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Nursing 120 > Module 6 : Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 6 : Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells of the Nervous System Neurons

A

Neuron Structure
- Cell body of the neuron
- Dendrites
- Axon

Types of Neurons
- Sensory (afferent) neurons
- Motor (efferent) neurons
- Interneurons

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2
Q

Cells of the Nervous System: Glia (Neuroglia)

A

Central Glia
- Astrocytes
- Microglia
- Oligodendrocytes

Peripheral Glia
- Schwann Cells
~Myelin
~Nodes of Ranvier
~Neurilemma

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3
Q

nerves : nerves and tracts

A

Nerve coverings
- Endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

White and gray matter

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4
Q

Nerves: Nerve signals

A

Reflex arcs
- receptor > ganglion > synapse > effector > reflex
~neurotransmitters
~two neuron arc and three neuron arc reflexes

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5
Q

CNS : Brain

A

divisions of the brain
- Brainstem
~medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
- Cerebellum
- Diencephalon
~Hypothalamus, thalamus, and pineal gland
- Cerebrum

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6
Q

Brainstem

A

Centre of vital functions
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- midbrain
Structure
- Reticular formation
Functions
- two-way conduction paths

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7
Q

Cerebellum : Structure

A

Lies under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
- gray matter> info processing
- white matter > arbor vitae

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8
Q

Cerebellum: Functions

A
  • helps control muscle contractions to produce coordinated movements for maintaining balance, moving smoothly, and sustaining normal postures
  • Coordinating effects with cerebrum and other regions of the brain
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9
Q

Diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus> major control centre for the ANS
- Controls hormone secretion by anterior and posterior pituitary glands
- Controls body temp, appetite, wakefulness, and pleasure

Thalamus
- sensory info relay; sensation and emotion association; level of consciousness regulation; complex reflex movements

Pineal Gland
- Melatonin regulation in maintaining body’s timeclock

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10
Q

Cerebrum

A

Structure
- cerebral cortex
- gyri, sulci, fissures
- tracts
- Basal nuclei/basal ganglia

Functions
- consciousness, thinking, memory, sensations, emotions, and voluntary control of movements

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11
Q

CNS : Spinal Cord
Structure

A

white matter composed of myelinated nerve fibers (outer)

Gray matter composed of neuron dendrites and cell bodies (inner)

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12
Q

CNS : spinal cord
Functions

A

primary centre for all spinal cord reflexes
Two-way conduction paths to and from the brain
- Ascending spinal cord tracts
- descending spinal cord tracts

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13
Q

Coverings and fluid spaces of the CNS

A

Meninges and bone
- cranial bones and vertebrae
- cerebral and spinal meninges
~dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Cerebrospinal fluid spaces (CSF)
- subarachnoid spaces and meninges
- central canal inside spinal cord
- Ventricles in brain

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14
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
- connects brain with the neck and structures in the thorax and abdomen

Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
- contain dendrites of sensory neurons and axons of motor neurons
- conduct impulses necessary for sensations and voluntary movements

Dermatomes
- Skin surface area supplied by a single cranial or spinal nerve

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15
Q

Autonomic Nervous system : functional anatomy

A

Autonomic neurons
- preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

Autonomic conduction pathways
- two-neuron relays

Somatic Motor neurons
- voluntary control
- involuntary control
- somatic and special senses sensory input

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16
Q

autonomic conduction pathways Sympathetic division

A

Structure:
- preganglionic neurons located in lateral horns of gray matter in the 12th thoracic and first two lumbar segments of the spinal cord
- Sympathetic ganglia lie in two chains on either side of the vertebral column

Function:
- Emergency/stress system controlling visceral effectors
- fight or flight response

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17
Q

Autonomic conduction pathways parasympathetic division

A

Structure:
- located in brainstem nuclei and lateral gray matter of the 2nd through 4gh segments of the spinal cord
- each parasympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses with postganglionic neurons to only one effector

Functions:
- control of many visceral effectors under normal, everyday conditions
- counterbalance to sympathetic function

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18
Q

Glossary: Action potential

A

Nerve impulse

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19
Q

Glossary: Adrenergic fiber

A

Any of the axons whose terminals release norepinephrine and epinephrine

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20
Q

Glossary: Afferent neuron

A

neuron that conducts impulses toward the central nervous system; generally a sensory neuron

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21
Q

Glossary: Amine

A

a category of chemical neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Glossary: Anesthesia

