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Nursing 120 > Module 12: Urinary System > Flashcards

Module 12: Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Kidneys Location; Gross structure: external anatomy

A

Location:
- under the muscles of the back and behind the parietal peritoneum: protected somewhat by the lower rib cage
Gross structure: external anatomy:
- shape and size
- hilum
- capsule

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2
Q

Kidneys Gross structure: internal anatomy

A

Renal cortex:
- outer (superficial) layer of the kidney
Renal medulla
- inner (Deep) portion of the kidney
Renal Pyramids
- triangular divisions of the medulla; renal columns
Renal papilla (papillae)
- innermost end of the renal pyramid
Renal pelvis
- expansion of the upper end of the ureter
Calyx (calyces)
- divisions of the renal pelvis (minor and major)

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3
Q

Kidneys microscopic structure: Nephrons

A

Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys
- components - renal corpuscle and renal tubule
- types - cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

Renal corpuscle
- glomerular capsule (bowman’s capsule)
- cup-shaped top of a nephron that surrounds the glomerulus

  • glomerulus
  • network of blood capillaries located within bowman’s capsule
  • afferent and efferent arterioles
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4
Q

Kidneys microscopic structure cont

A

Renal tubule
- proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) - first segment of a renal tubule
- nephron loop (henle loop) - extension of proximal tubule into renal medulla; consists of straight descending limb, hairpin turn, and straight ascending limb
- distal convoluted tubule (DCT) - extension of the ascending limb of the nephron loop
- collecting duct (CD) - straight extension of distal tubule

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5
Q

Overview of kidney funciton

A
  • Excretes toxins and nitrogenous wastes
  • regulates levels of many chemicals in blood
  • maintains water balance
  • helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume through secretion of renin
  • regulates RBC production - erythropoietin (EPO)
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6
Q

Overview of urine formation

A

filtration
- of water and dissolved substances out of the blood in the glomeruli into the glomerular capsule
Reabsorption
- of water and dissolved substances out of the kidney tubules back into to the blood
Secretion
- of hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and some drugs from the blood into the kidney tubules

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7
Q

Control of urine volume

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
Abnormalities of urine volume
- anuria
- oliguria
- polyuria

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8
Q

Elimination of Urine Structures: Ureters

A

Ureters

Structure
- narrow, long tubes with expanded upper end (renal pelvis) and a thick, muscular wall
-located inside kidney and lined with mucous membrane

Function
- drains urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder

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9
Q

Elimination of Urine structures: urinary bladder

A

Urinary bladder
Structure
- elastic, muscular organ able to expand to hold varying amounts of urine and then contracting to empty itself
- rugae (folds of mucosa) allow for expansion of the urinary bladder as it fills
- trigone

Functions
- storage of urine before micturition
- micturition (voiding, urination)

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10
Q

Elimination of urine Structures: urethra

A

structure
- narrow tube from the urinary bladder to the exterior - urinary meatus
- continuous sheet of mucous membrane that lines each renal pelvis, the ureters, and the urinary bladder, extends down into the urethra

Functions
-terminal portion of the urinary tract in males and females
- passage of male reproductive fluid (semen)

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11
Q

Micturition

A

Regulatory Sphincters
- internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
- external urethral sphincter (voluntary)

Emptying reflex
- initiated by stretch reflex in bladder wall > bladder wall contracts > internal sphincter relaxes > external sphincter relaxes and urination occurs

Abnormalities of urine output
- urinary retention; urinary suppression
- urinary incontinence
- neurogenic bladder

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12
Q

Glossary: Aldosterone

A

Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water

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13
Q

Glossary: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland to regulate the balance of water in the body by accelerating the reabsorption of water

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14
Q

Glossary: Anuria

A

absence of urine

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15
Q

Glossary: atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

A

Hormone secreted by the heart cells that regulates fluid and electrolyte homeostasis

