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Nursing 120 > Module 6 : Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 6 : Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Cells of the Nervous System Neurons

A

Neuron Structure
- Cell body of the neuron
- Dendrites
- Axon

Types of Neurons
- Sensory (afferent) neurons
- Motor (efferent) neurons
- Interneurons

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2
Q

Cells of the Nervous System: Glia (Neuroglia)

A

Central Glia
- Astrocytes
- Microglia
- Oligodendrocytes

Peripheral Glia
- Schwann Cells
~Myelin
~Nodes of Ranvier
~Neurilemma

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3
Q

nerves : nerves and tracts

A

Nerve coverings
- Endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

White and gray matter

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4
Q

Nerves: Nerve signals

A

Reflex arcs
- receptor > ganglion > synapse > effector > reflex
~neurotransmitters
~two neuron arc and three neuron arc reflexes

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5
Q

CNS : Brain

A

divisions of the brain
- Brainstem
~medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
- Cerebellum
- Diencephalon
~Hypothalamus, thalamus, and pineal gland
- Cerebrum

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6
Q

Brainstem

A

Centre of vital functions
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- midbrain
Structure
- Reticular formation
Functions
- two-way conduction paths

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7
Q

Cerebellum : Structure

A

Lies under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
- gray matter> info processing
- white matter > arbor vitae

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8
Q

Cerebellum: Functions

A
  • helps control muscle contractions to produce coordinated movements for maintaining balance, moving smoothly, and sustaining normal postures
  • Coordinating effects with cerebrum and other regions of the brain
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9
Q

Diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus> major control centre for the ANS
- Controls hormone secretion by anterior and posterior pituitary glands
- Controls body temp, appetite, wakefulness, and pleasure

Thalamus
- sensory info relay; sensation and emotion association; level of consciousness regulation; complex reflex movements

Pineal Gland
- Melatonin regulation in maintaining body’s timeclock

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10
Q

Cerebrum

A

Structure
- cerebral cortex
- gyri, sulci, fissures
- tracts
- Basal nuclei/basal ganglia

Functions
- consciousness, thinking, memory, sensations, emotions, and voluntary control of movements

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11
Q

CNS : Spinal Cord
Structure

A

white matter composed of myelinated nerve fibers (outer)

Gray matter composed of neuron dendrites and cell bodies (inner)

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12
Q

CNS : spinal cord
Functions

A

primary centre for all spinal cord reflexes
Two-way conduction paths to and from the brain
- Ascending spinal cord tracts
- descending spinal cord tracts

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13
Q

Coverings and fluid spaces of the CNS

A

Meninges and bone
- cranial bones and vertebrae
- cerebral and spinal meninges
~dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Cerebrospinal fluid spaces (CSF)
- subarachnoid spaces and meninges
- central canal inside spinal cord
- Ventricles in brain

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14
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
- connects brain with the neck and structures in the thorax and abdomen

Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
- contain dendrites of sensory neurons and axons of motor neurons
- conduct impulses necessary for sensations and voluntary movements

Dermatomes
- Skin surface area supplied by a single cranial or spinal nerve

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15
Q

Autonomic Nervous system : functional anatomy

A

Autonomic neurons
- preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

Autonomic conduction pathways
- two-neuron relays

Somatic Motor neurons
- voluntary control
- involuntary control
- somatic and special senses sensory input

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16
Q

autonomic conduction pathways Sympathetic division

A

Structure:
- preganglionic neurons located in lateral horns of gray matter in the 12th thoracic and first two lumbar segments of the spinal cord
- Sympathetic ganglia lie in two chains on either side of the vertebral column

Function:
- Emergency/stress system controlling visceral effectors
- fight or flight response

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17
Q

Autonomic conduction pathways parasympathetic division

A

Structure:
- located in brainstem nuclei and lateral gray matter of the 2nd through 4gh segments of the spinal cord
- each parasympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses with postganglionic neurons to only one effector

Functions:
- control of many visceral effectors under normal, everyday conditions
- counterbalance to sympathetic function

