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Human Biology > Module 4 - Topics 1-2: The Circulatory system and the Lymphatic system > Flashcards

Module 4 - Topics 1-2: The Circulatory system and the Lymphatic system Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood functions

A 
transport of nutrients and gases
transport of waste products away from cells
transport of hormones 
regulation of body temp
regulation pH 
regulation and maintenance of fluid volume 
prevention of blood loss
prevention of infections
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2
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells
carry CO2
flexible and contain haemoglobin

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3
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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4
Q

Platelets

A

thrombocytes

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5
Q

Red blood cell production

A

in red bone marrow

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6
Q

Mature Red blood cells

A

no nucleus

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7
Q

blood groups

A

defined by specialised surface proteins and the presence of antigens A and B

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8
Q

haemoglobin molecule

A

composed of 4 protein sub units bound together and each unit contains iron centre (heme)

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9
Q

Heme

A

iron centre that carries an oxygen molecule

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10
Q

Erythropoietin

A

controls red blood cell production

produce in kidneys

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11
Q

White blood cell shape

A

circular containing circular nucleus

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12
Q

Red blood cell shape

A

flat disc

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13
Q

White blood cell function

A

protect against infection

assist in recycling cellular debris

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14
Q

Types of White blood cells

A

Granular and agranular

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15
Q

Granular white blood cells

A

have cytoplasmic granules, specialised lysosomes

which destroy bacteria

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16
Q

eosinophils

A

also as acidophils

granules that stain with acid (red) dyes

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17
Q

Basophils

A

granules stain with basic (blue) dye

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18
Q

Neutrophils

A

granules have neutral staining properties so take up both dyes and are stained purple

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19
Q

majority of granular leukocytes

A

are neutrophils

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20
Q

eosinphil function

A

protect body against parasites

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21
Q

Feature of granular leukocytes

A

multilobed nucleus that appear separated, but are actually joined by chromatin

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22
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A

without granules

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23
Q

Monocytes

A

agranular leukocytes that are primarily phagocytic cells that break down bacteria into smaller molecules that can be recognised by the immune system

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24
Q

Monocyte shape

A

large cells with a u shaped nucleus

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25
Q

Lymphocytes

A

agranular leukocytes, found in large numbers in lymphoid tissue

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26
Q

Lymphocyte shape

A

large spherical nucleus with thin outer rim of cytoplasm

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27
Q

T cells

A

lymphocytes that attack infected cells

mature in thymus

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28
Q

B cells

A

lymphocytes that produce antibodies

mature in red bone marrow

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29
Q

Chemotaxis

A

ability to sense and migrate towards chemical signals released by bacteria and damaged tissue

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30
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets
small fragments of cells
no nucleus so last 10 days if not clotting

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31
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

produced by liver

stimulates bone marrow production of platelets

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32
Q

Platelet function

A

stick together and assist in clot formation and tissue repair

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33
Q

Plasma

A

90% water with salts, proteins and hormones

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34
Q

Plasma components

A

albumin
the blood clotting system
globulins

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35
Q

Albumin

A

major plasma protein that accounts for 60% of plasma protein
produced in liver

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36
Q

Albumin function

A

transports other molecules
buffers blood pH
contributing to the osmosis pressure
distribution of body heat

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37
Q

The blood clotting system

A

chemical reactions are triggered that contribute to the formation of a fibrous clot

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38
Q

thrombus

A

fibrous clot

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39
Q

Serum

A

plasma minus the clotting system proteins

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40
Q

Hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding

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41
Q

hemostasis reaction phases

A

vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation (blood clotting)

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42
Q

Globulins

A

three types (alpha, beta and gamma)

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43
Q

Gamma globulins

A

antibodies produced by b lymphocytes during immune response

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44
Q

Heart shape

A

broad flat base - directed towards right shoulder

apex - points down towards left hip

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45
Q

Point of maximal intensity

A

where the apex comes in contact with chest wall

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46
Q

Right hand side of heart

A

receives deoxygenated blood from body and delivers it to the lungs for oxygenation

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47
Q

Left side of heart

A

receives oxygenated blood from lungs and delivers it to body

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48
Q

Atrium

A

upper chamber

receives blood into heart

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49
Q

Ventricle

A

lower chamber
ejects blood out of heart
trabeculae carnae

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50
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

delivers blood to and from lungs

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51
Q

Systemic circuit

A

serves the remainder of the body

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52
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

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53
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

carries oxygenated blood back to heart from body

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54
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from heart
thick tunica media
contains layers of elastin fibres
no valves

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55
Q

Veins

A 
carry blood to heart 
thin walls 
very little elastin fibres 
valves that prevent backflow 
more fibrous layer
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56
Q

