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Nursing 120 > Module 13: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Module 13: Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

producing offspring
- sexual reproduction
- gametes (ovum and sperm)
- reproductive hormones

Male and female systems
- common general structure and function between systems
- adaptation of systems
- secondary sex characteristics and normal reproductive system activity

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2
Q

Male reproductive system structural plan

A

essential organs of reproduction
- gonads > testes (R testis and L testis)

Accessory organs of reproduction
- ducts > epididymis (2), vas deferens (2), ejaculatory duct (2), and urethra
- supportive sex glands > seminal vesicle (2), bulbourethral or cowper gland and prostate gland
- external genitals (genitalia) > scrotum and penis

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3
Q

Males Gonads: testes
Location and structure

A

testes suspended outside of the body cavity in the scrotum
- covered by tunica albuginea, which divides testis into lobules containing seminiferous tubules
- small endocrine cells “interstitial cells” located outside of the tubules secrete male sex hormone testosterone
- structure of the seminiferous tubule

*sperm develops in the walls of the tubules and then released to exit the body

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4
Q

Male gonads: testes functions

A

spermatogenesis
- gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH)
- Follicle - stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Testosterone production
- masculinizing hormone
- promotes and maintains the development of male accessory organs
- anabolic steroid hormone

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5
Q

Male reproductive ducts

A

epididymis
- lies along the top and behind the testes in the scrotum
- sperm mature and become motile

Vas deferens (ductus deferens)
- joins duct of seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
- receives sperm from the epididymis and transports them from the scrotal sac into the abdominal cavity

Ejaculatory duct and urethra
- passes through the prostate gland and allows sperm to empty into the urethra > penis > external urethral meatus

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6
Q

Female reproductive system structural plan

A

Essential organs of the reproductive tract
- gonads > ovaries (R ovary and L ovary)
* estrogen and progesterone production

Accessory organs of the reproductive tract
- ducts or modified ducts
* uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
- additional sex glands
*greater vestibular glands, lesser, vestibular glands and mammary glands
- external genitals
*vulva

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7
Q

Male accessory Glands

A

semen (seminal fluid)
- mixture of sperm and secretions of accessory sex glands

Seminal vesicles
- supplies fructose necessary energy for sperm motility

Prostate gland
- activates sperm and facilitates ongoing sperm motility

Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands
- neutralizes acidic urine in the urethra

External genitals

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8
Q

Female Gonads: Ovaries Location and Structure

A

Location
- paired glands attached to ligaments in the pelvic cavity on each side of the uterus
*broad, ovarian, and suspensory ligaments

Structure
- Ovarian follicles
* oocyte > primary follicle > granulosa cells > secondary follicles > mature (graafian) follicles > ovulation > corpus luteum

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9
Q

Female Gonads: Ovaries Functions

A

Oogenesis
- meiosis
* process of two successive cell divisions that produces a zygote

Estrogen and progesterone production
- estrogen > development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
- progesterone > stimulates secretory activity of the uterine epithelium and assists estrogen in initiating menses

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10
Q

Female reproductive ducts

A

uterine tubes (fallopian tubes or oviducts)
- extends from the uterus into the abdominal cavity
- mucosal lining of the tube is continuous with the lining of the abdominal cavity

Uterus
- body (upper portion), and cervix (lower portion), and fundus
- lies in the pelvic cavity just behind the urinary bladder (except during pregnancy)
- menstruation, pregnancy, and labor

Vagina
- composed of smooth muscle; lined with mucous membrane
- located in the pelvic cavity between urinary bladder and rectum in the pelvis

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11
Q

Female Accessory Glands

A

Vestibular glands
- two pair of exocrine glands that open between the labia minora and secrete mucus lubricating fluid
*greater vestibular glands or bartholin glands
*lesser vestibular glands or Skene glands

Breasts
- located over pectoral muscles and attached by fibrous, suspensory ligaments (cooper’s ligaments)
- lobes > lobules > alveoli > lactiferous ducts > lactiferous sinus > areola

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12
Q

Female External Genitals (genitalia)

A

Vulva
- includes the mons pubis, clitoris, external urinary meatus, labia minora, hymen, openings of vestibular gland ducts, orifice (opening) of vagina, and labia majora

perineum
- area between vaginal opening and anus

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13
Q

Glossary: Accessory Organ

A

An organ that assists other organs in accomplishing their functions

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14
Q

Glossary: Acrosome

A

Structure on the sperm’s head containing enzymes that break down the covering of the ovum to allow entry

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15
Q

Glossary: Amenorrhea

A

Absence of normal menstruation

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16
Q

Glossary: Antrum

A

Cavity

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17
Q

Glossary: Areola

A

small space; the pigmented ring around the nipple

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18
Q

Glossary: benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

A

A noncancerous enlargement of the prostate in older men

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19
Q

Glossary: Breast

A

structure on the anterior aspect of the chest made up of skin, lipid, and mammary glands; may produce milk to sustain offspring

