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Nursing 120 > Module 4 : Skeletal System > Flashcards

Module 4 : Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A

-Supportive framework of the body
- protection of internal organs
- moveable joints promote movement
- maintains homeostasis of blood calcium (calcitonin [CT] and Parathyroid hormone [PTH]
- Hemopoiesis (blood cell formation in red bone marrow)

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2
Q

Gross structure of bones;
four major bone types

A

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

also sesamoid (round) bones

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3
Q

Structure of long bones

A
  • diaphysis
  • medullary cavity
  • epiphyses
  • articular cartilage
  • periosteum
  • endosteum
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4
Q

Microscopic structure of bones; bone tissue structure

A

cancellous bone (spongy bone)
- trabeculae
compact bone
- osteon, concentric lamella
- osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi

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5
Q

Microscopic structure of bones; cartilage tissue structure

A

cartilage
- chondrocytes

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6
Q

Bone Development

A

making and remodeling bone
- ongoing process of the formation of new bone by osteoblasts and the reabsorption of bone by osteoclasts

endochondral ossification
- cartilage models are gradually replaced by calcified bone

Intramembranous ossification
- bones that are formed by the calcification of fibrous membranes

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7
Q

Human skeleton; Axial skeleton

A

consists of 80 bones that include the skull (cranial bones, ear bones, face bones), spine (vertebrae), thorax (ribs, sternum), and hyoid bone

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8
Q

Human skeleton; appendicular skeleton

A

consists of 126 bones that include the upper extremities (shoulder/pectoral girdle) and the lower extremities (hip/pelvic girdle)

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9
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull
- cranial bones
- ear bones
- face bones
spine
- vertebrae
thorax
- ribs
- sternum
hyoid bone

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10
Q

appendicular Skeleton

A

upper extremities
- pectoral (shoulder) girdle
- arm and forearm bones
- wrist bones
- hand bones

lower extremities
- pelvic (hip) girdle
- thigh and leg bones
- ankle bones
- foot bones

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11
Q

Skeletal Variations

A

size
shape of pelvis
size of pelvic inlet
pubic angle
age differences
environmental factors

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12
Q

Joints; articulation of bones

A

-joints hold bones together and make it possible for movement to occur
- every bone except the hyoid connects to at least one other bone

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13
Q

Joints; types of joints

A

Synarthroses (no movement)
- fibrous connective tissue grows between articulating bones (sutures of skull)

Amphiarthroses (slight movement)
- cartilage connects articulating bones (symphysis pubis)

Diarthroses (free movement)
- most joints belong to this type

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14
Q

Diarthroses

A

structures of freely movable joints
- joint capsule and ligaments hold adjoining bones together but permit movement at joint; structure determines type of movement (ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, gliding, and condyloid)
- articular cartilage
- synovial membrane
- joint cavity
- bursa

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15
Q

Types of joint movements

A

flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
rotation
circumduction

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16
Q

Glossary: abduct

A

To move away from the midline of the body (or region)

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17
Q

Glossary: Abduction

A

moving away from the midline of the body; opposite motion of adduction

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18
Q

Glossary: Acetabulum

A

socket in the hip bone (pelvic bone) into which the head of the femur fits

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19
Q

Glossary: Adduction

A

moving toward the midline of the body or region; opposite of abduction

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20
Q

Glossary: Adduct

A

to move toward the midline of the body or region

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21
Q

Glossary: Amphiarthrosis (pl. amphiarthroses)

A

Slightly movable joint such as the joint joining the two pubic bones

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22
Q

Glossary: Appendicular skeleton

A

the bones of the upper and lower extremities of the body

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23
Q

Glossary: Arch

A

any structure resembling an arch or arc, as in archlike arrangement of foot support structures; the process of forming an arch, as when flexing or extending the spine to form an arch