A

loss of sensation

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23
Q

Glossary: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland to regulate the balance of water in the body by accelerating the reabsorption of water

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24
Q

Glossary: Arachnoid mater

A

Delicate, cobweblike middle membrane (meninx) covering the brain

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25
Q

Glossary: Astrocyte

A

a type of neuroglial cell found in the brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

Glossary: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

division of the human nervous system that regulates involuntary actions

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26
Q

Glossary: Autonomic effector

A

tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses

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27
Q

Glossary: Autonomic neuron

A

motor neurons that make up the autonomic nervous system

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28
Q

Glossary: Axon

A

nerve cell process that transmits impulses away from the cell body

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29
Q

Glossary: Basal ganglia (sing. basal ganglion)

A

Also known as basal nucleus

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29
Q

Glossary: basal nuclei (sing. basal nucleus)

A

a group of islands of gray matter located in the base of the cerebrum that are responsible for autonomic movements and postures

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30
Q

Glossary: Blood brain barrier (BBB)

A

two-ply structure formed by the wall of a capillary and the surrounding extensions of a glial cell called an astrocyte; functions to prevent harmful chemicals from entering vital brain tissue

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31
Q

Glossary: Cell body

A

The main part of a neuron from which the dendrites and axons extend

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32
Q

Glossary: Central Nervous system (CNS)

A

portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

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33
Q

Glossary: Cerebellum (pl. cerebella or cerebellums)

A

The second largest part of the human brain that plays an essential role in the production of normal movements

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34
Q

Glossary: Cerebral cortex

A

a thin layer of gray matter, made up of neuron dendrites and cell bodies, that composes the surface of the cerebrum

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35
Q

Glossary: Cerebrospinal fluid

A

fluid that fills the subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord and the cerebral ventricles

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36
Q

Glossary: Cerebrum

A

the largest and uppermost part of the human brain that controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions, and voluntary movements

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37
Q

Glossary: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

A hemorrhage or cessation of blood flow through cerebral blood vessels resulting in destruction of neurons; commonly called a stroke

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38
Q

Glossary: Cholinergic fibers

A

axon whose terminals release ACh

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39
Q

Glossary: Choroid plexus (pl. choroid plexuses)

A

A network of brain capillaries that are involved with the production of cerebrospinal fluid

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40
Q

Glossary: Corpus callosum (pl. corpora callosa)

A

Where the right and left cerebral hemispheres are joined

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41
Q

Glossary: Cranial nerve

A

any of 12 pairs of nerves that attach to the undersurface of the brain and conduct impulses between the brain and structures in the head, neck, and thorax

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42
Q

Glossary: Dendrite

A

branchin or treelike; a nerve cell process that transmits impulses toward the body

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43
Q

Glossary: Dermatome

A

Any of the skin surface areas supplied by a single spinal nerve

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44
Q

Glossary: Diencephalon

A

“between” brian; parts of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres and the mesencephalon or midbrain

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45
Q

Glossary: Dura mater

A

literally “strong or hard mother”; outermost layer of the meninges

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45
Q

Glossary: Dopamine

A

chemical neurotransmitter

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46
Q

Glossary: Efferent neurons

A

neuron that transmits impulses from the CNS to the periphery; opposite (in direction) of afferent neuron

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46
Q

Glossary: Effector

A

responding organ; for ex. voluntary and involuntary muscles, the heart, and glands

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47
Q

Glossary: Endoneurium

A

The thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each axon in a nerve

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48
Q

Glossary: Endorphine

A

any of a group of chemicals in the CNS that influence pain perception; a natural painkiller

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49
Q

Glossary: Enkephalin

A

Peptide chemical in the CNS that acts as a natural painkiller

50
Q

Glossary: Epineurium

A

A tough fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve

51
Q

Glossary: Fascicle

A

small bundle of fibers, such as a small bundle of nerve or muscle fibers

52
Q

Glossary: Flight or fight response

A

The changes produced by increased sympathetic impulses, allowing the body to deal with any type of stress

53
Q

Glossary: Ganglion (pl. Ganglia)

A

a region of gray unmyelinated nerve tissue (usually this term is used only for gray matter regions in the PNS)

54
Q

Glossary: Glia (sing. glial cell)

