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Nursing 120 > Module 12: Urinary System > Flashcards

Module 12: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys Location; Gross structure: external anatomy

A

Location:
- under the muscles of the back and behind the parietal peritoneum: protected somewhat by the lower rib cage
Gross structure: external anatomy:
- shape and size
- hilum
- capsule

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2
Q

Kidneys Gross structure: internal anatomy

A

Renal cortex:
- outer (superficial) layer of the kidney
Renal medulla
- inner (Deep) portion of the kidney
Renal Pyramids
- triangular divisions of the medulla; renal columns
Renal papilla (papillae)
- innermost end of the renal pyramid
Renal pelvis
- expansion of the upper end of the ureter
Calyx (calyces)
- divisions of the renal pelvis (minor and major)

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3
Q

Kidneys microscopic structure: Nephrons

A

Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys
- components - renal corpuscle and renal tubule
- types - cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

Renal corpuscle
- glomerular capsule (bowman’s capsule)
- cup-shaped top of a nephron that surrounds the glomerulus

  • glomerulus
  • network of blood capillaries located within bowman’s capsule
  • afferent and efferent arterioles
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4
Q

Kidneys microscopic structure cont

A

Renal tubule
- proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) - first segment of a renal tubule
- nephron loop (henle loop) - extension of proximal tubule into renal medulla; consists of straight descending limb, hairpin turn, and straight ascending limb
- distal convoluted tubule (DCT) - extension of the ascending limb of the nephron loop
- collecting duct (CD) - straight extension of distal tubule

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5
Q

Overview of kidney funciton

A
  • Excretes toxins and nitrogenous wastes
  • regulates levels of many chemicals in blood
  • maintains water balance
  • helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume through secretion of renin
  • regulates RBC production - erythropoietin (EPO)
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6
Q

Overview of urine formation

A

filtration
- of water and dissolved substances out of the blood in the glomeruli into the glomerular capsule
Reabsorption
- of water and dissolved substances out of the kidney tubules back into to the blood
Secretion
- of hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and some drugs from the blood into the kidney tubules

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7
Q

Control of urine volume

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
Abnormalities of urine volume
- anuria
- oliguria
- polyuria

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8
Q

Elimination of Urine Structures: Ureters

A

Ureters

Structure
- narrow, long tubes with expanded upper end (renal pelvis) and a thick, muscular wall
-located inside kidney and lined with mucous membrane

Function
- drains urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder

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9
Q

Elimination of Urine structures: urinary bladder

A

Urinary bladder
Structure
- elastic, muscular organ able to expand to hold varying amounts of urine and then contracting to empty itself
- rugae (folds of mucosa) allow for expansion of the urinary bladder as it fills
- trigone

Functions
- storage of urine before micturition
- micturition (voiding, urination)

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10
Q

Elimination of urine Structures: urethra

A

structure
- narrow tube from the urinary bladder to the exterior - urinary meatus
- continuous sheet of mucous membrane that lines each renal pelvis, the ureters, and the urinary bladder, extends down into the urethra

Functions
-terminal portion of the urinary tract in males and females
- passage of male reproductive fluid (semen)

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11
Q

Micturition

A

Regulatory Sphincters
- internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
- external urethral sphincter (voluntary)

Emptying reflex
- initiated by stretch reflex in bladder wall > bladder wall contracts > internal sphincter relaxes > external sphincter relaxes and urination occurs

Abnormalities of urine output
- urinary retention; urinary suppression
- urinary incontinence
- neurogenic bladder

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12
Q

Glossary: Aldosterone

A

Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water

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13
Q

Glossary: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland to regulate the balance of water in the body by accelerating the reabsorption of water

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14
Q

Glossary: Anuria

A

absence of urine

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15
Q

Glossary: atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

A

Hormone secreted by the heart cells that regulates fluid and electrolyte homeostasis

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16
Q

Glossary: Bowman’s capsule

A

the cup-shaped top of a nephron that surrounds the glomerulus; also called glomerular capsule

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17
Q

Glossary: Calyx

A

cup-shaped division of the renal pelvis

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18
Q

Glossary: Collecting duct (CD)

A

a straight part of the renal tubule formed by distal tubules of several nephrons joining together

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19
Q

Glossary: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

A

An alternative form of treatment for renal failure rather than the more complex and expensive hemodialysis

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20
Q

Glossary: Cortical nephron

A

Nephron located in the renal cortex

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21
Q

Glossary: Countercurrent mechanism

A

System in which renal tubule filtrate flows in opposite directions; maintains a hyperosmotic medulla and thereby facilitates concentration of urine excreted from kidney

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22
Q

Glossary: Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

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23
Q

Glossary: Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

the part of the tubule distal to the ascending limb of the nephron loop in the kidney

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24
Q

Glossary: Diuretic drug

A

a substance that promotes or stimulates the production of urine; diuretic drugs are among the most commonly used drugs in medicine

