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Human Biology > Module 5 - Topic 1 - 2A: The Respiratory System and The Digestive System > Flashcards

Module 5 - Topic 1 - 2A: The Respiratory System and The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Conducting Region

A

a system of tubes that provide passage for air to enter and leave lungs

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2
Q

Respiratory Region

A

site of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood stream and atmosphere

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3
Q

Conducting Region - place

A

begins with nose and extends down into lungs

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4
Q

Structures that air passes to

A 
nasal or oral cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
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5
Q

Function of conducting region

A

pathway for gases to enter and leave body

trap and expel most particulate matter

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6
Q

How particles are trapped

A

by mucus produced by goblet cells

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7
Q

Cilia function

A

produce currents that sweep mucus and particles towards oesophagus where it is spat out or swallowed and digested

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8
Q

Epithelium of upper respiratory tract

A

multiple layers of squamous epithelial that resists wear and tear and assists food transportation

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9
Q

Mucus function

A

traps particles and moistens and warms incoming air, prevents airways from drying out

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10
Q

branching of airways - structure

A

gradual change in structure

epithelium becomes flatter and cilia and goblet cells disappear as you move down bronchial tree

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11
Q

smooth muscle function

A

enables diameter of airways and regulates air flow

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12
Q

broncho - constricition

A

contraction of smooth muscle

causes narrowing of airways

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13
Q

broncho-dilation

A

relaxation of smooth muscle

causes opening of airways

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14
Q

Respiration region - function

A

gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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15
Q

Respiration region - structures

A

respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

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16
Q

Alveoli - function

A

site of gas exchange

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17
Q

Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts - function

A

passage for gas to enter and leave alveoli

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18
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

bunches of alveoli

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19
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

barrier in each alveolus through which gas diffuses

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20
Q

Respiratory membrane - make up

A

alveolar Type 1 cell
endothelial cell
collagen fibres

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21
Q

Alveolar type 1 cells

A

single flattened alveolar epithelial cell

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22
Q

Endothelial cell

A

single flattened blood capillary epithelial cell

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23
Q

type 2 cells

A

produce surfactant

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24
Q

Surfactant

A

reduces surface tension of watery fluid that coats the surface of alveolus

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25
Q

SIDS

A

decreased surfactant production

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26
Q

Macrophages in alveoli

A

maintain sterility of alveoli

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27
Q

alveolar pores

A

allows air pressure throughout lungs to be equalised and provide alternate routes for air to pass to any alveoli

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28
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

skeletal muscles that surround the thoracic cavity

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29
Q

What surrounds thoracic cavity

A

ribcage
skeletal muscles
diaphragm

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30
Q

inspiration

A

breathing in

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31
Q

expiration

A

breathing out

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32
Q

how contraction occur

A

coordinated contraction of intercostal and diaphragm muscles

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33
Q

thoracic cavity - volume increase

A

pull ribcage upwards and outwards

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34
Q

Increase in thoracic cavity volujme

A

decrease in pressure causing negative pressure

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35
Q

negative pressure

A

causes atmospheric air to be sucked into lungs

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36
Q

decrease in thoracic cavity volume

A

ribcage is pressed inwards, pressure in cavity decreases, and air is pushed out

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37
Q

pleural cavities

A

surrounds each lung

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38
Q

pleural cavity - makeup

A

thin cavities formed of serous membrane

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39
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane covering lungs

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40
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers each lung

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41
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines thoracic wall

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42
Q

decreases in pressure in thoracic cavity

A

pull on pleural cavities, promotes expansion of lungs

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43
Q

increase in pressure in thoracic cavity

A

exerts pressure on pleural cavities which causes lungs to expel air

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44
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

always slightly less than atmospheric pressure within alveoli

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45
Q

imbalance in pressure

A

prevents collapse of alveoli and lungs

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46
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of pleurae, as a result of pneumonia, hinders breathing

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47
Q

atelectasis

A

lung collapse

air enters the pleural cavity through chest wound or rupture of visceral pleura

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48
Q

pneumothorax

A

presence of air within intrapleural space

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49
Q

movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

simple diffusion

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50
Q

concentration of gases

A

referred to as partial pressure

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51
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