A

Supporting cells of nervous tissue; also called neuroglia

55
Q

Glossary: Glioma

A

one of the most common types of brain tumors

56
Q

Glossary: Gray matter

A

tissue comprising cell bodies and unmyelinated axons and dendrites

57
Q

Glossary: Gyri (sing. gyrus)

A

Ridge

58
Q

Glossary: Herpes zoster

A

“shingles”; viral infection that affects the skin of a single dermatome

59
Q

Glossary: Hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid; “water on the brain”

60
Q

Glossary: Hypothalamus

A

vital neuroendocrine and autonomic control center beneath the thalamus

61
Q

Glossary: Interneuron

A

nerve that conducts impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons; sometimes called a central neuron or connecting neuron

62
Q

Glossary: Limbic system

A

a collection of various small regions of the brain that act together to produce emotion and emotional response; sometimes called “the emotional brain”

63
Q

Glossary: Meninges (sing. meninx)

A

Membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

63
Q

Glossary: Microglia (sing. microglial cell)

A

One type of neuroglia cell found in the brain and spinal cord

63
Q

Glossary: Medulla oblongata

A

the lowest part of the brainstem; an enlarged extension of the spinal cord; the vital centers are located within this area

63
Q

Glossary: Lumbar puncture

A

when some cerebrospinal fluid is withdrawn from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord

64
Q

Glossary: Midbrain

A

one of the three parts of the brain stem

65
Q

Glossary: Motor neuron

A

transmits nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glandular epithelial tissues

66
Q

Glossary: Multiple sclerosis

A

the most common primary disease of the CNS; a myelin disorder

67
Q

Glossary: Myelin

A

Lipoid substance found in the myelin sheath around some nerve fibers

68
Q

Glossary: Myelin disorder

A

Any of several disorders characterized by loss or improper development of the myelin sheath that surround many axons of the nervous system

69
Q

Glossary: Myelinated fiber

A

axons outside the central nervous system that are surrounded by a segmented wrapping of myelin

70
Q

Glossary: neuroglia (sing. neuroglial cell)

A

Types of supporting cells in the nervous system

70
Q

Glossary: Nerve

A

Collection of nerve fibers

70
Q

Glossary: Neuron

A

nerve cell, including its processes (axons and dendrites)

71
Q

Glossary: Neurilemma

A

Nerve sheath

72
Q

Glossary: Neurologist

A

physician specializing in the treatment of nervous system disorders

73
Q

Glossary: Neuroscientist

A

scientist specializing in research concerning the structure and function of the nervous system

74
Q

Glossary: Neurotransmitter

A

chemicals by which neurons communicate

75
Q

Glossary: Nitric oxide (NO)

A

compound composed of one nitrogen and one oxygen atom in each molecule, often acting as a small-molecule neurotransmitter

76
Q

Glossary: Nodes of ranvier

A

indentations found between adjacent Schwann cells

77
Q

Glossary: Norepinephrine

A

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; released by the sympathetic nervous system

78
Q

Glossary: Oligodendrocyte

A

A cell that holds nerve fibers together and produces the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system

79
Q

Glossary: Paralysis

A

loss of the power of motion, especially voluntary motion

80
Q

Glossary: Parasympathetic division

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system that controls many visceral effectors under normal “maintenance” conditions; ganglia are connected to the brain stem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord (craniosacral segments)

81
Q

Glossary: Parasympathetic postganglionic neuron

A

ANS neuron with dendrites and cell body located in a parasympathetic ganglion, and axon travels to a variety of visceral effectors

82
Q

Glossary: Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron

A

ANS neuron with dendrites and cell body located in the gray matter of the brainstem and sacral cord segments; the axon terminates in a parasympathetic ganglion

83
Q

Glossary: Pharmacologist

A

scientist specializing in the study of drug actions

83
Q

Glossary: Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body

84
Q

Glossary: Parkinson Disease (PD)

A

A chronic disease of the nervous system characterized by a set of signs called parkinsonism that results from a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine in certain regions of the brain that normally inhibit overstimulation of skeletal muscles; parkinsonism is characterized by muscle rigidity and trembling of the head and extremities, forward tilt of the body, and shuffling manner of walking

84
Q

Glossary: Pharmacist

A

health-care worker trained to dispense drugs and educate patients in their proper use

85
Q

Glossary: Perineurium

A

Connective tissue that encircles a bundle of nerve fibers within a nerve

86
Q

Glossary: Pharmacy technician

A

health-care worker trained to dispense drugs under the supervision of a pharmacist

