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Human Biology > Module 6 - Topic 3-4: The female Reproductive system and Embryo Development > Flashcards

Module 6 - Topic 3-4: The female Reproductive system and Embryo Development Flashcards

1
Q

female reproductive system function

A

produces female gametes
female sex hormones
provides environment for foetal development

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2
Q

ovaries

A

paried female gonads
upper pelvic cavity
held in place by ligaments
site of gamete production

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3
Q

prolapsed uterus

A

when ligaments are weak

causes uterus to fall

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4
Q

oogenesis

A

doesnt occur continuously through life

at birth, ovaries contain all possible oocytes

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5
Q

oocytes

A

have stopped in prophase 1 of meiosis 1

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6
Q

menstrual cycle

A

1 gamete matures and is released from graafian follicle

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7
Q

meiosis 2 of oocytes

A

occurs if there is fertilisation

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8
Q

oogenesis

A

produces 1 functional gametes and 3 non viable polar bodies

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9
Q

Primordial follicle

A

highly vascularised stroma of ovaries
consists of oocyte and supporting cells
single layer of squamous cells

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10
Q

primary follicle

A

FSH stimulates follicular cells (primordial) to become cuboidal then stratified

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11
Q

granulosa cells

A

contain granules

surround primary follicle

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12
Q

secondary follicle

A

has fluid filled cavity

the antrum

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13
Q

graafin follicle

A

large fluid filled follicle

follicle bulges from surface of ovary

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14
Q

corpus luteum

A 
yellow fibrous structure
remnants of ruptured graafian follicle 
produces progesterone 
promotes endometrium changes 
assists implanation 
degenerates to white fibrous tissue 
remnants of follicle
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15
Q

corpus albicans

A

white fibrous tissue degenerated from corpus luteum

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16
Q

fallopian tubes

A

tubes linking ovaries to uterus
receives oocytes and provide site for fertilisation
contain fimbria, infundibulum and cilia

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17
Q

fimbriae

A

finger like projections at tip of infundibulum

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18
Q

infundibulum

A

open funnel shaped portion of tube

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19
Q

cilia

A

lining fallopian tubes propel egg to uterus

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20
Q

uterus

A

hollow thick walled organ
sits in pelvic cavity
receives and sustains fertilised ovum in endometrium

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21
Q

anteflexion

A

uterus normally projects anteriorly and superiorly over urinary bladder (points forward)

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22
Q

retroflexion

A

posterior tilting of uterus

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23
Q

bicornuate

A

double uterus

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24
Q

uterus didelphys

A

double vagina, uterus and cervix

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25
Q

uterus muscle

A

myometrium (smooth muscle)

endometrium

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26
Q

endometrium

A

2 layers

functional and basal layer

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27
Q

functional layr

A

lines lumen

sheds during menstruation

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28
Q

lumen

A

hollow interior of uterus

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29
Q

basal layer

A

permanent deeper layer of endometrium
contains uterine glands
forms new functional layer after shedding

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30
Q

endometriosis

A

endometrial cells migrate from endometrium and lodge into other areas
cells still shed each month and causes bleeding within the body

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31
Q

menarche

A

commence period

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32
Q

menopause

A

finish period

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33
Q

day 1

A

1st day of bleeding

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34
Q

day 14

A

ovulation

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35
Q

hormone regulation

A

progesterone and oestrogen variation promote changes to endometrium

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36
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

ovum moves towards and down fallopian tubes

ovum degrades and endometrium sheds if fertilisation doesnt occur

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37
Q

3 phases of menstrual cycle

A

menstrual
proliferative
secretory

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38
Q

menstrual phase

A

functional layer of endometrium is shed

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39
Q

proliferative phase

A

functional layer of endometrium is rebuilt

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40
Q

secretory phase

A

begins immediately after ovulation

enrichment of blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepares endometrium to receive embryo