Cuspid valves

A

point values

controlled by tiny strings

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57
Q

chordae tendinea

A

tiny strings of tendon that control cuspid valves

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58
Q

papillary muscles

A

control pulling of the strings

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59
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

3 points

right side of heart between right atrium and ventricle

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60
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

2 points

left atrium and ventricle

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61
Q

Semi - lunar valves

A

in right ventricle at beginning of pulmonary artery

in left ventricle at beginning of aorta

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62
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A 
myocardium
striated 
involuntary 
short, fat, branched cells with a few nuclei
with intercalated dics
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63
Q

intercalated discs

A

specialised connections that consist of ahesive connections and gap junctions

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64
Q

Adhesive connections

A

desmosomes, tiny rivets, that prevent the heart from ripping itself open when contracting

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65
Q

Gap junctions

A

tiny sieves that allow rapid communication between all cardiac cells

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66
Q

Gap junctions - membrane potential

A

behave like channels that enables changes in membrane potential to flow from one cell to the next very rapidly

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67
Q

Intrinsic conduction system of the heart

A

allows the heart to contract independently of stimulation by nervous system

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68
Q

autorhythmic cell

A

ability to spontaneously depolarise
special cell membrane ion channels
fastest cells located in SA node

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69
Q

purkinje fibres

A

extensions of autorhythmic cells

70
Q

sinoatrial node

A

located at top right atrium that depolarise faster than any other cardiac tissue so it sets pace of heart

71
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

recieves impulses from SA node
located in bottom of right atrium which delays impulses allowing the atria to complete the contraction before ventricles contract

72
Q

AV bundle

A

top of interventricular septum which divide into 2 bundles and passes impulse to the left and right bundle branches
electrical link between atria and ventricles

73
Q

left and right bundle branches

A

move the impulse down the cardiac septum towards apex

74
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

transmit impulse to cardiac muscle tissue of ventricles

75
Q

Capillaries

A

exchange nutrients and waste between tissue cells and blood stream
branch of arterioles

76
Q

arterioles

A

branches of arteries

77
Q

venules

A

made of converge capillaries

branches that merge to form veins

78
Q

tunica intima

A

inner layer single layer of flattened epithelial resting on a thin layer of connective tissue, basement membrane

79
Q

endothelium

A

inside layer of epithelial cells

80
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer - concentric layers of smooth muscle cells

81
Q

tunica externa

A

outermost layer - primarily connective tissue that attaches blood vessels to surrounding structures

82
Q

Tunica media of arteries

A

thicker and bound by internal and external elastin fibre sheets to allow arteries to maintain diameter

83
Q

veins - makeup

A

numerous internal values
thicker outer fibrous layer
small amounts of elastin

84
Q

internal valves of viens

A

aid the flow of blood from body back to heart

85
Q

capillaries makeup

A

consist of tunica intima

86
Q

capillary waste transfer

A

direct diffusion and vesicular transport

87
Q

tight junctions in capillaries

A

often incomplete which allows passage of molecules that are normally too large to diffuse

88
Q

leaky capillary

A

means that there is a gradual flow of fluid out of blood stream into tissues

89
Q

rate of flow

A

dependent on blood pressure within capillaries

90
Q

extracellular fluid

A

interstitial fluid that remains within tissues

91
Q

oedema

A

large portion of interstitial fluid in tissue

92
Q

lympathic system role

A

return extracellular fluid to blood stream so normal blood volume and pressure can be maintained

93
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

elaborate drainage system of blind ended capillary structures

94
Q

lymph

A

clear plasma in lympathic vessels

95
Q

lympathic vessel permability

A

more permeable than capillaries

96
Q

lympathetic capillary makeup

A

lined inside by single layer of flattened epithelial cells that have overlapping endothelial cells to form flap like mini valves

97
Q

cellular overlapping

A

allows fluid to enter capillaries when pressure outisde capillary is greater than inside

98
Q

lymphatic ducts

A

large lympathic vessels

drain lymph directly back into major veins

99
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

collects lymph from right arm and right side of head and chest

100
Q

thoracic duct

A

collects lymph from rest of body

101
Q

swelling of tissue

A

caused by an increase in permeability of blood vessels at sites of inflammation

102
Q

lymph nodes

A

small filter units that filter lymph
contain phagocytic defence cells that ingest foreign materials
contain lymphocytes that produce antibodies to the foreign materials

103
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytic defence cells made from monocytes

104
Q

lymphoid organs

A 
spleen
thymus
tonsils
lymph nodes
peyers patches
105
Q

lymphoid organs

A

encapsulated within outer layer of connective tissue

106
Q

lymph nodules

A

non encapsulated lymphoid tissues

107
Q

palatine tonsils

A

either side at back of throat

108
Q

lingual tonsils

A

base of tongue

109
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils

A

back of nose

110
Q

Tubal tonsils

A

around openings of auditory tubes

111
Q

spleen function

A

storage of breakdown products of red blood cells
storage of blood platelets
lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
reservoir of blood supply

