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Nursing 120 > Module 11: Digestive System > Flashcards

Module 11: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of Digestion

A

Alimentary canal extends from the mouth to the anus
- main organs of digestion
- accessory organs of digestion

Mechanisms involved in digestion
- ingestion
- digestion
*mechanical and chemical
- secretion
- absorption

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2
Q

Wall of the Digestion Tract

A

mucosa/mucous membrane
- stratified epithelium or simple epithelium
Submucosa
- connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves
Muscularis
- skeletal muscle
- smooth muscle (inner) and longitudinal smooth (outer)
- Circular, longitudinal, and oblique layers *stomach only
Serosa
- outermost covering of the digestive tract
*visceral and parietal peritoneum
*mesentery

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3
Q

Mouth: structure of oral cavity

A

Roof of mouth
- hard palate
- soft palate
Uvula
Floor of mouth
- tongue - papillae
Lingual Frenulum

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4
Q

Mouth: teeth

A

Types of teeth
- incisors, canines or cuspids, premolars or bicuspids, molars or tricuspids
- deciduous (baby) teeth
-permanent teeth

Typical tooth
- crown
-neck
- root

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5
Q

Mouth: salivary glands

A

saliva
- serous-type saliva
- mucous-type saliva
Parotid glands
- serous-type saliva contains sodium bicarbonate to neutralize bacterial acids
Submandibular glands
- serous-type and mucus-type saliva
Sublingual glands
- mucus- type saliva

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6
Q

Pharynx

A

Structure
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
Function
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx and laryngopharynx
*deglutition (swallowing)
*regulation - voluntary and involuntary

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7
Q

Esophagus

A

Function
- propulsion of food into the stomach by peristalsis

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)
- controls passage of food from laryngopharynx into esophagus
- helps prevent air from entering esophagus during respiration

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) or cardiac sphincter
- prevents backflow of acidic stomach contents

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8
Q

Stomach

A

Structure
- fundus, body, pylorus
- muscularis
*peristalsis
- mucosa
- pyloric sphincter muscle

Function
- liquefaction (mechanical digestion)
- partial digestion of proteins and lipids (chemical digestion)

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9
Q

Small intestine

A

Structure
- duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Function
- intestinal secretions and digestions
* intestinal glands; pancreatic and liver secretions
- Absorption
*circular folds (plicae), intestinal villi, blood capillaries, lacteals
- Motility
*peristalsis and segmentation

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10
Q

Liver and Gallbladder

A

Structure
- liver
*located in the upper right section of abdominal cavity and extends over into the left side
- Gallbladder
*located on the undersurface of the liver
- Ducts
*common hepatic duct
*cystic duct
*common bile duct (CBD)

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11
Q

Liver, Gallbladder and bile

A

Function
- liver
*secretes bile
*removes bile pigments from hemoglobin
- Gallbladder
*concentration and storage of bile
-Bile
*emulsification of lipids
*elimination of cholesterol from the body

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12
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine and Endocrine gland
- located behind stomach in a space created by the c-shape of the duodenum

Pancreatic digestive juice
- digests carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

Pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans
- secrete hormones of the pancreas (insulin and glucagon)

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13
Q

Large intestine

A

Lower or terminal portion of the digestive tract

subdivisions of large intestine
- cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal; anus is the external opening

Function
- microbiome
-absorption or water, salts, and vitamins
- increased/decreased motility
- defecation

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14
Q

Appendix

A

Vermiform appendix
- directly attached to the back of the cecum
- maintains a normal intestinal microbiome
- appendicitis
*McBurney Point

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15
Q

Peritoneum

A

Continuous serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering abdominal organs
- parietal peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum
*peritoneal space
*retroperitoneal

Extensions
- mesentery
- greater omentum

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16
Q

Glossary: Absorption

A

Passage of a substance through a membrane, such as skin or mucosa, into blood

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17
Q

Glossary: alimentary Canal

A

principal tubelike structure of the digestive system extending from mouth to anus- sometimes called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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18
Q

Glossary: Amylase

A

Enzyme that digests carbohydrates

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19
Q

Glossary: Anal Canal

A

terminal portion of the rectum

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20
Q

Glossary: Anus

A

distal end or outlet of the rectum

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21
Q

Glossary: Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the vermiform appendix

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22
Q

Glossary: Ascending colon

A

Portion of the colon extending from the cecum to the hepatic flexure

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23
Q

Glossary: Barrett Esophagus

A

Condition related to untreated gastroesophageal reflux disease; may develop precancerous changes in the esophageal lining

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24
Q

Glossary: Bicuspid

A

Tooth type with a large flat surface and two or three grinding cusps; also called premolars