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20
Q

Glossary: Bulbourethral gland (Cowper gland)

A

Small gland located just below the prostate gland whose mucuslike secretions lubricate portion of the urethra and contribute less than 5% of the seminal fluid volume; also known as a cowper gland

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21
Q

Glossary: Cervix

A

neck; any necklike structure

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22
Q

Glossary: Circumcision

A

surgical removal of the foreskin or prepuce

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23
Q

Glossary: Clitoris

A

Erectile tissue located at the anterior corner of the vestibule of the vagina

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24
Q

Glossary: Corpora Cavernosa

A

Two columns of erectile tissue found in the shaft of the penis

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25
Q

Glossary: corpus luteum

A

A hormone- secreting glandular structure transformed after ovulation from a ruptured follicle; it secretes chiefly progesterone and some estrogen

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26
Q

Glossary: Corpus spongiosum

A

A column of erectile tissue surrounding the urethra in the penis

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27
Q

Glossary: Cryptorchidism

A

undescended testicles

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28
Q

Glossary: Ectopic pregnancy

A

A pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum implants someplace other than in the uterus

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29
Q

Glossary: Ejaculation

A

Sudden discharge of semen from the body

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30
Q

Glossary: Ejaculatory duct

A

duct formed by the joining of the ductus deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle that allows sperm to enter the urethra

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31
Q

Glossary: endometrium

A

Mucous membrane lining the uterus

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32
Q

Glossary: Epididymis

A

Tightly coiled tube that lies along the top and behind the testes, where sperm mature and develop the ability to swim

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33
Q

Glossary: Episiotomy

A

A surgical procedure used during birth to prevent a laceration of the mother’s perineum or the vagina

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34
Q

Glossary: Essential Organ

A

Any reproductive organ that must be present for reproduction to occur and is known as a gonad

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35
Q

Glossary: estrogen

A

Sex hormone secreted by the ovary that causes the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and stimulates growth of the epithelial cells lining the uterus

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36
Q

Glossary: Fallopian tubes

A

either of the pair of tubes that conduct the ovum from the ovary to the uterus; also called a uterine tube or oviduct

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37
Q

Glossary: Fimbria

A

A fringelike appendage surrounding the distal ends of the uterine tubes or other structures

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38
Q

Glossary: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Hormone present in males and females; in males, FSH stimulates the production of sperm; in females, FSH stimulates the ovarian follicles to mature and follicle cells to secrete estrogen

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39
Q

Glossary: Foreskin (prepuce)

A

A loose-fitting retractable casing located over the glans of the penis; also known as the prepuce

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40
Q

Glossary: Fundus

A

part of the organ opposite to its main opening; the base of an organ, opposite the apex of the organ

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41
Q

Glossary: Gamete

A

either of the two sex cells, sperm cells (spermatozoa) from the male or eggs (ova) from the female

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42
Q

Glossary: Genital

A

an external reproductive organ

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43
Q

Glossary: Glans

A

the sensitive distal end or “head” of the shaft of the penis or the clitoris

44
Q

Glossary: Gonad

A

sex glands in which reproductive cells (gametes) are formed

45
Q

Glossary: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Hormone released by the hypothalamus that triggers the secretion of FSH and LH, both gonadotropins, from the anterior pituitary gland

46
Q

Glossary: Graafian follicle

A

Ovarian follicle in an advanced stage of development

47
Q

Glossary: Granulosa cell

A

Cell layer surrounding the oocyte

48
Q

Glossary: greater vestibular gland (Bartholin gland)

A

either of the glands located on each side of the vaginal outlet; secretes mucuslike lubricating fluid; also known as bartholin gland

49
Q

Glossary: Gynecologist

A

physician specializing in medicine of the female reproductive system

50
Q

Glossary: Hymen

A

Greek for “membrane”; mucous membrane that encircles the distal vagina and may partially or entirely occlude the vaginal outlet

51
Q

Glossary: Hysterectomy

A

Surgical removal of the uterus

52
Q

Glossary: interstitial cell

A

Small endocrine cells in the testes that secrete the male sex hormone testosterone

53
Q

Glossary: Labia majora

A

“large lips” of the vulva

54
Q

Glossary: Labia minora

A

“small lips” of the vulva

55
Q

Glossary: Lactiferous duct

A

The duct that drains the grapelike cluster of milk-secreting glands in the breast

56
Q

Glossary: Lesser vestibular gland (Skene Gland)

A

Tiny mucous gland located near the female’s urinary meatus by way of two small ducts; also called Skene gland

57
Q

Glossary: Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Acts in conjunction with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to stimulate follicle and ovum maturation and release of estrogen and ovulation; known as the ovulating hormone; in males, causes testes to develop and secrete testosterone

58
Q

Glossary: Meiosis

A

Nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half the original number; produces gametes