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41
Q

cervix

A

lower neck of uterus
2-3 cm long
has cervical canal

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42
Q

cervical canal

A

allows the menstrual blood to pass from uterus and sperm to pass into uterus

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43
Q

vagina

A

fibromuscular organ ending at the cervix

consists of inner mucosal layer, middle muscularis layer and outer adventitia

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44
Q

inner mucosal layer

A

stratified epithelium and connective tissue

large stores of glycogen breakdown to produce acidic pH

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45
Q

middle muscularis layer

A

smooth muscle that allows considerable stretch

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46
Q

outer adventitia

A

loose connective tissue that binds it to other organs

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47
Q

Vagina function

A

passageway for menstrual flow, intercourse and birth

opening is partially closed by hymen

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48
Q

hymen

A

fold of mucous and fibrous tissue that covers the entry of the vagina

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49
Q

mons pubis

A

fatty pad over pubis symphysis

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50
Q

labia majora and minora

A

folds of skin encircling vestibule where urethral and vaginal openings are

51
Q

clitoris

A

smal mass of erectile tissue with multiple nerve endings

52
Q

bulbs of vestibule

A

masses of erectile tissue deep into labia

forms internal part of clitoris

53
Q

antrum

A

space between oocyte and surrounding follicular cells that is filled with fluid

54
Q

ovulation

A

when antrum becomes so large and presses out developing follicle causing oocyte to burst through connective tissue capsule

55
Q

Hormonal regulation

A

hypothalumus releases gnRH which stimulates FSH and LH production

56
Q

FSH

A

stimulate development of ovarian follicles

lower levels of oestrogen

57
Q

low levels of oestrogen

A

negative feedback effect on release of hypothalamus and pituitary hormones

58
Q

14th day hormones

A

high quantities of oestrogen are produced by follicle that releases more FSH and LH

59
Q

Large increase of LH

A

just after ovulation
stimulates primary oocyte to complete first meiotic division
supports development of corpus luteum

60
Q

last 14 days of cycle

A

oestrogen and progesterone inhibit oogenesis, shutting down gnRh and FSh production and stimulate thickening of endometrium

61
Q

absence of pregnancy

A

progestrone and oestrogen decline and endometrium sheds

62
Q

if pregnancy occurs

A

placenta takes over hormone production

placenta produces HCG

63
Q

HCG

A

maintains corpus luteum until placenta is mature enough to produce oestrogen and progestrone

64
Q

human development - important processes

A

growth
differentation
morphogenesis

65
Q

morphogenesis

A

change of overall shape and organisation of embryo

66
Q

fertilisation

A

in fallopian tube

only one sperm will successfully penetrate

67
Q

zona pellucida

A

outer glycoprotein coat of ova

68
Q

acrosomal reaction

A

sperm releases digestive enzymes from acrosomal cap

69
Q

cellular extension

A

from head of sperm
protrudes towards plasma membrane via actin filaments
docks the sperm surface receptors with ovum cell receptors and guides movement of sperm cell nucleus into cytoplasm of ovum

70
Q

polyspermy

A

several sperm into single eg

71
Q

mechanisms to stop polyspermy

A

fast block

slow block

72
Q

fast block

A

electric fence

as one sperm enters, Na ions are released into ovum causing membrane to depolarise, preventing other sperm from entering

73
Q

slow block

A

castle moat
calcium ions are released causing granules located under ovum membrane to spill enzyme into extracellular space between ovum and membrane
enzymes attract water so space fills up and detaches and washes away any other sperm

74
Q

zonal inhibitory proteins

A

enzyme released by ovum granules that destroy sperm binding receptors and attract water

75
Q

cleavage

A

first 4 cell divisions following fertilisation

without an increase in overall size

76
Q

Morula

A

following cleavage
16 cell structure
surface is smoother due to compaction

77
Q

compaction

A

boundaries between adjacent cells become less obvious as they become more adhesive

78
Q

blastula

A

end of first week after fertilisation
embryonic cells have become organised into blastula which contains outer single layer of cells (trophoblast) and inner cell mass
trophoblast takes part in placenta formation
inner cell mass becomes embryonic disc

79
Q

blastocyst cavity

A

seperate trophoblast layer and inner cell mass

80
Q

Implanation

A

beggining of week 2
implanation of blastocyst into endometrium
outer trophoblast cells release enzymes that digest wall of endometrium
outer most cells of trophoblast begin to burrow into endometrium

81
Q

syncytio-trophoblast

A

outermost cells of trophoblast

82
Q

cyto-trophoblast

A

remaining inner components of trophoblasts

83
Q

Gastrulation

A

cells of inner cell mass reorganise and give rise to 3 layer
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