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18
Q

Glossary: Action potential

A

Nerve impulse

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19
Q

Glossary: Adrenergic fiber

A

Any of the axons whose terminals release norepinephrine and epinephrine

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20
Q

Glossary: Afferent neuron

A

neuron that conducts impulses toward the central nervous system; generally a sensory neuron

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21
Q

Glossary: Amine

A

a category of chemical neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Glossary: Anesthesia

A

loss of sensation

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23
Q

Glossary: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland to regulate the balance of water in the body by accelerating the reabsorption of water

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24
Q

Glossary: Arachnoid mater

A

Delicate, cobweblike middle membrane (meninx) covering the brain

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25
Glossary: Astrocyte
a type of neuroglial cell found in the brain and spinal cord
26
Glossary: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
division of the human nervous system that regulates involuntary actions
26
Glossary: Autonomic effector
tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses
27
Glossary: Autonomic neuron
motor neurons that make up the autonomic nervous system
28
Glossary: Axon
nerve cell process that transmits impulses away from the cell body
29
Glossary: Basal ganglia (sing. basal ganglion)
Also known as basal nucleus
29
Glossary: basal nuclei (sing. basal nucleus)
a group of islands of gray matter located in the base of the cerebrum that are responsible for autonomic movements and postures
30
Glossary: Blood brain barrier (BBB)
two-ply structure formed by the wall of a capillary and the surrounding extensions of a glial cell called an astrocyte; functions to prevent harmful chemicals from entering vital brain tissue
31
Glossary: Cell body
The main part of a neuron from which the dendrites and axons extend
32
Glossary: Central Nervous system (CNS)
portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
33
Glossary: Cerebellum (pl. cerebella or cerebellums)
The second largest part of the human brain that plays an essential role in the production of normal movements
34
Glossary: Cerebral cortex
a thin layer of gray matter, made up of neuron dendrites and cell bodies, that composes the surface of the cerebrum
35
Glossary: Cerebrospinal fluid
fluid that fills the subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord and the cerebral ventricles
36
Glossary: Cerebrum
the largest and uppermost part of the human brain that controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions, and voluntary movements
37
Glossary: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
A hemorrhage or cessation of blood flow through cerebral blood vessels resulting in destruction of neurons; commonly called a stroke
38
Glossary: Cholinergic fibers
axon whose terminals release ACh
39
Glossary: Choroid plexus (pl. choroid plexuses)
A network of brain capillaries that are involved with the production of cerebrospinal fluid
40
Glossary: Corpus callosum (pl. corpora callosa)
Where the right and left cerebral hemispheres are joined
41
Glossary: Cranial nerve
any of 12 pairs of nerves that attach to the undersurface of the brain and conduct impulses between the brain and structures in the head, neck, and thorax
42
Glossary: Dendrite
branchin or treelike; a nerve cell process that transmits impulses toward the body
43
Glossary: Dermatome
Any of the skin surface areas supplied by a single spinal nerve
44
Glossary: Diencephalon
"between" brian; parts of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres and the mesencephalon or midbrain
45
Glossary: Dura mater
literally "strong or hard mother"; outermost layer of the meninges
45
Glossary: Dopamine
chemical neurotransmitter
46
Glossary: Efferent neurons
neuron that transmits impulses from the CNS to the periphery; opposite (in direction) of afferent neuron
46
Glossary: Effector
responding organ; for ex. voluntary and involuntary muscles, the heart, and glands
47
Glossary: Endoneurium
The thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each axon in a nerve
48
Glossary: Endorphine
any of a group of chemicals in the CNS that influence pain perception; a natural painkiller
49
Glossary: Enkephalin
Peptide chemical in the CNS that acts as a natural painkiller
50
Glossary: Epineurium
A tough fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve
51
Glossary: Fascicle
small bundle of fibers, such as a small bundle of nerve or muscle fibers
52
Glossary: Flight or fight response
