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Human Biology > Module 6 - Topic 1-2: Sexual Reproduction and the Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Module 6 - Topic 1-2: Sexual Reproduction and the Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Meiosis

A

reshuffling of chromosomes during gamete production
increases genetic diversity
enables adaption

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2
Q

Fertilization

A

fusion of gametes to form complete organism

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

2 sister chromatids that are joined by a centromere

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4
Q

Karotype

A

total 23 pairs

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5
Q

autosomes

A

22 homologous pairs of body chromosomes

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6
Q

sex chromosomes

A

1 pair

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7
Q

xx

A

female

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8
Q

xy

A

male

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9
Q

Genetic crossover

A

occurs in meiosis 1 in prophase 1

pairing up and close alignment of homologous chromosomes allows this to occur

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10
Q

Disjunction

A

when each gamete receives an x chromosome

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11
Q

Mitosis divisions

A

1

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12
Q

crossover of homologous pairs - mitosis

A

doesnt occur

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13
Q

daughter cell number and genetic composition - mitosis

A

two

each is identical to mother cell

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14
Q

roles in body - mitosis

A

produces cells for growth and tissue repair

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15
Q

meiosis divisions

A

2

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16
Q

crossover - meiosis

A

occurs in prophase 1

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17
Q

daughter cell number and genetic composition

A

4

each hapliod has half as many chromosomes as mother cell and is genetically different

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18
Q

roles in body - meiosis

A

produces reproductive cells

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19
Q

Non disjunction

A

chromosomes do not separate during meiosis

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20
Q

aneuploidy

A

incorrect diploid number of chromosomes

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21
Q

Non disjunction of chromosomes

A

often lethal

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22
Q

trisomy 21

A

downs syndrome

3 21 chromosomes

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23
Q

Non disjunction of sex chromosomes

A

one daughter cell gets both x chromosomes and one gets none

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24
Q

triplo X

A

no exhibitable features

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25
Q

turners syndrome

A

XO
ova has no x chromosome
sterile
webbed neck with no secondary sexual features

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26
Q

Klinefelters syndrome

A

XXY

in men only

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27
Q

Congenital Anomalies

A

infectious diseases
teratogens
congenital disorders

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28
Q

Function of male reproductive system

A

deliver sperm to female
production of male gametes
production of male sex hormones

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29
Q

Parts of the male reproductive system

A 
tunica vaginalis 
spermatic cord 
epididymis 
testes 
penis
urethra
scrotum 
dartos muscle
30
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

pouch of serous membrane that covers testes

derived from the vaginal process of peritoneum

31
Q

spermatic cord

A

fibrous connective tissue sheath

contains vans deferens, blood and lympathic vessels and nerve fibres

32
Q

sperm development

A

in seminiferous tubules and epididymis

33
Q

vas deferens

A

directs and propels sperm into urethra, after sperm has passed through epididymis
transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts for production of ejaculation

34
Q

spermatogenesis

A

involves meiosis
requires hormonal stimulation
lasts entire life

35
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

sperm factories
divided into lobules
connected to epididymis via rete testis

36
Q

outer layer of seminiferous tubules

A

stem cells from which sperm arises

located near basement membrane of tubules

37
Q

spermatogonia

A

sperm stem cells

38
Q

inner core of seminiferous tubules

A

mature spermatozoa developing

located in tubule lumen

39
Q

Supporting cells of seminiferous tubules

A

sertoli cells

leydig cells

40
Q

sertoli cells

A 
sustentocytes 
located in walls of tubules 
supply nutrients to sperm 
form blood testicular barrier 
secrete hormones that moderate sperm production
41
Q

leydig cells

A

interstitial cells
located inbetween tubules
secrete testosterone
promote sperm maturation

42
Q

spermatozoa head

A

nuclear material

acrosome

43
Q

acrosome

A

releases enzyme hyaluronidase and proteinases to facilitate ovum penetration

44
Q

spermatozoa midpiece

A

contains many mitochondria to provide energy

45
Q

spermatozoa tail

A

flagellum that propels sperm

contains microtubules

46
Q

perfect sperm shape

A

oval head and long tail

47
Q

testes

A

contain 1-4 seminiferous lobules surrounded by 5 layers of smooth muscle like myoid cells

48
Q

scrotum

A

supporting muscles help regulate temperature

dartos and cremaster

49
Q

dartos muscle

A

skinned

smooth

50
Q

cremaster muscle

A

suspender

skeletal

51
Q

Epididymis

A

sperm storage until ejaculation
highly coiled
site of maturation and learning to swim

52
Q

surface area of epididymis

A

allows absorption of testicular fluid to feed sperm

53
Q

inguinal hernia

A

more common in males

due to width of inguinal canal to allow spermatic cord

54
Q

urethra

A

terminal portion of the male duct system

transports both urine and semen

55
Q

ABP

A

prompts spermatogenic cells to bind to testosterone which triggers spermatogenesis

56
Q

seminal glands

A

joins with vas deferens

secretes alkaline fluid, fructose fluid and hormones to increase sperm motility

57
Q

prostate gland

A

doughnut shaped

encircles urethra

58
Q

prostate fluid

A

activates sperm
milky
slightly acidic
contains prostate specific antigen

59
Q

bulbo urethral gland

A

pea sized
produced thick clear mucus for lubrication of urethra and glans penis
neutralisation of acidic urine left in urethra

60
Q

semen

A

milky white sticky mixture
contains sperm, testicular fluid and accessory gland secretions
neutralises acid environment

61
Q

penis

A

copulatory organ of male
delivers sperm to female reproductive tract
excitation leads to erection or ejaculation

62
Q

erection

A

leads to parasympathetic relex releasing local nitric oxide
relaxes smooth muscle and dilates arterioles of penis
leads to engorgement
opens urethra ready for ejaculation

63
Q

ejaculation

A

propulsion of semen from male duct system
under sympathetic control
triggered by critical levels of erection provocation
bladder sphincter constricts

64
Q

primary spermatocyte

A

daugther cell becomes physically separated from spermatogonia and bloodstream and enters meiosis

65
Q

blood testis barrier

A

barrier between spermatogonia and developing sperm cells

prevents immunological responses to genetically foreign cells

66
Q

secondary spermatocytes

A

product of first meiotic division

67
Q

spermatids

A

product of secondary meiotic division

small round haploid cells without sperm characteristics

68
Q

spermatozoa

A

developing spermatids leaving the epithelium of seminiferous tubules

69
Q

hormonal regulation

A

hypothalamus releases GnRh which acts of anterior pituitary
anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH
seminiferous tubules produce inhibin
inhibin and testosterone inhibit production of gnRH, LH and FSH via negative feedback

70
Q

LH

A

controls production of testosterone by leydig cells

71
Q

FSH

A

controls spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules

stimulates release of ABP

72
Q

ABP

A

prompts spermatogenic cells to bind to testosterone

Human Biology (14 decks)

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