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Human Biology > Module 5 - Topic 2B-3: The Digestive System and Renal System > Flashcards

Module 5 - Topic 2B-3: The Digestive System and Renal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Salivary Glands

A

secretes saliva

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2
Q

Parotid Glands

A

salivary glands

either side of mouth, infront of ears

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3
Q

Sublingual glands

A

under the tongue

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4
Q

Submandibular glands

A

under the lower jaw bone

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5
Q

Buccal glands

A

small intrinsic glands scattered throughout mucosa of oral cavity

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6
Q

Saliva

A

cleanses mouth
dissolves food chemicals
moistens food to aid swallowing
contains salivary amylase that initiates chemical digestion of starch

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7
Q

saliva makeup

A

IgA antibodies
lysozyme (bacterial enzyme)
defensins (antibiotic proteins)
cyanide compound that prevents growth and infection of harmful bacteris

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8
Q

Pancreas location

A

near start of small intestine

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9
Q

Pancreas - makeup

A

contains a mixture of exocrine and endocrine glandular tissue

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10
Q

Exocrine portion of pancreas

A

contains acini that secrete pancreactic juice into a duct that goes to small intestine

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11
Q

acini

A

small clusters of secretory cells

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12
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

contains alkaline bicarbonate- rich mixture, specialised for digestion of proteins, sugars, lipids and nucleic acids
neutralises the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from stomach

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13
Q

Endocrine portion of pancreas

A

pancreatic islets
islets of Langerhans
secretes hormones directly into bloodstream

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14
Q

Alpha islet cells

A

secrete glucagon

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15
Q

Beta islet cells

A

secretes insulin

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16
Q

Delta islet cells

A

secrete somatostatin

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17
Q

glucagon function

A

increase blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose release from liver

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18
Q

Insulin function

A

lower blood glucose levels by enhancing membrane transport of glucose into tissue cells
influences protein and fat metabolism

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19
Q

Insulin function after glucose enters cells

A

catalyses oxidation of glucose for ATP production
joins glucose molecules together to produce glycogen
converts glucose to fat

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20
Q

Liver

A

influences main different activities

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21
Q

Liver - main functions

A

produces bile
metabolises lipids and other nutrients
stores glucose in form of glycogen

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22
Q

Bile

A

acts as a detergent and assists digestion and absorption of fats

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23
Q

Hepatocytes

A

liver cells that produce bile

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24
Q

how bile gets to gallbladder

A

collected from liver by a network of ducts and drains into gallbladder

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25
Q

Gallbladder

A

small green sac under the right lower surface of the liver

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26
Q

gallbladder function

A

concentrates and stores bile

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27
Q

cholecystokinin

A

intestinal hormone that is released when fatty chyme enters the small intestine from stomach
major stimuli for gallbladder contraction

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28
Q

gallstones

A

crystals of pure cholesterol, formed when high concentrate of cholesterol

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29
Q

bilirubin

A

main pigment of bile

waste product of heme

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30
Q

jaundice

A

caused by a build up of bilirubin in the blood

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31
Q

Portal circulatory system - location

A

begins at capillaries of digestive organs and ends in portal vein

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32
Q

Portal blood

A

contains substances absorbed by stomach and intestines

passed through the hepatic lobules

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33
Q

Hepatic lobules

A

where nutrients and toxins are absorbed, excreted or converted

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34
Q

portal hypertension

A

restriction of outflow through hepatic portal system

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35
Q

liver lobules

A

tiny functional units in liver

shaped like a hexagonal wheel

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36
Q

liver lobule makeup

A

central vein with sheets of hepacytes radiating outwards

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37
Q

portal triad

A

at each point of hexagon

consists of arteriole, venule and bile duct

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38
Q

sinusoids

A

leaky capillaries that blood from ateriole and venules passes through to get to central vein

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39
Q

kupffer cells

A

star shaped macrophages that remove debris and worn out blood cells from blood

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40
Q

sheets of hepatocytes in liver lobule - function

A

process blood borne nutrients
store fat soluble vitamins
detoxify blood
produce bile

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41
Q

bile canaliculi

A

tiny canals that hepatocytes secrete bile

42
Q

Hepatitis

A

inflammation of liver

43
Q

HVA and HVE

A

transmitted by food or water contamination

44
Q

HVB and HVC

A

carried in infected blood or body fluids

45
Q

HVD

A

mutated virus that needs HVB to be infectious

46
Q

Non viral Hepatitis

A

result of drug toxicity, pesticide poisoning or wild mushroom poisoning

47
Q

cirrhosis

A

progressive chronic inflammation of liver as a result of chronic alcoholism

48
Q

Urinary system - function

A

control the amount of water present in body and eliminate water soluble wastes

49
Q

human urinary system

A

recycles water and eliminates the need for constant drinking

50
Q

primary organ of urinary system

A

kidneys

51
Q

Kidney function

A

remove waste products from water and return water to rest of body
act as endocrine glands that secrete erythropoietin and renin
activates Vitamin D to assist bone formation
supply glucose to body during fasting