112
Q

Hypoxia

A

lack of oxygen
reduced number of RBC
insufficient haemoglobin

113
Q

Anaemia

A

oxygen carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism

114
Q

Blood Group A

A

a antigens antibody B

115
Q

Blood Group B

A

b antigens antibody A

116
Q

Blood Group AB

A

both

117
Q

Blood Group O

A

neither, both antibodies

118
Q

RH+

A

presence of RH factor

119
Q

RH-

A

absence of RH factor

120
Q

Antigen D antibodies

A

present when RH- individuals are exposed to RH+ blood

121
Q

Pericardium

A

outer fibrous sac

inner serous layer that secretes fluid to prevent friction

122
Q

Myocardium

A

thick cardaic walls
cardiomyocytes
striated

123
Q

Endocardium

A

innermost surface that lines the heart chambers
endothelium continuation of blood vessels
simple squamous epithelium

124
Q

Aorta

A

largest artery

125
Q

Right atria

A

Blood enters 3 veins

superior and inferior vena cava

126
Q

Left atria

A

blood enters via 4 pulmonary veins

fossa ovalis

127
Q

cardiac septum

A

seperates left and right of heart

128
Q

RIght ventricle

A

to pulmonary trunk

129
Q

Left ventricle

A

to body via aorta

130
Q

Ventricular septal defect

A

superior part of interventricular septum fails to form allowing mixture of blood

131
Q

Coartation of aorta

A

aorta is narrowed, increased workload of left ventricle

132
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A

multiple defects

pulmonary trunk too narrow

133
Q

Patent ductus arteriousus

A

ductus arteriousus is a normal foetal blood vessel that close after birth

134
Q

“lub”

A

closing of atrioventricular valves

135
Q

“dub”

A

closing of semilunar valves

136
Q

ECG

A

electrical impulses generated by the heart are measured

shows current arising from electrical activity of heart

137
Q

P wave

A

start

atrial depolarisation

138
Q

QRS

A

middle

ventricular depolarisation

139
Q

T wave

A

end

ventricular repolaristion

140
Q

Homeostatic imbalance

A

SA or AV node block

141
Q

Junctional rhythm

A

SA node nonfunctional
no p wave
AV node paces heart slowly

142
Q

2nd Heart block

A

partial conduction from SA node

more p waves

143
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

total erractic contraction of ventricles

144
Q

defibrillator

A

stops the heart in order to set pace again

145
Q

Systole

A

period of ventricular contraction

blood ejected from heart

146
Q

Diastole

A

period of ventricular relaxtion

147
Q

Blood pressure

A

diastole and systole

measured in mmHG

148
Q

Heart rate

A

pulse

number of cardiac cycles per time

149
Q

pulse sites

A

9 common sites

150
Q

pulse

A

pressure waves resulting from the expansion and recoil of the elastic arteries during each cycle

151
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of the lumen of a blood vessels due to relaxation of smooth muscle within tunica media
increases blood flow
controlled by sympathetic nervous

152
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

reduction of lumen diameter due to contraction of smooth muscle within tunica media
decrease in blood flow to the tissue
controlled by sympathetic system

153
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

formation of fatty plaques on inside of artery

obstructed lumen

154
Q

varicose veins

A

venous value weakening

155
Q

continuous capillaries

A

tightly bound with small gaps

156
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

have pores

157
Q

sinusoid capillaries

A

most permeable but limited location

158
Q

papillary muscles relax

A

chordiae tendenae slack valves open

159
Q

papillary muscles contract

A

chordae tendineae tight, valves close

160
Q

vagus nerve

A

slows heart rate

parasympathetic

161
Q

anatomical signs of inflammation

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain, imparied function

162
Q

histological signs of inflammation

A

leukocyte accumulation

163
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

cell stickiness and rigid shape causes aggulation and blocked vessels
causes mutation in haemoglobin beta gene

164
Q

porphyria

A

low number of erythrocytes
pale skin and blue lips
reddish purple urine
causes an overproduction of porphyrin in heme

165
Q

Neonatal jaundice

A

newborn skin colour appears orange due to bilibrubin build up

166
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

spontaneous bleeding into tissue due to platelet defincency

167
Q

oedema

A

fluid leakage from blood into tissues due to reduced levels of albumin

168
Q

atherosclerosis

A

blood flow space is reduced, causes heart attack and stroke, due to fatty plaques in artery

169
Q

elephantiasis

A

tissue swelling due to blocked lymph vessels

170
Q

carbon monoxide poisoning

A

cherry red appearance, CO binds to heme group more successfully than O2

Human Biology (14 decks)

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