composite of all partial pressures

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52
Q

one atmosphere

A

760 mmHg

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53
Q

what regulates diffusion of gases

A

relative solubility and difference in partial pressure

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54
Q

carbon dioxide water solubility

A

20 times more soluble in water that oxygen

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55
Q

oxygen solubility

A

poorly soluble in water and plasma

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56
Q

majority of oxygen - transport

A

carried by haemoglobin

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57
Q

higher the concentration of oxygen

A

better chance of oxygen being bound to haemoglobin

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58
Q

oxyhaemoglobin

A

haemoglobin and oxygen combination

HbO2

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59
Q

deoxyhaemoglobin

A

haemoglobin that has released attached oxygen

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60
Q

fully saturated

A

when all four heme groups are bound to oxygen

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61
Q

allosteric binding

A

the chances of the first molecule enhances the binding of the second heme group

62
Q

rate at which haemoglobin binds or releases oxygen - factors

A 
concentration of oxygen 
temp
blood Ph
concentration of carbon dioxide 
concentration of organic molecules
63
Q

rate at which haemoglobin binds or releases oxygen -

concentration of oxygen

A

produces an oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve

64
Q

rate at which haemoglobin binds or releases oxygen - temp

A

increasing temp aids oxygen unloading

65
Q

rate at which haemoglobin binds or releases oxygen - blood pH

A

if blood is too acidic, unloading is accelrated

66
Q

rate at which haemoglobin binds or releases oxygen - concentration of carbon dioxide

A

increasing concentration produces acidic pH therefore oxygen unloading is increased

67
Q

rate at which haemoglobin binds or releases oxygen - concentration of organic chemicals

A

high levels of BPG (produced by red blood cells) aids oxygen unloading

68
Q

loading and unloading of oxygen equation

A

lung –>
HHb + o2 –> Hb-O2 + H+
tissues

69
Q

when blood travels through lungs - oxygen concentration

A

enhances the binding of oxygen

70
Q

carbon dioxide reacts with water

A

forms carbonic acid which disscoiates into bicarbonate ions

71
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

increases bicarbonate formation

72
Q

carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer

A

resists shifts in blood pH and aids maintains homeostasis

73
Q

chloride shift

A

chloride ions move from plasma to red blood cells to counterbalance the quick diffusion of bicarbonate ions

74
Q

carbon dioxide binding

A

binds to amino acids within globin protein chains of haemoglobin molecule

75
Q

control of respiration

A

activity of nerves in hypothalamus, medulla oblongata and pons
stimulation of chemoreceptors

76
Q

Hypothalamus control

A

strong emotions and pain activate sympathetic nerve centres

sends signals to respiratory centres that modify the rate and depth of respiration

77
Q

Medulla Oblongata control

A

by 2 neurons
dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group

78
Q

dorsal respiratory group

A

inspiratory centre controls basic pace and rhythm

79
Q

Ventral respiratory group

A

expiratory centre role in forced breathing when strenous breathing is required

80
Q

The pons control

A

pnemotaxic centre and apneustic centre

81
Q

pnemotaxic centre

A

fine tunes the breathing rhythm and prevents lung over inflation

82
Q

Apnuestic centre

A

prolongs inspiration and causes breath holding in inspriatory phase

83
Q

The chemoreceptors control

A

respond to changing levels of CO2, H+ and O2 and found in two location

84
Q

locations of chemoreceptors

A

central ( in CNS)

peripheral ( in carotid arteries of neck and aorta)

85
Q

digestive system

A

long winding tube with several specialised organs attached at various points along its length

86
Q

Main tube like part of digestive system

A

gastrointestinal tract

87
Q

digestive system - function

A

acquire nutrients and water from the external environment and removes wastes

88
Q

Ingestion

A

takes place within mouth and oesphagus

89
Q

Propulsion

A

continually occurs throughout GI tract

90
Q

Digestion

A

takes place in mouth, stomach and small intestine

91
Q

Nutreint and water absorption

A

takes place in small and large intestine

92
Q

Defecation

A

removal of wastes

93
Q

Makeup of GI tract

A

epithelial lining changes throughout but begins and ends with multiple layers of flattened cells in mouth and anus
in between mouth and anus epithelium varies in accordance with activites

94
Q

Mucosa

A

inner most layer of GI tract
secretes mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones
absorbs nutrients
protects against infection by possessing mucosa associated lymphiod tissue

95
Q

Muscularis Mucosae

A

thin layer of smooth muscle that produces twitching contractions of overlying epithelium and prevents material from building up and clogging GI tract
folds the epithelium of small intestine into villi

96
Q

Submucosa

A

rich supply of blood vessels, nerves, lymph nodes and lymph vessels

97
Q

Muscularis

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle
propels contents of GI tract forward and assists digestion