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24
Q

Glossary: Articular cartilage

A

Cartilage covering the joint ends of bones

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25
Glossary: Athletic trainer
health-care professional who works with a physician and specializes in prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of sports-related injuries
26
Glossary: articulation
Joint
27
Glossary: axial skeleton
the bones of the head, neck, and torso
28
Glossary: Atlas
another name for the first cervical vertebra (C1)
29
Glossary: Axis (pl. Axes)
central line or structure around which something turns; the second cervical vertebra
30
Glossary: Ball-and-socket joint
type of synovial joint in which the spherical end of one bone fits into a cuplike socket of another bone or structure
31
Glossary: Bursa (pl. Bursae)
Small, cushionlike sac found alongside joints, cushioning moving bones
32
Glossary: Calcitonin (CT)
A hormone secreted by the thyroid that decreases calcium in the blood
33
Glossary: Calcaneous
heel bone; largest tarsal bone in the foot
34
Glossary: Cancellous bone
Porous bone tissue found inside bone organs; also called spongy bone or trabecular bone
35
Glossary: Canaliculus (pl. canaliculi)
An extremely narrow tubular passage or channel in compact bone
36
Glossary: Carpal
relating to the wrist
37
Glossary: Cartilage
a type of fibrous connective tissue that has the consistency of a firm plastic or gristlelike gel
38
Glossary: Central canal
any tubelike passage at the center of a structure, such as the canal running through the center of the spinal cord or through the center of each osteon in compact bone
39
Glossary: chest
thorax
40
Glossary: Chiropractor
physician specializing in therapy based on the principle that alignment of the skeleton promotes healing
41
Glossary: Chondrocyte
Cartilage cell
42
Glossary: Circumduct
move the distal end in a circular path
43
Glossary: Circumduction
the process of moving the distal end of a body part in a circular path
44
Glossary: Clavicle
collarbone; connects the upper extremity to the axial skeleton
45
Glossary: Coccyx
last bone of the vertebral column, made up of four or five vertebrae that have fused together
46
Glossary: concave curvature
inward or secondary curvatures of the adult vertebral column in the cervical and lumbar regions
47
Glossary: Compact bone
dense bone
48
Glossary: concentric lamella (pl. lamellae)
Ring of calcified matrix surrounding the haversian canal
49
Glossary: condyloid joint
ellipsoidal joint in which an oval process fits into an oval socket
50
Glossary: Convex curvature
the thoracic or sacral outward curving of the adult vertebral column; an infant has single primary outward curvature the length of its spine
50
Glossary: Coxal bone
the pelvic bone or hipbone (also known as the os coxae or the innominate bone) formed by fusion of three distinct bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) during skeletal development
51
Glossary: cranium
bony vault made up of eight bones that encase the brain
52
Glossary: Cruciate ligament
either of two crossed ligaments inside the knee joint cavity that connect the tibia to the femur; the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
53
Glossary: Diaphysis (pl. diaphyses)
shaft of a long bone
54
Glossary: Diarthrosis (pl. diarthroses)
freely movable joint
55
Glossary: Dipole
region of cancellous (spongy) bone within the wall of a flat bone of the cranium
56
Glossary: Endochondral ossification
the process in which most bones are formed from cartilage models
57
Glossary: Endosteum
A fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity
58
Glossary: epiphyseal plate
The cartilage plate between the epiphysis and the diaphysis that allows growth to occur; sometimes referred to as a growth plate
59
Glossary: Epiphysis (pl. epiphyses)
End of a long bone
59
Glossary: Extension
increasing the angle between two bones at a joint
60
Glossary: Extend
straighten a bend
61
Glossary: Face
anterior aspect of the head or skull
62
Glossary: Femur
the thigh bone, which is the longest bone in the body
63
Glossary: Flex
bend
64
Glossary: Fibula
the slender non-weight-bearing bone located on the lateral aspect of the leg
65
Glossary: Flexion
act of bending; decreasing the angle between two bones at the joint
66
Glossary: Fontanel
the "soft spot" on an infant's head, from which new bone develops; unossified areas in the infant skull
67
Glossary: Hematopoiesis
Blood cell formation
68
Glossary: Gliding Joint
type of diarthrotic joint formed by flat surfaces that glide past each other
68
Glossary: Frontal bone
relating to the forehead or the anterior aspect of a structure
69
Glossary: Hinge joint
type of diarthrotic synovial joint that allows movement around a single axis in the manner of a hinge
70
Glossary: Humerous
the second longest bone in the body; the long bone of the arm
71
Glossary: Hyoid Bone
U-shaped bone of the neck between the mandible and the larynx, not articulating with any other bone
72
Glossary: Ilium
one of the three separate bones that form the os coxa
73
Glossary: Intramembranous ossification
Process by which most flat bones are formed within connective tissue membranes
74
Glossary: Ischium
one of three separate bones that form the os coxa
75
Glossary: Joint capsule
holds two bones together
76
Glossary: Lacuna (pl. Lacunae)
Space or cavity; for ex. lacunae in bone contain bone cells
77
Glossary: Ligament
bone or band connecting two objects; in anatomy a band of white fibrous tissue connecting bones
77
Glossary: Lateral longitudinal arch
outer lengthwise (anteroposterior) support structure of the foot
78