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25
Glossary: Bile
Substance that reduces large lipid globules into smaller droplets of lipid that are more easily broken down
26
Glossary: Body
unified and complex assemble of structurally and functionally interactive components (as in human body); the main or central part of a structure (as in cell body or body of an organ)
27
Glossary: Bolus
a small, rounded mass of masticated food and saliva to be swallowed
28
Glossary: Canine tooth
relating to a dog, as in the canine tooth with the longest crown and the longest root, which is located lateral to the second incisor; it serves to pierce or tear food being eaten; the canine tooth is also called a cuspid tooth (having a single cusp or point) or eye tooth (roughly aligned with each eye)
29
Glossary: Catalyst
Chemical that speeds up reactions without being changed itself
30
Glossary: cecum
blind pouch; the pouch at the proximal end of the large intestine
31
Glossary: Cementum
Hard dental tissue that covers the root and neck of each tooth
32
Glossary: Cholecystectomy
The surgical removal of the gallbladder
33
Glossary: Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Hormone secreted from the intestinal mucosa of the duodenum that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder, resulting in bile flowing into the duodenum
34
Glossary: Chyme
partially digested mixture leaving the stomach
35
Glossary: Colostomy
surgical procedure in which an artificial anus is created on the abdominal wall by cutting the colon and brining the cut end or ends out to the surface to form an opening called a stoma
36
Glossary: Common bile duct
duct from the liver that empties into the duodenum; made up of the merging of the hepatic duct with the cystic duct
37
Glossary: Constipation
retention of feces
38
Glossary: Crown
topmost part of an organ or other structure
39
Glossary: Cuspid
tooth that serves to pierce or tear food being eaten; also called canine tooth
40
Glossary: cystic duct
joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct
41
Glossary: deciduous
Temporary; shedding at a certain stage of growth; for example, deciduous teeth, commonly referred to as baby teeth
42
Glossary: Defecation
process of expelling feces from the digestive tract
43
Glossary: Deglutition
Swallowing
44
Glossary: Dental caries
Decay of teeth
45
Glossary: Dentin
hard, mineralized connective tissue similar to bone that forms the body of the tooth
46
Glossary: descending colon
portion of the colon that lies in the vertical position, on the left side of the abdomen; it extends from the splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon
47
Glossary: Diarrhea
defecation of liquid feces
48
Glossary: Digestion
the breakdown of food materials either mechanically (ie, chewing) or chemically (ie. digestive enzymes)
49
Glossary: Digestive system
Organs that work together to ensure the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients
50
Glossary: Duodenum
The first subdivision of the small intestine, where most chemical digestion occurs
51
Glossary: Elimination
moving something out of the body, as in defecation
52
Glossary: Emulsify
In digestion, bile breaks up (emulsifies) lipids
53
Glossary: Enamel
hard, mineralized connective tissue, harder than bone, forms a hard covering of exposed tooth surfaces; hardest substance in the body
54
Glossary: Enzyme
A functional protein acting as a biochemical catalyst, allowing chemical reactions to take place in a suitable time frame
55
Glossary: Esophagus
the muscular mucus-lined tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach; also known as the food pipe
56
Glossary: Feces
waste material discharged from the intestines
57
Glossary: Fractal geometry
The study of surfaces with a seemingly infinite area, such as the lining of the small intestine
58
Glossary: Frenulum
The thin membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth
59
Glossary: Fundus
Part of the organ opposite to its main opening; the base of an organ, opposite of the apex of the organ
60
Glossary: Gallbladder
hollow sac connected to the common bile duct that stores and concentrates bile
61
Glossary: Gallstone
Solid concretion or stone, often composed of cholesterol or bile salts, found in the gallbladder or common bile duct
62
Glossary: Gastric gland
any of the many tiny glands in the stomach lining that secretes enzymes, mucus, and hydrochloric acid
63
Glossary: Gastroenterology
Study and treatment of the stomach and intestines and their diseases
64
Glossary: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
A set of symptoms resulting from a hiatal hernia that allows the stomach (gastric) contents to flow back (reflux) into the esophagus; symptoms include heartburn or chest pain and coughing or choking during or just after a meal
65
Glossary: Gastrointestinal tract (GI)
principal tubelike structure of the digestive system extending from mouth to anus; sometimes called the alimentary canal
66
Glossary: Gingiva
The gum or membrane of the jaw, around the base of the teeth
67
Glossary: Gingivitis
inflammation of the gum (gingiva), often caused by poor oral hygiene
68
Glossary: Greater omentum
A pouch like extension of the visceral peritoneum
69
Glossary: Hard palate
hard, bony, anterior portion of roof of mouth formed by parts of palatine and maxillary bones
70
Glossary: Heartburn
burning sensation characterized by pain and a feeling of fullness beneath the sternum; caused by the esophageal mucosa being irritated by stomach acid
71
Glossary: Helicobacter pylori
Type of bacteria that may cause damage to the stomach lining, leading to the formation of ulcers
72
Glossary: Hepatic duct
any of the small tubes that drain bile out of the liver
73
Glossary: Hepatic flexure
the bend between the ascending colon; also called hepatic colic flexure or right colic flexure
74
Glossary: Hiatal hernia
a bulging out (hernia) of the stomach through the opening (hiatus) of the diaphragm through which the esophagus normally passes; this condition may prevent the valve between the esophagus and stomach from closing, thus allowing stomach contents to flow back into the esophagus
75
Glossary: Hydrolysis
Chemical reaction in which water is added to a large molecule, causing it to break apart into smaller molecules
76
Glossary: Ileocecal valve
The sphincterlike structure between the end of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine
77
Glossary: Ileum
the distal portion of the small intestine
78
Glossary: Incisor
one of the four front teeth in each dental arch; each incisor has a crown that is chisel-shaped and has a sharp cutting edge for biting off pieces of tough food; prominent in plant-eating animals
79
Glossary: ingestion
Taking in of complex foods, usually by mouth
80
Glossary: intestinal gland
Any of thousands of glands found in the mucous membrane of the mucosa of the small intestines; secretes intestinal digestive juice

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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