98
Q

Segmentation

A

mixing of contents

99
Q

peristalsis

A

propulsion of contents

100
Q

serosa

A

protective outer layer composed of connective tissue

101
Q

Oral cavity

A

contains salivary ducts, teeth, tongue and taste buds

initial site of chemical and mechanical digestion

102
Q

Oropharynx

A

back of throat, below nasopharynx

contains tonsils and epiglottis

103
Q

Oesophagus

A

muscular tube

goes through diaphragm and joins to stomach

104
Q

gastro oesphogael sphincter

A

band of circular smooth muscle that stops food from the stomach reentering the oesophagus

105
Q

sphincter

A

rubber band like valve

106
Q

gastric reflux and oesophageal ulcers

A

weakening of gastro-oesophageal

107
Q

Stomach

A

storage tank where chemical digestion of proteins begins
walls contain 3 layers of smooth muscle - allows churning and mixing of food
in stomach epithelium, deep gastric pits lead down into gastric glands

108
Q

Chyme

A

creamy paste of digested food made in stomach

109
Q

rugae

A

mucosal surface that contains large longitudinal folds which allow expansion of stomach

110
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

joins stomach to small intestine

111
Q

Parietal cells

A

gastric gland - secrete digestive acid

112
Q

Chief cells

A

gastric glands - produce pepsinogen

113
Q

pepsinogen

A

is converted into active pepsin that digests proteins in the presence of HCL

114
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

gastric glands - release substances like gastrin and other hormones

115
Q

gastrin

A

stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl

116
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

produced by stomach

must be present for B12 to be absorbed

117
Q

small intestine

A

main site of nutrient absorption
divided into 3 sections
duodenum, jejunum and ileum

118
Q

duodenum

A

first section, bile duct from liver and pancreatic duct from pancreas

119
Q

jejunum

A

middle part of small intestine

120
Q

ileum

A

last part of small intestine

121
Q

brush border cells

A

individual intestinal epithelial absorptive cells comprising each villi
contain disaccharidases

122
Q

disaccharidases

A

enzymes which aid in digestion of carbs and sugars

123
Q

lipase

A

enzyme that digests lipids

124
Q

proteinases

A

enzyme that aids digestion of proteins

125
Q

Villus structure

A

contains a blood capillary system and lymphatic vessel

126
Q

blood capillary system

A

absorbs amino acids from proteins and simple sugars

127
Q

Lymphatic vessel

A

absorbs fats into lympathic system

128
Q

crypts

A

small intestinal mucosa pits that secrete intestinal juices

129
Q

Duodenal glands

A

in duodenum submucosa secrete alkaline bicarbonate rich mucus that helps neutralise the acid entering from stomach

130
Q

goblet cells

A

produce mucus and protect epithelium from HCL

131
Q

Large intestine

A

main site of water absorption
no villi
many goblet cells
contains bacterial flora

132
Q

bacterial flora

A

bacteria that colonises the large intestine and ferment some of the indigestible carbs
synthesises B complex vitamins and vitamin K

133
Q

teniae coli

A

3 ribbons that reduce the longitudinal muscle in wall of large intestine
causes large intestine to pucker up into pocket like sacs

134
Q

haustra

A

pocket like sacs in large intestine

135
Q

large intestine - division

A 
4 parts
cecum 
colon
rectum
anal canal
136
Q

cecum

A

pouch like section that is just after ileocaecal valve that contains appendix

137
Q

colon

A 
ascending colon (upwards)
transverse colon (across)
descending colon (down)
sigmoid colon (s shaped)
138
Q

rectum

A

straight out

139
Q

anal canal

A

contains internal and external anal sphincters

140
Q

Epiglottis

A

covers hole in trachea
stops food from entering lungs
elastic cartilage

141
Q

Larynx

A

patent open airway
switches mechanism to route air and food
made of cartilage
voice production

142
Q

pitch of voice box

A

length and tension of folds

143
Q

Voice box

A

loudness depends on force of air stream

slow vibrate = deep voice

144
Q

Defacation

A

mass movement makes sensory receptors signal involuntary sphincters

145
Q

Diverticulitis

A

associated with aging

pressure causes bulging pockets

146
Q

Why we vomit

A

sensory impulses to brain
abdominal skeletal muscles and diaphragm contract
oesophagus sphincter releases

147
Q

gamma cells

A

reduces appetite

releases pancreatic polypeptide

148
Q

epsilon cells

A

secretes ghrelin
hunger hormone
secreted into stomach before meals

149
Q

uvula

A

flap that stop food from going up into back of nose

150
Q

pleurae

A

serous sac encasing each lung

151
Q

inhaling

A

muscles contract and pleural and thoracic pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

152
Q

exhaling

A

muscles relax and pleural and thoracic pressure is bigger than atmospheric

Human Biology (14 decks)

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