A

health-care professional who works with a physician and specializes in prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of sports-related injuries

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26
Q

Glossary: articulation

A

Joint

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27
Q

Glossary: axial skeleton

A

the bones of the head, neck, and torso

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28
Q

Glossary: Atlas

A

another name for the first cervical vertebra (C1)

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29
Q

Glossary: Axis (pl. Axes)

A

central line or structure around which something turns; the second cervical vertebra

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30
Q

Glossary: Ball-and-socket joint

A

type of synovial joint in which the spherical end of one bone fits into a cuplike socket of another bone or structure

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31
Q

Glossary: Bursa (pl. Bursae)

A

Small, cushionlike sac found alongside joints, cushioning moving bones

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32
Q

Glossary: Calcitonin (CT)

A

A hormone secreted by the thyroid that decreases calcium in the blood

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33
Q

Glossary: Calcaneous

A

heel bone; largest tarsal bone in the foot

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34
Q

Glossary: Cancellous bone

A

Porous bone tissue found inside bone organs; also called spongy bone or trabecular bone

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35
Q

Glossary: Canaliculus (pl. canaliculi)

A

An extremely narrow tubular passage or channel in compact bone

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36
Q

Glossary: Carpal

A

relating to the wrist

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37
Q

Glossary: Cartilage

A

a type of fibrous connective tissue that has the consistency of a firm plastic or gristlelike gel

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38
Q

Glossary: Central canal

A

any tubelike passage at the center of a structure, such as the canal running through the center of the spinal cord or through the center of each osteon in compact bone

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39
Q

Glossary: chest

A

thorax

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40
Q

Glossary: Chiropractor

A

physician specializing in therapy based on the principle that alignment of the skeleton promotes healing

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41
Q

Glossary: Chondrocyte

A

Cartilage cell

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42
Q

Glossary: Circumduct

A

move the distal end in a circular path

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43
Q

Glossary: Circumduction

A

the process of moving the distal end of a body part in a circular path

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44
Q

Glossary: Clavicle

A

collarbone; connects the upper extremity to the axial skeleton

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45
Q

Glossary: Coccyx

A

last bone of the vertebral column, made up of four or five vertebrae that have fused together

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46
Q

Glossary: concave curvature

A

inward or secondary curvatures of the adult vertebral column in the cervical and lumbar regions

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47
Q

Glossary: Compact bone

A

dense bone

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48
Q

Glossary: concentric lamella (pl. lamellae)

A

Ring of calcified matrix surrounding the haversian canal

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49
Q

Glossary: condyloid joint

A

ellipsoidal joint in which an oval process fits into an oval socket

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50
Q

Glossary: Convex curvature

A

the thoracic or sacral outward curving of the adult vertebral column; an infant has single primary outward curvature the length of its spine

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50
Q

Glossary: Coxal bone

A

the pelvic bone or hipbone (also known as the os coxae or the innominate bone) formed by fusion of three distinct bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) during skeletal development

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51
Q

Glossary: cranium

A

bony vault made up of eight bones that encase the brain

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52
Q

Glossary: Cruciate ligament

A

either of two crossed ligaments inside the knee joint cavity that connect the tibia to the femur; the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

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53
Q

Glossary: Diaphysis (pl. diaphyses)

A

shaft of a long bone

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54
Q

Glossary: Diarthrosis (pl. diarthroses)

A

freely movable joint

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55
Q

Glossary: Dipole

A

region of cancellous (spongy) bone within the wall of a flat bone of the cranium

56
Q

Glossary: Endochondral ossification

A

the process in which most bones are formed from cartilage models

57
Q

Glossary: Endosteum

A

A fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity

58
Q

Glossary: epiphyseal plate

A

The cartilage plate between the epiphysis and the diaphysis that allows growth to occur; sometimes referred to as a growth plate

59
Q

Glossary: Epiphysis (pl. epiphyses)

