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Human Biology > Module 3- topic 3-4: Peripheral Nervous System and Hormones > Flashcards

Module 3- topic 3-4: Peripheral Nervous System and Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Monitor changes in and out of human body

Transmits information back to CNS

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2
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Detect mechanical stimuli

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3
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Detect temperature changes

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4
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to light

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5
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to chemicals

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6
Q

Nocireceptors

A

Detect harmful stimuli and elicit pain response

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7
Q

Receptor potential

A

Produced by stimuli and I turn causes action potential to travel along afferent fibres

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8
Q

Peripheral nerve fibres

A

Bundled together to produce peripheral nerve

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9
Q

Endoneurium

A

Immediately surrounds each nerve fibre

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10
Q

Perineurium

A

Collects nerve fibres in small bundles called fascicles

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11
Q

Fascicles

A

Bundles of nerve fibres wrapped in perineurium

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12
Q

epineurium

A

Collects fascicles with blood vessels to produce peripheral nerve

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13
Q

Spinal reflex

A

Somatic nerves involved in involuntary automated response

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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Maintains homeostasis because sympathetic and parasympathetic send opposing efferent signals to target organs

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15
Q

Impulse pathway of autonomic nervous system

A

A chain of 2 neutrons plus a junction site

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16
Q

Gangalion

A

Junction site

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17
Q

Pre ganglionic nerve body

A

Within CNS

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18
Q

Post ganglionic nerve body

A

Within a ganglion within pns

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19
Q

Sympathetic ganglia

A

Close to spinal cord

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20
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia

A

Within effector organs

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21
Q

Efferent signals in ANS motor neurons

A

Travel far slower than somatic motor neurons

Effect lasts much longer

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22
Q

Parasympathetic pathway

A

Releases acetylcholine at both ganglionic and effector synapse

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23
Q

Sympathetic pathway

A

Releases acetylcholine at ganglionic synapse but releases norepinephrine at effector synapse

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24
Q

Endocrine system

A

Control and integration of organ systems

Produces and secretes hormones

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25
Q

Hormones

A

Bond to target tissue and change their metabolism

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26
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Do not have secretory ducts, release products directly into blood stream

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27
Q

Effects of endocrine system

A

Much slower than nervous system but are maintained for longer periods of time

28
Q

Pituitary gland - location

A

Located at base of brain

29
Q

Pituitary gland - makeup

A

Posterior pituary

Anterior pituitary

30
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Extension of hypothalamus

Stores hormones produced by hypothalamus

31
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Derived from epithelial cells

Hormone secreting glandular tissue

32
Q

How hypothalamus regulates release of hormones

A

Interconnecting network of blood vessels

33
Q

Posterior pituitary- hormones

A

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone

34
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection

35
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water from urine and return to bloodstream

36
Q

Anterior pituitary- hormones

A 
Human growth hormone 
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
Prolactin
Follicle stimulating hormone 
Luteinizing hormone
37
Q

Human growth hormone (hGH)

A

Promotes growth

38
Q

Increased levels of hGH

A

Gigantism

39
Q

Decreased levels of hGH

A

Dwarfism

40
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates hormone production by thyroid gland

41
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates hormone production from adrenal glands

42
Q

Prolactin

A

Promotes milk production

43
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Regulate male and female reproductive systems

44
Q

Thyroid gland - location

A

Front of neck near Adam’s apple

45
Q

Thyroid gland - makeup

A

Composed of numerous follicles lines by single layer of epithelial cells

46
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Thyroid hormone

Calcitonin

47
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Effects metabolism

48
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produced by parafollicular cells
Lowers calcium levels
Promotes bone formation by inhibiting osteoclasts

49
Q

Parathyroid glands - location

A

4 pea shaped glands at rear of thyroid gland

50
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Maintains calcium homeostasis

51
Q

Ways that PTH increases calcium

A

Activates reabsorption of bone matrix
Increases calcium absorption of small intestine
Increases calcium reabsorption of kidney

52
Q

Too much pth

A

Cause oestoclasts to break down large areas of bone to make cysts

53
Q

Too little pth

A

Decreases levels of calcium in blood

54
Q

Adrenal gland - location

A

Small Pyramid shaped organs at top each kidney

55
Q

Hormones in adrenal glands

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Sex hormones

56
Q

Aldosterone

A

Increases blood pressure by increasing Na+ reabsorption

Formed in zona glomerulosa

57
Q

Cortisol

A

Increases metabolism

Decreases inflammatory and immune response

58
Q

Sex hormones

A

Onset of puberty

59
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Contains chromatin cells

60
Q

chromatin cells

A

Secrete catecholamines

  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
61
Q

Catecholamine function

A 
Increase:
heart rate 
Blood pressure 
Metabolism 
Oxygen uptake
62
Q

proprioceptors

A

detect muscle contraction and joint movement

63
Q

auditory receptors

A

in ear

64
Q

otoliths

A

stones in ear
detects and maintains balance
movement tells brain where head it

65
Q

olfactory receptors

A

in the nose

66
Q

Gustatory receptors

A

taste buds

Human Biology (14 decks)

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