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25
Glossary: Emptying reflex
the reflex that causes contraction of the bladder wall and relaxation of the internal sphincter to allow urine to enter the urethra, which is followed by urination if the external sphincter is voluntarily relaxed
26
Glossary: Enuresis
involuntary voiding of urine
27
Glossary: Epidemiologist
Scientist engaged in the study, prevention, and treatment of the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in human populations
28
Glossary: Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone secreted to increase RBC production in response to oxygen deficency
29
Glossary: Filtration
Movement of water and solutes through a membrane by a higher hydrostatic pressure on one side
30
Glossary: Glomerular capsule
The cup-shaped top of a nephron that surrounds the glomerulus
31
Glossary: Glomerular filtrate
Water and dissolved substances forced out of the blood in the glomerular capillaries and into glomerular capsule
32
Glossary: Glomerular-capsular membrane
Membrane made up of glomerular endothelium, basement membrane, and visceral layer of the glomerular (bowman) capsule; its function is filtration
33
Glossary: Glomerulus
compact cluster; for example, capillaries in the kidneys
34
Glossary: Glycosuria
Glucose in the urine; a sign of diabetes mellitus
35
Glossary: Hemodialysis
use of dialysis to separate waste products from the blood
36
Glossary: Henle loop
Extension of the proximal tubule of the kidney
37
Glossary: Hilum
small opening on the side of an organ (lung, kidney, lymph node) to allow vessels and nerves to enter/exit
38
Glossary: Hyperosmotic
relating to solutions that generally promote osmosis of water (into them)
38
Glossary: I and O
measurement of both fluid intake and fluid output (urine volume) over a specified period of time; abbreviation of "input and output"
38
Glossary: Infection control
any practice intended to limit the spread of infection in a population
39
Glossary: Juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus
In the nephron, the complex of cells from the distal tubule and the afferent arteriole, which helps regulate blood pressure by secreting renin in response to blood pressure changes in the kidney; located near the glomerulus
40
Glossary: Juxtamedullary nephron
Type of nephron that lies near the junction of the cortical and medullary layers of the kidney, with a nephron loop extending into the medulla
41
Glossary: Lithotripsy
Use of ultrasound waves to break up kidney stones without making an incision
42
Glossary: Lithotriptor
An ultrasound generator used to pulverize kidney stones
43
Glossary: Microbiologist
Scientist specializing in the study of microorganisms such as bacteria
44
Glossary: Micturition
Urination, voiding
45
Glossary: Nephron
Anatomical and functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule
46
Glossary: Nephron loop
extension of the proximal tubule of the kidney; also known as loop of henle or henle loop
47
Glossary: Nephropathy
Kidney disease
48
Glossary: neurogenic bladder
disorder of the bladder that results in loss of control of normal voiding; due to disruption of the nervous input to the bladder
49
Glossary: Oliguria
Scanty amounts of urine
50
Glossary: Polydipsia
Excessive and ongoing thirst
51
Glossary: Polyuria
unusually large amounts of urine
52
Glossary: Proteinuria
Presence of abnormally high amounts of plasma protein in the urine; usually an indicator of kidney disease
53
Glossary: Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
The first segment of a renal tubule
54
Glossary: Reabsorption
process of absorbing again that occurs in the kidneys
55
Glossary: Renal calculi
Kidney stones
56
Glossary: Renal colic
pain caused by the passage of a kidney stone
57
Glossary: Renal column
within the kidneys, the cortical tissue in the medulla between the pyramids
58
Glossary: renal corpuscle
The part of the nephron located in the cortex of the kidney and made up of the glomerulus and glomerular (bowmans) capsule
59
Glossary: Renal cortex
outer portion of the kidney
60
Glossary: Renal medulla
inner portion of the kidney
61
Glossary: Renal papilla
tip of a renal pyramid
62
Glossary: Renal pelvis
Basinlike upper end of the ureter that is located inside the kidney
63
Glossary: Renal pyramid
any of the distinct triangular wedges that make up most of the medullary tissue in the kidney
64
Glossary: Renal threshold
When the amount of a substance that is normally fully reabsorbed from tubular fluid (such as glucose) increases above this "threshold" level, the kidney tubules are unable to reabsorb all of it and the substances "spill over" into the urine
65
Glossary: Renal tubule
one of the two principal parts of the nephron
66
Glossary: Renin
Enzyme produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney nephrons that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin, a substance that increases blood pressure
67
Glossary: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
Mechanism that causes changes in blood plasma volume mainly by controlling aldosterone secretion
68
Glossary: Retroperitoneal
area outside of the peritoneum
69
Glossary: Rugae
wrinkles or folds
70
Glossary: Secretion
release of a substance from a cell
71
Glossary: Transport maximum (Tmax)
The largest amount of any substance that can be moved by a cellular transporter (pump or carrier) at one time, determined mainly by the number of available transporters of that substance
71
Glossary: Sphincter
ring-shaped muscle, usually acting as a valve
72
Glossary: Trigone
triangular area on the wall of the urinary bladder
73
Glossary: Uremia (uremic poisoning)
High levels of nitrogen- containing waste products in the blood
74
Glossary: Ureter
long tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder
75
Glossary: Urethra
passageway for elimination of urine; in males, also acts as a genital duct that carries sperm to the exterior
76
Glossary: Urinalysis
clinical laboratory testing of urine samples
77
Glossary: Urinary incontinenece
Involuntary voiding of urine; also called enuresis
78
Glossary: Urinary meatus
External opening of the urethra
79
Glossary: Urinary retention
condition in which no urine is voided
80
Glossary: Urinary suppresion
condition in which kidneys do not produce urine
81
Glossary: Urinary system
system responsible for excreting liquid waste from the body
82
Glossary: Urination
passage of urine from the body; emptying of the bladder
83
Glossary: Voiding
emptying of the bladder; also called micturition and urination

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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