A

End of a long bone

59
Q

Glossary: Extension

A

increasing the angle between two bones at a joint

60
Q

Glossary: Extend

A

straighten a bend

61
Q

Glossary: Face

A

anterior aspect of the head or skull

62
Q

Glossary: Femur

A

the thigh bone, which is the longest bone in the body

63
Q

Glossary: Flex

A

bend

64
Q

Glossary: Fibula

A

the slender non-weight-bearing bone located on the lateral aspect of the leg

65
Q

Glossary: Flexion

A

act of bending; decreasing the angle between two bones at the joint

66
Q

Glossary: Fontanel

A

the “soft spot” on an infant’s head, from which new bone develops; unossified areas in the infant skull

67
Q

Glossary: Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation

68
Q

Glossary: Gliding Joint

A

type of diarthrotic joint formed by flat surfaces that glide past each other

68
Q

Glossary: Frontal bone

A

relating to the forehead or the anterior aspect of a structure

69
Q

Glossary: Hinge joint

A

type of diarthrotic synovial joint that allows movement around a single axis in the manner of a hinge

70
Q

Glossary: Humerous

A

the second longest bone in the body; the long bone of the arm

71
Q

Glossary: Hyoid Bone

A

U-shaped bone of the neck between the mandible and the larynx, not articulating with any other bone

72
Q

Glossary: Ilium

A

one of the three separate bones that form the os coxa

73
Q

Glossary: Intramembranous ossification

A

Process by which most flat bones are formed within connective tissue membranes

74
Q

Glossary: Ischium

A

one of three separate bones that form the os coxa

75
Q

Glossary: Joint capsule

A

holds two bones together

76
Q

Glossary: Lacuna (pl. Lacunae)

A

Space or cavity; for ex. lacunae in bone contain bone cells

77
Q

Glossary: Ligament

A

bone or band connecting two objects; in anatomy a band of white fibrous tissue connecting bones

77
Q

Glossary: Lateral longitudinal arch

A

outer lengthwise (anteroposterior) support structure of the foot

78
Q

Glossary: Maxilla (pl. maxillae)

A

Upper jaw bone

79
Q

Glossary: Medial longitudinal arch

A

inner lengthwise (anteroposterior) support structure of the foot

80
Q

Glossary: Medullary Cavity

A

Hollow area inside the diaphysis of the bone that contains yellow bone marrow

81
Q

Glossary: Metacarpal

A

the part of the hand between the wrist and the fingers

81
Q

Glossary: Meniscus (pl. menisci)

A

Articular cartilage disk

82
Q

Glossary: Middle ear

A

a tiny and very thin epithelium-lined cavity in the temporal bone that houses the ossicles; sound waves are amplified in the middle ear

83
Q

Glossary: Occipital bone

A

posterior and inferior bone of the skull

84
Q

Glossary: Olecranon

A

The large bony process of the ulna; commonly referred to as the tip of the elbow; also called the olecranon process

85
Q

Glossary: occupational therapist

A

health professional who treats injuries or disorders to develop or recover everyday living skills

86
Q

Glossary: Olecranon fossa

A

a large depression on the posterior surface of the humerus

87
Q

Glossary: orthopedic surgeon

A

physician in a medical specialty dealing with surgery to treat skeletal injury and disease

88
Q

Glossary: Osteoblast

A

bone-forming cell

89
Q

Glossary: Osteoclast

A

Bone-dissolving cell

90
Q

Glossary: Osteocyte

A

inactive bone cell

91
Q

Glossary: Osteon (haversian system)

A

structural unit of compact bone tissue made up of concentric layers (lamellae) of hard bone matrix and bone cells (osteocytes); also called haversian system

92
Q

Glossary: Osteoporosis

A

a bone disease in which there is an excessive loss of calcified matrix and collagenous fibers from bone

93
Q

Glossary: palpable

A

identifiable by touch, such as bony landmarks located beneath the skin

94
Q

Glossary: Paranasal Sinus

A

four pairs of sinuses that have openings into the nose

95
Q

Glossary: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that increases the concentration of calcium in the blood