52
Q

Urine

A

contain waste products such as toxic metabolic water substances and salts

53
Q

major components of urinary system

A

ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

54
Q

Functions of urinary system

A

maintains salt, water and pH balance of blood and removes wastes

55
Q

renin

A

helps regulate blood pressure and kidney function

56
Q

Kidney - location

A

back of upper abdominal cavity

57
Q

Kidney - makeup

A

highly vascularised bean shaped protected by renal fascia, adipose layer and inner renal capsule
has 3 main regions, outer cortex, inner medulla and renal pelvis

58
Q

renal fascia

A

outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

59
Q

renal capsule

A

thin, shiny, transparent membrane on surface of each kidney

60
Q

Outer cortex of kidney

A

light coloured
granular appearance
site of filtration

61
Q

Inner medulla

A

deep below cortex
dark reddish brown colour
contains renal pyramids
re absorption and secretion

62
Q

renal pyramids

A

cone shaped masses in inner medulla of kidney

63
Q

papilla

A

apex of renal pyramids

64
Q

Renal pelvis

A

central junction that papilla point towards

large funnel shaped collecting tube which is continuous with ureter leaving the kidney

65
Q

calyces

A

branching extensions of renal pelvis

collect urine which drains constantly from pyramids and empties into renal pelvis

66
Q

renal artery

A

enter each kidney carrying blood to be filtered

67
Q

Renal vein

A

leaves kidney, carries blood away

68
Q

Nephrons

A

tiny blood filtration units in kidney that carry out the processes of urine formation

69
Q

Nephron makeup

A

glomerulus
Bowmans capsule
Renal tubule

70
Q

Glomerulus

A

small pin head sized tuft of arterioles

71
Q

Bowmans capsule

A

cup like structure that holds glomerulus and allows fluid to pass from the blood into collecting tubules

72
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

glomerulus and bowmans capsule

73
Q

Renal tubule

A

tiny collecting tube divided into 3 regions
Proximal convoluted tubule (near twisted)
loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule (distant twisted)

74
Q

Fenestrations

A

small holes in the endothelium of the arterioles in the glomerulus
allow fluid and solutes to leak out of bloodstream

75
Q

Basement membrane

A

extracellular matrix of collagen fibres that underlie all epithelia
prevents large solutes from going any further

76
Q

Podocytes

A

epithelial cells that filter the fluid that comes through basement membrane
have tiny foot like projections called pedicels

77
Q

pedicels

A

foot like projections which press against basement membrane restricting the surface area for filtration and regulates amount of fluid being filtered

78
Q

fluid that passes pedicels

A

contains only small molecules like salts

collected into bowmans capsule and carried down renal tubule

79
Q

Urine formation

A

involve 3 major processes
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

80
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

begins in renal corpuscle

passive, non selective process where fluids and solutes are forced through membrane under hydrostatic pressure

81
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A

proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs glucose, lactate and amino acids back into body

82
Q

Role of Loop of henle in selective reabsorption

A

since extracellular space becomes hypertonic , water moves by osmosis out of descending limb into extracellular space

83
Q

descending limb of loop of Henle

A

freely permeable to water

impermeable to solutes

84
Q

Ascending limb of loop of Henle

A

impermeable to water
cells lining the ascending limb have a pump that transports salt from urine back into extracellular space to the bloodstream

85
Q

Further processing of filtrate

A

occurs in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

86
Q

distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts - permeability

A

have hormone dependent permeability to water

87
Q

Aldosterone

A

secreted by adrenal glands
targets distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts and enhances Na+ and water reabsorption into body
reduces potassium ion concentrations in the blood

88
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

released by posterior pituitary gland

increases the permeability of collecting ducts

89
Q

Tubular secretion - location

A

proximal convoluted tubules
cortical parts of collecting ducts
late regions of distal convoluted tubules

90
Q

Tubular secretion - function

A

disposal of unfiltered substances
elimination of undesirable substances or end products
ridding body of excessive potassium
controls blood pH

91
Q

Ureters

A

slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys into urinary bladder

92
Q

renal calculi

A

kidney stones

block ureter and flow or urine

93
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

backflow of urine into kidneys

leads to renal failure

94
Q

urinary bladder

A

collapsible smooth muscular sac that temporarily stores urine

95
Q

interior of bladder

A

lined with protective mucosa

has openings to ureters and urethra

96
Q

trigone

A

smooth triangular region of bladder that has 3 openings

97
Q

bladder wall makeup

A

inner mucosa
middle thick smooth muscular layer
outer fibrous connective layer

98
Q

Urethra

A

thin muscular tube

drains urine from bladder to outside

99
Q

internal urethra sphincter

A

at bladder urethra junction
involuntary control
keeps urethra closed

100
Q

external urethra sphincter

A

surrounds urethra and formed from skeletal muscle
voluntary control
voluntary constrictor of of urethra

Human Biology (14 decks)

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