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16
Q

Glossary: Bowman’s capsule

A

the cup-shaped top of a nephron that surrounds the glomerulus; also called glomerular capsule

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17
Q

Glossary: Calyx

A

cup-shaped division of the renal pelvis

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18
Q

Glossary: Collecting duct (CD)

A

a straight part of the renal tubule formed by distal tubules of several nephrons joining together

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19
Q

Glossary: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

A

An alternative form of treatment for renal failure rather than the more complex and expensive hemodialysis

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20
Q

Glossary: Cortical nephron

A

Nephron located in the renal cortex

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21
Q

Glossary: Countercurrent mechanism

A

System in which renal tubule filtrate flows in opposite directions; maintains a hyperosmotic medulla and thereby facilitates concentration of urine excreted from kidney

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22
Q

Glossary: Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

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23
Q

Glossary: Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

the part of the tubule distal to the ascending limb of the nephron loop in the kidney

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24
Q

Glossary: Diuretic drug

A

a substance that promotes or stimulates the production of urine; diuretic drugs are among the most commonly used drugs in medicine

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25
Q

Glossary: Emptying reflex

A

the reflex that causes contraction of the bladder wall and relaxation of the internal sphincter to allow urine to enter the urethra, which is followed by urination if the external sphincter is voluntarily relaxed

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26
Q

Glossary: Enuresis

A

involuntary voiding of urine

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27
Q

Glossary: Epidemiologist

A

Scientist engaged in the study, prevention, and treatment of the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in human populations

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28
Q

Glossary: Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Hormone secreted to increase RBC production in response to oxygen deficency

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29
Q

Glossary: Filtration

A

Movement of water and solutes through a membrane by a higher hydrostatic pressure on one side

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30
Q

Glossary: Glomerular capsule

A

The cup-shaped top of a nephron that surrounds the glomerulus

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31
Q

Glossary: Glomerular filtrate

A

Water and dissolved substances forced out of the blood in the glomerular capillaries and into glomerular capsule

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32
Q

Glossary: Glomerular-capsular membrane

A

Membrane made up of glomerular endothelium, basement membrane, and visceral layer of the glomerular (bowman) capsule; its function is filtration

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33
Q

Glossary: Glomerulus

A

compact cluster; for example, capillaries in the kidneys

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34
Q

Glossary: Glycosuria

A

Glucose in the urine; a sign of diabetes mellitus

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35
Q

Glossary: Hemodialysis

A

use of dialysis to separate waste products from the blood

36
Q

Glossary: Henle loop

A

Extension of the proximal tubule of the kidney

37
Q

Glossary: Hilum

A

small opening on the side of an organ (lung, kidney, lymph node) to allow vessels and nerves to enter/exit

38
Q

Glossary: Hyperosmotic

A

relating to solutions that generally promote osmosis of water (into them)

38
Q

Glossary: I and O

A

measurement of both fluid intake and fluid output (urine volume) over a specified period of time; abbreviation of “input and output”

38
Q

Glossary: Infection control

A

any practice intended to limit the spread of infection in a population

39
Q

Glossary: Juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus

A

In the nephron, the complex of cells from the distal tubule and the afferent arteriole, which helps regulate blood pressure by secreting renin in response to blood pressure changes in the kidney; located near the glomerulus

40
Q

Glossary: Juxtamedullary nephron

A

Type of nephron that lies near the junction of the cortical and medullary layers of the kidney, with a nephron loop extending into the medulla

41
Q

Glossary: Lithotripsy

A

Use of ultrasound waves to break up kidney stones without making an incision

42
Q

Glossary: Lithotriptor

A

An ultrasound generator used to pulverize kidney stones

43
Q

Glossary: Microbiologist

A

Scientist specializing in the study of microorganisms such as bacteria

44
Q

Glossary: Micturition

A

Urination, voiding

45
Q

Glossary: Nephron

A

Anatomical and functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule

46
Q

Glossary: Nephron loop

A

extension of the proximal tubule of the kidney; also known as loop of henle or henle loop