96
Q

Glossary: Parietal bone

A

cranial bone of the top and side of the cranium

97
Q

Glossary: Patella

A

small shallow pan; the kneecap

98
Q

Glossary: Pectoral girdle

A

shoulder girdle; the scapula and clavicle

99
Q

Glossary: Pelvic girdle

A

Ring of bone formed by the pelvic bones that connect the lower extremities to the axial skeleton

100
Q

Glossary: Pelvis (pl. pelves or pelvises)

A

Basin or funnel-shaped structure

101
Q

Glossary: Periosteum

A

Tough connective tissue covering the bone

102
Q

Glossary: Phalanges (sing. phalanx)

A

The bones that make up the fingers and toes

103
Q

Glossary: Physical therapsit

A

health professional who helps patients improve body movements and manage pain

104
Q

Glossary: Pivot joint

A

type of diarthrotic synovial joint in which a projection from one bone articulates with a ring or notch in another bone, allowing rotational movement

105
Q

Glossary: Podiatrist

A

physician who specializes in health care of the foot, ankle, and leg

106
Q

Glossary: Pubis

A

joint in the midline between the two pubic bones

107
Q

Glossary: Radius

A

one of the two bones in the forearm; located on the thumb side of the forearm

108
Q

Glossary: Red bone marrow

A

bone marrow (myeloid tissue) found in the ends of long bones and in flat bones; functions in the production of blood cells

109
Q

Glossary: Rib

A

any of the 24 paired flat bones forming part of the framework of the thoracic wall

110
Q

Glossary: scapula

A

shoulder blade bone

110
Q

Glossary: Saddle joint

A

type of diarthrotic joint formed by two saddle-shaped surfaces, allowing movement in two different axes

110
Q

Glossary: Rotation

A

movement around a longitudinal axis; for ex. shaking your head ‘no’

111
Q

Glossary: Sacrum

A

bone of the lower vertebral column between the last lumbar vertebra and the coccyx, formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae

112
Q

Glossary: Sinus

A

a space or cavity inside some of the cranial bones

113
Q

Glossary: skull

A

part of the skeleton in the head

114
Q

Glossary: Sphenoid bone

A

central keystone bone of the floor of the cranium; resembles a bat

115
Q

Glossary: Spine

A

the vertebral column; a pointed ridge

116
Q

Glossary: Spongy bone

A

porous bone found inside bone organs; may be filled with red or yellow marrow; also called cancellous bone or trabecular bone

117
Q

Glossary: Sports physician

A

physician specializing in the prevention and treatment of athletic injury

118
Q

Glossary: Sternoclavicular joint

A

The direct point of attachment between the bones of the upper extremity and the axial skeleton

119
Q

Glossary: Sternum (pl. sterna or sternums)

A

breastbone

120
Q

Glossary: suture

A

immovable joint

121
Q

Glossary: Synovial membrane

A

connective tissue membrane lining the spaces between bones and joints that secretes synovial fluid

121
Q

Glossary: Synarthrosis (pl. synarthroses)

A

A joint in which fibrous connective tissue joins bones and hold them together tightly; commonly called suture

122
Q

Glossary: Tibia

A

shinbone

122
Q

Glossary: Tarsal

A

relating to the ankle

122
Q

Glossary: Temporal bone

A

cranial bone located on the lower side of the cranium and part of its floor

122
Q

Glossary: Thorax

A

chest

122
Q

Glossary: Ulna

A

one of the two forearm bones; located on the little finger side

122
Q

Glossary: Trabecula (pl. trabeculae)

A

tiny branchlike threads in a tissue, such as the beams of spongy (cancellous) bone, that surround a network of spaces

122
Q

Glossary: Transverse canal (Volkmann canal)

A

Communicating canal between central (haversian) canals that contains vessels to carry blood to the osteons; also carries nerves and lymphatic vessels; also called the Volkmann canal

123
Q

Glossary: Vertebra (pl. vertevrae)

A

Bone that makes up the spinal column

123
Q

Glossary: Yellow bone marrow

A

lipid-filled tissue found inside the medullary cavity of a long bone

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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