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Human Biology > Module 4 - Topic 3-4: The immune system, Inflammation and Repair > Flashcards

Module 4 - Topic 3-4: The immune system, Inflammation and Repair Flashcards

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1
Q

Inflammation

A

response of the body to tissue damage

maintains homeostasis

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2
Q

How inflammation maintains homeostasis

A

removing injuring agent
preventing spread
repairing the barrier

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3
Q

Basic symptoms of inflammation

A 
redness
swelling
heat
pain
impaired tissue function
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4
Q

Inflammation important events

A

changes in diameter and permeability of blood vessels
emigration of white blood cells into surrounding tissues
Production and release of chemical substances

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5
Q

diapedesis

A

migration of white blood cells into surrounding tissues

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6
Q

Acute inflammation

A

fairly minor

rapid onset but last a few days at max

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7
Q

primary response of acute inflammation

A

release of inflammatory mediators

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8
Q

inflammatory mediators - function

A

alter the diameter and permeability of blood vessels

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9
Q

histamine - location

A

mast cells inside dermis

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10
Q

Histamine - function

A

binds to specific receptors causing blood vessels to dilate, leading to redness of area
produces hives in allergic reactions

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11
Q

erythema

A

redness and heat of area due to vasodilation

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12
Q

Mast cells and basophils - function in inflammatory response

A

release potent mediators that act on infected cells

contain cystoplasmic granules

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13
Q

Mast cells - location

A

connective and dermal tissues

dont circulate in blood stream

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14
Q

Basophils - location

A

from bone marrow
released into blood circulation
may settle into tissues if stimulated

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15
Q

cytoplasmic granules

A

store mediators of inflammation

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16
Q

degranulation

A

extracellular release of mediators

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17
Q

factors that induce degranulation

A

physical destruction - high temp
chemical substances - toxins and poisons
endogenous mediators - tissue proteases
immune mechanisms - IgE independent and dependent

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18
Q

IgE independent

A

anafylatoxins (C5a,C3a,C4a) are formed during activation of complement system
degranulation is triggered through C5a receptors on surface of mast cells and basophils

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19
Q

IgE dependent

A

elicited by aggregation of immunoglobin E (IgE) bound to high affinity receptors on surface of mast cells and basophils

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20
Q

Chemotactic factors

A

released from sites of inflammation and stimulate amoeboid migration of leukocytes out of blood stream

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21
Q

chemotaxis

A

chemical attraction to a site of injury

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22
Q

protective leukocytes

A

die after destroying invading agents

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23
Q

pus

A

presence of a large number of neutrophils

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24
Q

leukocytosis

A

promotes production and release of leukocytes

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25
Q

fibroblasts - inflammatory response

A

once debris and bacteria has been removed, fibroblasts synthesize new tissue components

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26
Q

Fever

A

caused by pyrogens secreted by leukocytes exposed to bacteria in the body

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27
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

if agents arent removed, tissue will proceed to chronic state, which persists for several weeks, months or years
starts as acute response but proceeds further

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28
Q

Chronic inflammation - noticeable feature

A

replacement of neutrophils by large number of lymphocytes and monocytes

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29
Q

lymphocytes and monocytes - function

A

second line of defense

bring with them additional defense power

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30
Q

Immune system

A

specific defence system
systemic
has memory

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31
Q

Agents - makeup

A

are tailor made so only attack specific target

32
Q

how agents recognise target

A

the body must receive prior exposure to the agent before it can build a proper defence

33
Q

Antigens

A

provoke immune response
foreign to body
usually proteins

34
Q

outer surface of bacteria and virsus

A

antigenic, contain a variety of foreign proteins

35
Q

antigenic determinants

A

certain parts of antigen are immunogenic

36
Q

immune system activation

A

releases either free antibodies to bind to antigenic determinants, destroying and neutralising foreign agent

37
Q

primary response to antigens

A

produce protective antibodies

38
Q

antibodies - production

A

produced by activated B lymphocytes

39
Q

Antibody binding

A

bind specifically to respective antigens to form larger structures called immune complexes

40
Q

Immune complex functions

A

neutralises toxic antigens
activate formation of inflammatory mediators
immune complexes on surface of bacteria activate complements
target structures for phagocytosis

41
Q

complements

A

plasma proteins that drill holes into bacteria cell membrane and cause bacteria to burst

42
Q

White blood cells - role in immune system

A

programming, activating and regualtion

43
Q

Humoral immunity

A

antibody mediated immunity

B lymphocytes

44
Q

Cellular immunity

A

cell mediated immunity

t lymphocytes

45
Q

B lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies

b cells

46
Q

Naiive b cells

A

has not been previously exposed to antigen, in lymphoid tissues

47
Q

naive b cell - role

A

produces unique antibody

48
Q

how antigens are produces

A

binding of antigen to correct b cell activates mitosis which produces large number of antibodies

49
Q

plasma cells

A

specialised b celles that release large amounts of sntibody

50
Q

memory cells

A

b lymphocytes as they remember the antigen and ready to respond to attack at any point

51
Q

T lymphocytes

A

display proteins on surface that behave like antibodies

arent secreted and only bind to antigens of surface of abnormal cells

52
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

APC

specialised phagocytic leukocytes which digest antigens and present fragments of antigens on surface

53
Q

Abnormal cells

A

cancerous cells

54
Q

Helper T cells

A

react with APC

55
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

react with abnormal cells

56
Q

Activated helper T cells

A

stimulate activity of other lymphocytes by synthesising regulatory compounds called cytokine

57
Q

Helper T cell - TH1

A

participate in cell mediated immunity

control intracellular pathogens

58
Q

Helper T cell - TH2

A

provide help for B cells
essential for antibody mediated immunity
needed to control extracellular pathogens

59
Q

Activated Cytotoxic cells

A

physcially attack cell membrane causing abnormal cells to die

60
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

when the immune system loses the ability to recognise between foreign and self particles

61
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

attacks myelin on axons of nerves in brain and spinal cord

62
Q

Diabetes Mellitus (type 1)

A

attacks the pancreas

63
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

attacks cartilage of bone joints

64
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus

A

attacks the whole body and gives red wolf bite like rash

65
Q

complement cells

A

punch holes in cell membrane

66
Q

Antibody classes

A 
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD
67
Q

IgG

A

most abundant

68
Q

IgM

A

first type released in primary response

5 sided polymer

69
Q

IgA

A

in bodily secretions

2 polymer

70
Q

IgE

A

causes histamine response

increases allergy

71
Q

IgD

A

activates B cells

72
Q

Cellular immunity

A

made during childhood

73
Q

Humoral immunity - Active -Naturally acquired

A

active

infection, contact with pathogen

74
Q

Humoral immunity - Active - Artificially Acquired

A

vaccine

dead pathogen

75
Q

Humoral immunity - Passive - Naturally Acquired

A

antibodies pass from mother to foetus

76
Q

Humoral Immunity - Passive - Artifically Acquired

A

injection of erogenous antibodies

Human Biology (14 decks)

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