84
Q

ectoderm

A 
outer layer
will give rise to:
epidermis of skin
epithelial cells that line start and end of GI tract
nervous system
85
Q

mesoderm

A 
middle layer
gives rise to:
musculo-skeletal system
circulatory system 
sub epithelial layers of digestive and airways
dermis of skin
excretory system
86
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer
epithelial lining of digestive tract and airways
associated glands

87
Q

Neurulation

A

development of nervous system

region with ectoderm invaginates downwards towards mesoderm and eventually buds off into neural tube

88
Q

anterior end of neural tube

A

develops into brain

89
Q

posterior end of neural tube

A

develops into spinal cord

90
Q

Amniotic sac

A

important extracellular membrane
surrounds developing embryo to provide support and protection
made from ectoderm

91
Q

yolk sac

A

made from endoderm

where blood cells are formed and give rise to allantois

92
Q

allantois

A

tubular structure that forms blood vessels of umblicial cord

93
Q

chorionic membrane

A

made from mesoderm

splits into inner and outer layer

94
Q

outer layer of chorion

A

combines with cytotrophoblast cells to form network of blood capillaries with placenta

95
Q

inner layer of chorion

A

around amniotic membrane

96
Q

Parturition (birth)

A

cells within foetus produce oxytocin which acts on placenta
placenta releases prostaglandins
increasing physical and emotional stress activates mother hypothalamus

97
Q

last 2 weeks of pregnancy

A

oestrogen peaks which stimulates myometrium to form oxytocin receptors

98
Q

prostaglandins and oxytocin role in birth

A

powerful uterine muscle stimulants

99
Q

mother increasing hypothalamus activity

A

triggers posterior pituitary to secrete oxytocin and increase positive feedback

100
Q

labor - hormones

A

decrease of progesterone and increase of hPL, hCT, oestrogen, oxytocin, relaxin and prostaglandins

101
Q

relaxin

A

causes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis to relax widen and become more flexible

102
Q

hPL

A

stimulates maturation of breasts for lactation

103
Q

hCT

A

ensures foetus has calcium for bone formation

104
Q

true labor

A

uterine contractions occur at regular intervals

105
Q

symptoms of true labor

A 
contractions produce strong pain
contraction intervals shorten 
contractions intensify
localisation of pain in back 
discharge of bloody mucus 
dilation of cervix
106
Q

false labor

A

weak contractions

mild pain felt at irregular intervals

107
Q

braxton hicks

A

irregular contractions

108
Q

stage 1 of true labor

A

stage of dilation
from onset of labor to complete dilation of cervix
regular contractions of uterus
amniotic sac ruptures

109
Q

stage 2 of true labor

A

stage of expulsion

from complete cervical dilation to delivery of baby

110
Q

stage of true labor

A

placental stage
after delivery until placenta is expelled
contractions constrict blood vessels that were torn during delivery

111
Q

foetus hormones - labor

A

secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine to provide protection against stress

112
Q

puerperium

A

stage after birth when maternal organs return to pre preganacy stage

113
Q

puerperium - key types

A

uterus reduces in size
cervix loses elasticity
lochia appears

114
Q

lochia

A

uterine discharge that consists of blood and serous fluid

115
Q

respiratory adjustments

A

blood carbon dioxide levels increase stimulating respiratory centre in brain
baby exhales vigourously

116
Q

cardiovascular adjustments

A

foramen ovale between atria of heart closes
ductus arteriosus closes
umblical arteries become medial umblical ligaments and umblical vein becomes ligament of liver
oxygen use increases which stimulates increase in erthrocyte and hemoglobin production

117
Q

Anencephaly

A

major portion of brain missing

118
Q

neural groove

A

future spinal cord and brain

119
Q

somites

A

bands of tissue becomes muscles and bones

120
Q

pharyngeal arches

A

future neck, face, mouth and nose

121
Q

relaxin

A

causes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis to relax, widen and become more flexible

122
Q

before ovulation - hormones

A

oestrogen increases from day 1 to just before ovulation when lh has large surge and smaller surge of fsh

123
Q

after ovulation - hormones

A

Lh and FSH drop and progesterone surges

Human Biology (14 decks)

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