59
Q

Glossary: Menarche

A

Beginning of the menstrual function

60
Q

Glossary: Menopause

A

Termination of menstrual cycles

61
Q

Glossary: menses

A

menstrual flow

62
Q

Glossary: Menstrual cycle

A

The cyclical changes in the uterine lining

63
Q

Glossary: Mons pubis

A

Skin-covered pad of lipid over the symphysis pubis in the female

64
Q

Glossary: Myometrium

A

Muscle layer in the uterus

65
Q

Glossary: oocyte

A

Immature stage of the female sex cell

66
Q

Glossary: Oogenesis

A

Production of female gametes

67
Q

Glossary: Oophorectomy

A

Surgical procedure to remove the ovaries

68
Q

Glossary: Ovarian Follicle

A

pockets in the ovaries that contain developing oocytes

69
Q

Glossary: Ovary

A

either of paired female gonads that produce ova (sex cells)

70
Q

Glossary: Oviduct

A

uterine or fallopian tube

71
Q

Glossary: Ovulation

A

release of an egg (ovum) from the ovary

72
Q

Glossary: Ovum

A

female gamete; egg

73
Q

Glossary: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

Inflammatory disease of the female reproductive and other pelvic organs caused by a number of different pathogens, including those responsible for many sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as gonorrhea

74
Q

Glossary: Penis

A

organ that forms part of the male genitalia; when sexually aroused, becomes stiff to enable it to enter and deposit sperm in the vagina

75
Q

Glossary: Perineum

A

area between the anus and genitals

76
Q

Glossary: Polar body

A

A small, nonfunctional cell produced during meiotic divisions in the formation of the female gamete

77
Q

Glossary: Primary follicle

A

The type of ovarian follicle present at puberty; covered with granulosa cells

78
Q

Glossary: Primary spermatocyte

A

Developmental cell that undergoes meiosis to ultimately form sperm

79
Q

Glossary: Progesterone

A

hormone produced by the corpus luteum; stimulates secretion of the uterine lining; with estrogen, helps initiate the menstrual cycle in girls entering puberty

80
Q

Glossary: Proliferative phase

A

Phase of the menstrual cycle that begins after the menstrual flow ends and lasts until ovulation

81
Q

Glossary: Prostate cancer

A

malignancy of the prostate gland, an exocrine gland under the male urinary bladder

82
Q

Glossary: Prostate gland

A

Gland that lies just below the bladder; secretes a fluid that constitutes about 30% of the seminal fluid volume; helps to activate sperm and maintain their motility

83
Q

Glossary: Prostatectomy

A

Surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland

84
Q

Glossary: prostatitis

A

Inflammation of the prostate gland

85
Q

Glossary: Scrotum

A

Pouchlike sac that contains the testes

86
Q

Glossary: Secretatory phase

A

phase of the menstrual cycle that behind at ovulation and lasts until the next menses begins

87
Q

Glossary: Semen (seminal fluid)

A

male reproductive fluid; also called seminal fluid

88
Q

Glossary: Seminal vesicle

A

Paired, pouchlike gland that contributes about 60% of the seminal fluid volume; rich in fructose, which is a source of energy for sperm

89
Q

Glossary: Seminiferous tubule

A

Long, coiled structure that forms the bulk of the testicular mass

90
Q

Glossary: Sperm

A

the male spermatozoon; sex cell

91
Q

Glossary: Spermatid

A

resulting daughter cell from the primary spermatocyte undergoing meiosis; spermatid cells have only half the nuclear chromosomes of other body cells

92
Q

Glossary: Spermatogenesis

A

the production of sperm cells

93
Q

Glossary: Spermatogonia

A

sperm precursor cells

94
Q

Glossary: Spermatozoon

A

sperm cells

95
Q

Glossary: testis

A

male gonad that produces the male sex cells or sperm

96
Q

Glossary: Testosterone

A

male sex hormone produced by the interstitial cells in the testes; the “masculinizing hormone”

97
Q

Glossary: Tunica Albuginea

A

A tough, whitish membrane that surrounds each testis and enters the gland to divide in into lobules

98
Q

Glossary: Urethra

A

passageway for elimination of urine; in male, also acts as a genital duct that carries sperm to the exterior

99
Q

Glossary: Urologist

A

physician specializing in treatment of the urogenital (urinary and reproductive) tract

100
Q

Glossary: Uterine tube

A

either of the pair of tubes that conduct the ovum from the ovary to the uterus; also called fallopian tube

101
Q

Glossary: Uterus

A

hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and grows

102
Q

Glossary: Vagina

A

internal tube from the uterus to the vulva

103
Q

Glossary: Vas deferens (ductus deferens)

A

A thick, smooth, muscular tube that allows sperm to exit from the epididymis and pass from the scrotal sac into the abdominal cavity

104
Q

Glossary: Vestibule

A

Cavity that forms an entryway to another cavity; the vestibule of the inner ear is the space adjacent to the oval window between the semicircular canals and the cochlea; the vestibule of the vulva, between the labia, forms an entryway to the vagina

105
Q

Glossary: Vulva

A

external genitals of the female

106
Q

Glossary: Zygote

A

a fertilized ovum

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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