Module 4 - Topics 1-2: The Circulatory system and the Lymphatic system Flashcards
Blood functions
transport of nutrients and gases transport of waste products away from cells transport of hormones regulation of body temp regulation pH regulation and maintenance of fluid volume prevention of blood loss prevention of infections
Erythrocytes
red blood cells
carry CO2
flexible and contain haemoglobin
leukocytes
white blood cells
Platelets
thrombocytes
Red blood cell production
in red bone marrow
Mature Red blood cells
no nucleus
blood groups
defined by specialised surface proteins and the presence of antigens A and B
haemoglobin molecule
composed of 4 protein sub units bound together and each unit contains iron centre (heme)
Heme
iron centre that carries an oxygen molecule
Erythropoietin
controls red blood cell production
produce in kidneys
White blood cell shape
circular containing circular nucleus
Red blood cell shape
flat disc
White blood cell function
protect against infection
assist in recycling cellular debris
Types of White blood cells
Granular and agranular
Granular white blood cells
have cytoplasmic granules, specialised lysosomes
which destroy bacteria
eosinophils
also as acidophils
granules that stain with acid (red) dyes
Basophils
granules stain with basic (blue) dye
Neutrophils
granules have neutral staining properties so take up both dyes and are stained purple
majority of granular leukocytes
are neutrophils
eosinphil function
protect body against parasites
Feature of granular leukocytes
multilobed nucleus that appear separated, but are actually joined by chromatin
Agranular leukocytes
without granules
Monocytes
agranular leukocytes that are primarily phagocytic cells that break down bacteria into smaller molecules that can be recognised by the immune system
Monocyte shape
large cells with a u shaped nucleus
Lymphocytes
agranular leukocytes, found in large numbers in lymphoid tissue
Lymphocyte shape
large spherical nucleus with thin outer rim of cytoplasm
T cells
lymphocytes that attack infected cells
mature in thymus
B cells
lymphocytes that produce antibodies
mature in red bone marrow
Chemotaxis
ability to sense and migrate towards chemical signals released by bacteria and damaged tissue
thrombocytes
platelets
small fragments of cells
no nucleus so last 10 days if not clotting
Thrombopoietin
produced by liver
stimulates bone marrow production of platelets
Platelet function
stick together and assist in clot formation and tissue repair
Plasma
90% water with salts, proteins and hormones
Plasma components
albumin
the blood clotting system
globulins
Albumin
major plasma protein that accounts for 60% of plasma protein
produced in liver
Albumin function
transports other molecules
buffers blood pH
contributing to the osmosis pressure
distribution of body heat
The blood clotting system
chemical reactions are triggered that contribute to the formation of a fibrous clot
thrombus
fibrous clot
Serum
plasma minus the clotting system proteins
Hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
hemostasis reaction phases
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation (blood clotting)
Globulins
three types (alpha, beta and gamma)
Gamma globulins
antibodies produced by b lymphocytes during immune response
Heart shape
broad flat base - directed towards right shoulder
apex - points down towards left hip
Point of maximal intensity
where the apex comes in contact with chest wall
Right hand side of heart
receives deoxygenated blood from body and delivers it to the lungs for oxygenation
Left side of heart
receives oxygenated blood from lungs and delivers it to body
Atrium
upper chamber
receives blood into heart
Ventricle
lower chamber
ejects blood out of heart
trabeculae carnae
Pulmonary circuit
delivers blood to and from lungs
Systemic circuit
serves the remainder of the body
Pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
Pulmonary vein
carries oxygenated blood back to heart from body
Arteries
carry blood away from heart
thick tunica media
contains layers of elastin fibres
no valves
Veins
carry blood to heart thin walls very little elastin fibres valves that prevent backflow more fibrous layer
Cuspid valves
point values
controlled by tiny strings
chordae tendinea
tiny strings of tendon that control cuspid valves
papillary muscles