The changes produced by increased sympathetic impulses, allowing the body to deal with any type of stress
53
Glossary: Ganglion (pl. Ganglia)
a region of gray unmyelinated nerve tissue (usually this term is used only for gray matter regions in the PNS)
54
Glossary: Glia (sing. glial cell)
Supporting cells of nervous tissue; also called neuroglia
55
Glossary: Glioma
one of the most common types of brain tumors
56
Glossary: Gray matter
tissue comprising cell bodies and unmyelinated axons and dendrites
57
Glossary: Gyri (sing. gyrus)
Ridge
58
Glossary: Herpes zoster
"shingles"; viral infection that affects the skin of a single dermatome
59
Glossary: Hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid; "water on the brain"
60
Glossary: Hypothalamus
vital neuroendocrine and autonomic control center beneath the thalamus
61
Glossary: Interneuron
nerve that conducts impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons; sometimes called a central neuron or connecting neuron
62
Glossary: Limbic system
a collection of various small regions of the brain that act together to produce emotion and emotional response; sometimes called "the emotional brain"
63
Glossary: Meninges (sing. meninx)
Membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
63
Glossary: Microglia (sing. microglial cell)
One type of neuroglia cell found in the brain and spinal cord
63
Glossary: Medulla oblongata
the lowest part of the brainstem; an enlarged extension of the spinal cord; the vital centers are located within this area
63
Glossary: Lumbar puncture
when some cerebrospinal fluid is withdrawn from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord
64
Glossary: Midbrain
one of the three parts of the brain stem
65
Glossary: Motor neuron
transmits nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glandular epithelial tissues
66
Glossary: Multiple sclerosis
the most common primary disease of the CNS; a myelin disorder
67
Glossary: Myelin
Lipoid substance found in the myelin sheath around some nerve fibers
68
Glossary: Myelin disorder
Any of several disorders characterized by loss or improper development of the myelin sheath that surround many axons of the nervous system
69
Glossary: Myelinated fiber
axons outside the central nervous system that are surrounded by a segmented wrapping of myelin
70
Glossary: neuroglia (sing. neuroglial cell)
Types of supporting cells in the nervous system
70
Glossary: Nerve
Collection of nerve fibers
70
Glossary: Neuron
nerve cell, including its processes (axons and dendrites)
71
Glossary: Neurilemma
Nerve sheath
72
Glossary: Neurologist
physician specializing in the treatment of nervous system disorders
73
Glossary: Neuroscientist
scientist specializing in research concerning the structure and function of the nervous system
74
Glossary: Neurotransmitter
chemicals by which neurons communicate
75
Glossary: Nitric oxide (NO)
compound composed of one nitrogen and one oxygen atom in each molecule, often acting as a small-molecule neurotransmitter
76
Glossary: Nodes of ranvier
indentations found between adjacent Schwann cells
77
Glossary: Norepinephrine
Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; released by the sympathetic nervous system
78
Glossary: Oligodendrocyte
A cell that holds nerve fibers together and produces the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system
79
Glossary: Paralysis
loss of the power of motion, especially voluntary motion
80
Glossary: Parasympathetic division
Part of the autonomic nervous system that controls many visceral effectors under normal "maintenance" conditions; ganglia are connected to the brain stem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord (craniosacral segments)
81
Glossary: Parasympathetic postganglionic neuron
ANS neuron with dendrites and cell body located in a parasympathetic ganglion, and axon travels to a variety of visceral effectors
82
Glossary: Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron
ANS neuron with dendrites and cell body located in the gray matter of the brainstem and sacral cord segments; the axon terminates in a parasympathetic ganglion
83
Glossary: Pharmacologist
scientist specializing in the study of drug actions
83
Glossary: Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body
84
Glossary: Parkinson Disease (PD)
A chronic disease of the nervous system characterized by a set of signs called parkinsonism that results from a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine in certain regions of the brain that normally inhibit overstimulation of skeletal muscles; parkinsonism is characterized by muscle rigidity and trembling of the head and extremities, forward tilt of the body, and shuffling manner of walking
84
Glossary: Pharmacist