Glossary: Maxilla (pl. maxillae)
Upper jaw bone
79
Glossary: Medial longitudinal arch
inner lengthwise (anteroposterior) support structure of the foot
80
Glossary: Medullary Cavity
Hollow area inside the diaphysis of the bone that contains yellow bone marrow
81
Glossary: Metacarpal
the part of the hand between the wrist and the fingers
81
Glossary: Meniscus (pl. menisci)
Articular cartilage disk
82
Glossary: Middle ear
a tiny and very thin epithelium-lined cavity in the temporal bone that houses the ossicles; sound waves are amplified in the middle ear
83
Glossary: Occipital bone
posterior and inferior bone of the skull
84
Glossary: Olecranon
The large bony process of the ulna; commonly referred to as the tip of the elbow; also called the olecranon process
85
Glossary: occupational therapist
health professional who treats injuries or disorders to develop or recover everyday living skills
86
Glossary: Olecranon fossa
a large depression on the posterior surface of the humerus
87
Glossary: orthopedic surgeon
physician in a medical specialty dealing with surgery to treat skeletal injury and disease
88
Glossary: Osteoblast
bone-forming cell
89
Glossary: Osteoclast
Bone-dissolving cell
90
Glossary: Osteocyte
inactive bone cell
91
Glossary: Osteon (haversian system)
structural unit of compact bone tissue made up of concentric layers (lamellae) of hard bone matrix and bone cells (osteocytes); also called haversian system
92
Glossary: Osteoporosis
a bone disease in which there is an excessive loss of calcified matrix and collagenous fibers from bone
93
Glossary: palpable
identifiable by touch, such as bony landmarks located beneath the skin
94
Glossary: Paranasal Sinus
four pairs of sinuses that have openings into the nose
95
Glossary: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that increases the concentration of calcium in the blood
96
Glossary: Parietal bone
cranial bone of the top and side of the cranium
97
Glossary: Patella
small shallow pan; the kneecap
98
Glossary: Pectoral girdle
shoulder girdle; the scapula and clavicle
99
Glossary: Pelvic girdle
Ring of bone formed by the pelvic bones that connect the lower extremities to the axial skeleton
100
Glossary: Pelvis (pl. pelves or pelvises)
Basin or funnel-shaped structure
101
Glossary: Periosteum
Tough connective tissue covering the bone
102
Glossary: Phalanges (sing. phalanx)
The bones that make up the fingers and toes
103
Glossary: Physical therapsit
health professional who helps patients improve body movements and manage pain
104
Glossary: Pivot joint
type of diarthrotic synovial joint in which a projection from one bone articulates with a ring or notch in another bone, allowing rotational movement
105
Glossary: Podiatrist
physician who specializes in health care of the foot, ankle, and leg
106
Glossary: Pubis
joint in the midline between the two pubic bones
107
Glossary: Radius
one of the two bones in the forearm; located on the thumb side of the forearm
108
Glossary: Red bone marrow
bone marrow (myeloid tissue) found in the ends of long bones and in flat bones; functions in the production of blood cells
109
Glossary: Rib
any of the 24 paired flat bones forming part of the framework of the thoracic wall
110
Glossary: scapula
shoulder blade bone
110
Glossary: Saddle joint
type of diarthrotic joint formed by two saddle-shaped surfaces, allowing movement in two different axes
110
Glossary: Rotation
movement around a longitudinal axis; for ex. shaking your head 'no'
111
Glossary: Sacrum
bone of the lower vertebral column between the last lumbar vertebra and the coccyx, formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae
112
Glossary: Sinus
a space or cavity inside some of the cranial bones
113
Glossary: skull
part of the skeleton in the head
114
Glossary: Sphenoid bone
central keystone bone of the floor of the cranium; resembles a bat
115
Glossary: Spine
the vertebral column; a pointed ridge
116
Glossary: Spongy bone
porous bone found inside bone organs; may be filled with red or yellow marrow; also called cancellous bone or trabecular bone
117
Glossary: Sports physician
physician specializing in the prevention and treatment of athletic injury
118
Glossary: Sternoclavicular joint
The direct point of attachment between the bones of the upper extremity and the axial skeleton
119
Glossary: Sternum (pl. sterna or sternums)
breastbone
120
Glossary: suture
immovable joint
121
Glossary: Synovial membrane
connective tissue membrane lining the spaces between bones and joints that secretes synovial fluid
121
Glossary: Synarthrosis (pl. synarthroses)
A joint in which fibrous connective tissue joins bones and hold them together tightly; commonly called suture
122
Glossary: Tibia
shinbone
122
Glossary: Tarsal
relating to the ankle
122
Glossary: Temporal bone
cranial bone located on the lower side of the cranium and part of its floor
122
Glossary: Thorax
chest
122
Glossary: Ulna
one of the two forearm bones; located on the little finger side
122
Glossary: Trabecula (pl. trabeculae)
tiny branchlike threads in a tissue, such as the beams of spongy (cancellous) bone, that surround a network of spaces
122
Glossary: Transverse canal (Volkmann canal)
Communicating canal between central (haversian) canals that contains vessels to carry blood to the osteons; also carries nerves and lymphatic vessels; also called the Volkmann canal
123
Glossary: Vertebra (pl. vertevrae)
Bone that makes up the spinal column
123
Glossary: Yellow bone marrow
lipid-filled tissue found inside the medullary cavity of a long bone

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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