87
Q

Glossary: Pia mater

A

the vascular innermost covering (meninx) of the brain and spinal cord

88
Q

Glossary: Pineal gland

A

endocrine gland located near the roof of the third ventricle of the brain; produces melatonin

88
Q

Glossary: plexus (pl. plexues)

A

literally a brain or network; any structure involving convergence and divergence of pathways, as in each plexus of a spinal nerve or the choroid plexus of blood vessels in the brain’s ventricles

89
Q

Glossary: Pons

A

the part of the brain stem between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain

90
Q

Glossary: postganglionic neuron

A

autonomic neuron that conducts nerve impulses from a ganglion to cardiac or smooth muscle or glandular epithelial tissue

91
Q

Glossary: preganglionic neuron

A

autonomic neuron that conducts nerve impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion

92
Q

Glossary: postsynaptic neuron

A

a neuron situated distal to a synapse

93
Q

Glossary: presynaptic neuron

A

a neuron situated proximal to synapse

94
Q

Glossary: Psychiatrist

A

physician specializing in mental health

95
Q

Glossary: Psychologist

A

someone who studies mental processes or treats mental conditions through counseling or related therapies

96
Q

Glossary: Reflex

A

involuntary action

97
Q

Glossary: Receptor

A

peripheral beginning of a sensory neuron’s dendrite

97
Q

Glossary: Reflex arc

A

pattern of nerve signalling that resembles an arch curving back on itself, as when an impulse triggered by a sensory stimulus is conducted along a sensory neuron, perhaps transmitted to an interneuron in the brain or spinal cord, then out to a motor neuron, and finally to a muscle

98
Q

Glossary: Reticular formation

A

located in the medulla where bits of gray and white matter mix intricately

99
Q

Glossary: Saltatory conduction

A

occurs when a nerve impulse encounters myelin and “jumps” from one node of ranvier to the next

100
Q

Glossary: Schwann cells

A

large nucleated. ell that forms a myelin sheath around peripheral neurons

101
Q

Glossary: Serotonin

A

a neurotransmitter that belongs to a group of compounds called amines

101
Q

Glossary: Sensory neurons

A

neuron that transmits impulses to the spinal cord and brain from any of various parts of the body

102
Q

Glossary: Shingles

A

viral infection that affects the skin of a single dermatome

103
Q

Glossary: Spinal nerve

A

Nerve that connects the spinal cord to peripheral structures such as the skin and skeletal muscles

104
Q

Glossary: Spinal tract

A

any of the white columns of the spinal cord that provides two-way conduction paths to and from the brain; ascending tract carries info to the brain, whereas descending tracts conduct impulses from the brain

105
Q

Glossary: Sulci (sing. sulcus)

A

Furrow or groove

106
Q

Glossary: sympathetic division

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; functions as an emergency system

107
Q

Glossary: Sympathetic postganglionic neuron

A

ANS neuron with dendrites and cell body in a sympathetic ganglion; the axon travels to a variety of visceral effectors

108
Q

Glossary: Sympathetic preganglionic neuron

A

ANS neuron with dendrites and cell body in the gray matter of the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord; the axon leaves the cord through an anterior root of a spinal nerve and terminates in a collateral ganglion

109
Q

Glossary: Synapse

A

junction between adjacent neurons

110
Q

Glossary: Synaptic cleft

A

the space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron

111
Q

Glossary: Synaptic Knob

A

a tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron’s axon that contains vesicles with neurotransmitters

112
Q

Glossary: Tract

A

any passageway, such as the digestive tract, urinary tract, respiratory tract, etc; in nerve tissue, a single nerve pathway made up of several bundles of axons and extending through the central nervous system (compare with nerve)

113
Q

Glossary: Thalamus

A

located just above the hypothalamus; its functions are to help produce sensations and associate sensations with emotions; plays a part in the arousal mechanism

114
Q

Glossary: Ventricle

A

small cavity, such as the pumping chambers of the heart or the cerebrospinal fluid-filled spaces of the cerebrum of the brain

115
Q

Glossary: Withdrawal reflex

A

a reflex that moves a body part away from an irritating stimulus

116
Q

Glossary: Visceral effector

A

tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses

116
Q

Glossary: White matter

A

nerve tissue made up of neuron axons covered with white myelin

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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