47
Q

Glossary: Nephropathy

A

Kidney disease

48
Q

Glossary: neurogenic bladder

A

disorder of the bladder that results in loss of control of normal voiding; due to disruption of the nervous input to the bladder

49
Q

Glossary: Oliguria

A

Scanty amounts of urine

50
Q

Glossary: Polydipsia

A

Excessive and ongoing thirst

51
Q

Glossary: Polyuria

A

unusually large amounts of urine

52
Q

Glossary: Proteinuria

A

Presence of abnormally high amounts of plasma protein in the urine; usually an indicator of kidney disease

53
Q

Glossary: Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

The first segment of a renal tubule

54
Q

Glossary: Reabsorption

A

process of absorbing again that occurs in the kidneys

55
Q

Glossary: Renal calculi

A

Kidney stones

56
Q

Glossary: Renal colic

A

pain caused by the passage of a kidney stone

57
Q

Glossary: Renal column

A

within the kidneys, the cortical tissue in the medulla between the pyramids

58
Q

Glossary: renal corpuscle

A

The part of the nephron located in the cortex of the kidney and made up of the glomerulus and glomerular (bowmans) capsule

59
Q

Glossary: Renal cortex

A

outer portion of the kidney

60
Q

Glossary: Renal medulla

A

inner portion of the kidney

61
Q

Glossary: Renal papilla

A

tip of a renal pyramid

62
Q

Glossary: Renal pelvis

A

Basinlike upper end of the ureter that is located inside the kidney

63
Q

Glossary: Renal pyramid

A

any of the distinct triangular wedges that make up most of the medullary tissue in the kidney

64
Q

Glossary: Renal threshold

A

When the amount of a substance that is normally fully reabsorbed from tubular fluid (such as glucose) increases above this “threshold” level, the kidney tubules are unable to reabsorb all of it and the substances “spill over” into the urine

65
Q

Glossary: Renal tubule

A

one of the two principal parts of the nephron

66
Q

Glossary: Renin

A

Enzyme produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney nephrons that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin, a substance that increases blood pressure

67
Q

Glossary: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

A

Mechanism that causes changes in blood plasma volume mainly by controlling aldosterone secretion

68
Q

Glossary: Retroperitoneal

A

area outside of the peritoneum

69
Q

Glossary: Rugae

A

wrinkles or folds

70
Q

Glossary: Secretion

A

release of a substance from a cell

71
Q

Glossary: Transport maximum (Tmax)

A

The largest amount of any substance that can be moved by a cellular transporter (pump or carrier) at one time, determined mainly by the number of available transporters of that substance

71
Q

Glossary: Sphincter

A

ring-shaped muscle, usually acting as a valve

72
Q

Glossary: Trigone

A

triangular area on the wall of the urinary bladder

73
Q

Glossary: Uremia (uremic poisoning)

A

High levels of nitrogen- containing waste products in the blood

74
Q

Glossary: Ureter

A

long tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder

75
Q

Glossary: Urethra

A

passageway for elimination of urine; in males, also acts as a genital duct that carries sperm to the exterior

76
Q

Glossary: Urinalysis

A

clinical laboratory testing of urine samples

77
Q

Glossary: Urinary incontinenece

A

Involuntary voiding of urine; also called enuresis

78
Q

Glossary: Urinary meatus

A

External opening of the urethra

79
Q

Glossary: Urinary retention

A

condition in which no urine is voided

80
Q

Glossary: Urinary suppresion

A

condition in which kidneys do not produce urine

81
Q

Glossary: Urinary system

A

system responsible for excreting liquid waste from the body

82
Q

Glossary: Urination

A

passage of urine from the body; emptying of the bladder

83
Q

Glossary: Voiding

A

emptying of the bladder; also called micturition and urination

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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