health-care worker trained to dispense drugs and educate patients in their proper use
85
Glossary: Perineurium
Connective tissue that encircles a bundle of nerve fibers within a nerve
86
Glossary: Pharmacy technician
health-care worker trained to dispense drugs under the supervision of a pharmacist
87
Glossary: Pia mater
the vascular innermost covering (meninx) of the brain and spinal cord
88
Glossary: Pineal gland
endocrine gland located near the roof of the third ventricle of the brain; produces melatonin
88
Glossary: plexus (pl. plexues)
literally a brain or network; any structure involving convergence and divergence of pathways, as in each plexus of a spinal nerve or the choroid plexus of blood vessels in the brain's ventricles
89
Glossary: Pons
the part of the brain stem between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain
90
Glossary: postganglionic neuron
autonomic neuron that conducts nerve impulses from a ganglion to cardiac or smooth muscle or glandular epithelial tissue
91
Glossary: preganglionic neuron
autonomic neuron that conducts nerve impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion
92
Glossary: postsynaptic neuron
a neuron situated distal to a synapse
93
Glossary: presynaptic neuron
a neuron situated proximal to synapse
94
Glossary: Psychiatrist
physician specializing in mental health
95
Glossary: Psychologist
someone who studies mental processes or treats mental conditions through counseling or related therapies
96
Glossary: Reflex
involuntary action
97
Glossary: Receptor
peripheral beginning of a sensory neuron's dendrite
97
Glossary: Reflex arc
pattern of nerve signalling that resembles an arch curving back on itself, as when an impulse triggered by a sensory stimulus is conducted along a sensory neuron, perhaps transmitted to an interneuron in the brain or spinal cord, then out to a motor neuron, and finally to a muscle
98
Glossary: Reticular formation
located in the medulla where bits of gray and white matter mix intricately
99
Glossary: Saltatory conduction
occurs when a nerve impulse encounters myelin and "jumps" from one node of ranvier to the next
100
Glossary: Schwann cells
large nucleated. ell that forms a myelin sheath around peripheral neurons
101
Glossary: Serotonin
a neurotransmitter that belongs to a group of compounds called amines
101
Glossary: Sensory neurons
neuron that transmits impulses to the spinal cord and brain from any of various parts of the body
102
Glossary: Shingles
viral infection that affects the skin of a single dermatome
103
Glossary: Spinal nerve
Nerve that connects the spinal cord to peripheral structures such as the skin and skeletal muscles
104
Glossary: Spinal tract
any of the white columns of the spinal cord that provides two-way conduction paths to and from the brain; ascending tract carries info to the brain, whereas descending tracts conduct impulses from the brain
105
Glossary: Sulci (sing. sulcus)
Furrow or groove
106
Glossary: sympathetic division
Part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; functions as an emergency system
107
Glossary: Sympathetic postganglionic neuron
ANS neuron with dendrites and cell body in a sympathetic ganglion; the axon travels to a variety of visceral effectors
108
Glossary: Sympathetic preganglionic neuron
ANS neuron with dendrites and cell body in the gray matter of the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord; the axon leaves the cord through an anterior root of a spinal nerve and terminates in a collateral ganglion
109
Glossary: Synapse
junction between adjacent neurons
110
Glossary: Synaptic cleft
the space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron
111
Glossary: Synaptic Knob
a tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron's axon that contains vesicles with neurotransmitters
112
Glossary: Tract
any passageway, such as the digestive tract, urinary tract, respiratory tract, etc; in nerve tissue, a single nerve pathway made up of several bundles of axons and extending through the central nervous system (compare with nerve)
113
Glossary: Thalamus
located just above the hypothalamus; its functions are to help produce sensations and associate sensations with emotions; plays a part in the arousal mechanism
114
Glossary: Ventricle
small cavity, such as the pumping chambers of the heart or the cerebrospinal fluid-filled spaces of the cerebrum of the brain
115
Glossary: Withdrawal reflex
a reflex that moves a body part away from an irritating stimulus
116
Glossary: Visceral effector
tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses
116
Glossary: White matter
nerve tissue made up of neuron axons covered with white myelin

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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