control pulling of the strings
Tricuspid valve
3 points
right side of heart between right atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid valve
2 points
left atrium and ventricle
Semi - lunar valves
in right ventricle at beginning of pulmonary artery
in left ventricle at beginning of aorta
Cardiac muscle tissue
myocardium striated involuntary short, fat, branched cells with a few nuclei with intercalated dics
intercalated discs
specialised connections that consist of ahesive connections and gap junctions
Adhesive connections
desmosomes, tiny rivets, that prevent the heart from ripping itself open when contracting
Gap junctions
tiny sieves that allow rapid communication between all cardiac cells
Gap junctions - membrane potential
behave like channels that enables changes in membrane potential to flow from one cell to the next very rapidly
Intrinsic conduction system of the heart
allows the heart to contract independently of stimulation by nervous system
autorhythmic cell
ability to spontaneously depolarise
special cell membrane ion channels
fastest cells located in SA node
purkinje fibres
extensions of autorhythmic cells
sinoatrial node
located at top right atrium that depolarise faster than any other cardiac tissue so it sets pace of heart
Atrioventricular node
recieves impulses from SA node
located in bottom of right atrium which delays impulses allowing the atria to complete the contraction before ventricles contract
AV bundle
top of interventricular septum which divide into 2 bundles and passes impulse to the left and right bundle branches
electrical link between atria and ventricles
left and right bundle branches
move the impulse down the cardiac septum towards apex
Purkinje fibres
transmit impulse to cardiac muscle tissue of ventricles
Capillaries
exchange nutrients and waste between tissue cells and blood stream
branch of arterioles
arterioles
branches of arteries
venules
made of converge capillaries
branches that merge to form veins
tunica intima
inner layer single layer of flattened epithelial resting on a thin layer of connective tissue, basement membrane
endothelium
inside layer of epithelial cells
tunica media
middle layer - concentric layers of smooth muscle cells
tunica externa
outermost layer - primarily connective tissue that attaches blood vessels to surrounding structures
Tunica media of arteries
thicker and bound by internal and external elastin fibre sheets to allow arteries to maintain diameter
veins - makeup
numerous internal values
thicker outer fibrous layer
small amounts of elastin
internal valves of viens
aid the flow of blood from body back to heart
capillaries makeup
consist of tunica intima
capillary waste transfer
direct diffusion and vesicular transport
tight junctions in capillaries
often incomplete which allows passage of molecules that are normally too large to diffuse
leaky capillary
means that there is a gradual flow of fluid out of blood stream into tissues
rate of flow
dependent on blood pressure within capillaries
extracellular fluid
interstitial fluid that remains within tissues
oedema
large portion of interstitial fluid in tissue
lympathic system role
return extracellular fluid to blood stream so normal blood volume and pressure can be maintained
lymphatic vessels
elaborate drainage system of blind ended capillary structures
lymph
clear plasma in lympathic vessels
lympathic vessel permability
more permeable than capillaries
lympathetic capillary makeup
lined inside by single layer of flattened epithelial cells that have overlapping endothelial cells to form flap like mini valves
cellular overlapping
allows fluid to enter capillaries when pressure outisde capillary is greater than inside
lymphatic ducts
large lympathic vessels
drain lymph directly back into major veins
right lymphatic duct
collects lymph from right arm and right side of head and chest
thoracic duct
collects lymph from rest of body
swelling of tissue
caused by an increase in permeability of blood vessels at sites of inflammation
lymph nodes
small filter units that filter lymph
contain phagocytic defence cells that ingest foreign materials
contain lymphocytes that produce antibodies to the foreign materials
macrophages
phagocytic defence cells made from monocytes
lymphoid organs
spleen thymus tonsils lymph nodes peyers patches
lymphoid organs
encapsulated within outer layer of connective tissue
lymph nodules
non encapsulated lymphoid tissues
palatine tonsils
either side at back of throat
lingual tonsils
base of tongue
Pharyngeal tonsils
back of nose
Tubal tonsils
around openings of auditory tubes
spleen function
storage of breakdown products of red blood cells
storage of blood platelets
lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
reservoir of blood supply
Hypoxia
lack of oxygen
reduced number of RBC
insufficient haemoglobin
Anaemia
oxygen carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism
Blood Group A
a antigens antibody B
Blood Group B
b antigens antibody A
Blood Group AB
both
Blood Group O
neither, both antibodies
RH+
presence of RH factor
RH-
absence of RH factor
Antigen D antibodies
present when RH- individuals are exposed to RH+ blood
Pericardium
outer fibrous sac
inner serous layer that secretes fluid to prevent friction
Myocardium
thick cardaic walls
cardiomyocytes
striated
Endocardium
innermost surface that lines the heart chambers
endothelium continuation of blood vessels
simple squamous epithelium
Aorta
largest artery
Right atria
Blood enters 3 veins
superior and inferior vena cava
Left atria
blood enters via 4 pulmonary veins
fossa ovalis
cardiac septum
seperates left and right of heart
RIght ventricle
to pulmonary trunk
Left ventricle
to body via aorta
Ventricular septal defect
superior part of interventricular septum fails to form allowing mixture of blood
Coartation of aorta
aorta is narrowed, increased workload of left ventricle
Tetralogy of fallot
multiple defects
pulmonary trunk too narrow
Patent ductus arteriousus
ductus arteriousus is a normal foetal blood vessel that close after birth
“lub”
closing of atrioventricular valves
“dub”
closing of semilunar valves
ECG
electrical impulses generated by the heart are measured
shows current arising from electrical activity of heart
P wave
start
atrial depolarisation
QRS
middle
ventricular depolarisation
T wave
end
ventricular repolaristion
Homeostatic imbalance
SA or AV node block
Junctional rhythm
SA node nonfunctional
no p wave
AV node paces heart slowly
2nd Heart block
partial conduction from SA node
more p waves
Ventricular Fibrillation
total erractic contraction of ventricles
defibrillator
stops the heart in order to set pace again
Systole
period of ventricular contraction
blood ejected from heart
Diastole
period of ventricular relaxtion
Blood pressure
diastole and systole
measured in mmHG
Heart rate
pulse
number of cardiac cycles per time
pulse sites
9 common sites
pulse
pressure waves resulting from the expansion and recoil of the elastic arteries during each cycle
vasodilation
widening of the lumen of a blood vessels due to relaxation of smooth muscle within tunica media
increases blood flow
controlled by sympathetic nervous
Vasoconstriction
reduction of lumen diameter due to contraction of smooth muscle within tunica media
decrease in blood flow to the tissue
controlled by sympathetic system
Atherosclerosis
formation of fatty plaques on inside of artery
obstructed lumen
varicose veins
venous value weakening
continuous capillaries
tightly bound with small gaps
fenestrated capillaries
have pores
sinusoid capillaries
most permeable but limited location
papillary muscles relax
chordiae tendenae slack valves open
papillary muscles contract
chordae tendineae tight, valves close
vagus nerve
slows heart rate
parasympathetic
anatomical signs of inflammation
redness, swelling, heat, pain, imparied function
histological signs of inflammation
leukocyte accumulation
sickle cell anemia
cell stickiness and rigid shape causes aggulation and blocked vessels
causes mutation in haemoglobin beta gene
porphyria
low number of erythrocytes
pale skin and blue lips
reddish purple urine
causes an overproduction of porphyrin in heme
Neonatal jaundice
newborn skin colour appears orange due to bilibrubin build up
thrombocytopenia
spontaneous bleeding into tissue due to platelet defincency
oedema
fluid leakage from blood into tissues due to reduced levels of albumin
atherosclerosis
blood flow space is reduced, causes heart attack and stroke, due to fatty plaques in artery
elephantiasis
tissue swelling due to blocked lymph vessels
carbon monoxide poisoning
cherry red appearance, CO binds to heme group more successfully than O2
