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Human Biology > Module 1 - Topic 1-2: Cell Structure > Flashcards

Module 1 - Topic 1-2: Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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2
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

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3
Q

Human structure

A

Atoms- molecules- cells- tissues- organs- system- the organism

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

State of balance within the body

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5
Q

Homeostasis of body fluids

A

Separation of the fluid compartment

Compositions of the fluid change as substances move between compartment

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6
Q

Intercellular fluid

A

Between cells

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7
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Within cells

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8
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Outside cells

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9
Q

Negative feedback

A

Response is generated in order to switch off or reduce the source of a given stimulus

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10
Q

Positive feedback

A

Intensify or increase the level of stimulus

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11
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Skin and Tract lining, outside body

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12
Q

Connective tissue

A

Bone, cartilage and blood

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13
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Variety of nerves

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14
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle

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15
Q

Polar head of phospholipid

A

Hydrophilic

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16
Q

Fatty acid tails of phospholipid

A

Hydrophobic

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17
Q

Cell membrane - function

A

Separates/ protects the inside of the cell from external wnvironment

  • detects external environmental changes
  • cell to cell communication
  • temp and pressure changes
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18
Q

Lipid bilayer - function

A

Forms barrier to entry or exit of polar substances

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19
Q

Lipid bilayer - makeup

A

Two back to back layers of 3 types of lipid molecules

  • double row of phospholipid molecules
  • scattered cholesterol and glycolipid molecules
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20
Q

Phospholipids

A

75% of cell membrane lipids

- each molecule is amphipathic (polar and nonpolar)

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21
Q

Lipid bilayer - permability

A

Permeable to water, non polar molecules

Iimpermeable to polar and charged molecules, ions

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22
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Specific channels

- used for small and medium polar molecules

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23
Q

Macromolecules

A
  • large proteins

- unable to pass through cell membrane so uses other transport

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24
Q

Cholesterol

A

Allows lipid bilayer to be malleable
Prevent rigidness
Maintains cell fluidity

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25
Q

Transporter proteins

A

Bonds specific substances to transport through lipid bilayer

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26
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Cellular recognition site

Bonds to signalling molecule

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27
Q

Cell identity marker

A

Allows cell to recognise other similar cells

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28
Q

Linker proteins

A

Anchors cells together
Allows cell movement
Holds cell shape

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29
Q

Enzyme

A

Catalysed chemical reactions

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30
Q

Mediated transport

A

Moves material with help of transport protein

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31
Q

Non mediated protein

A

Doesn’t use transport Protein

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32
Q

Passive transport

A

Moves substances down concentration gradient

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33
Q

Active transport

A

Uses energy atp to drive substances against concentration gradient

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34
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Moves large materials across membrane in small vesicles

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35
Q

Endocytosis

A

Moves into cell

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36
Q

Exocytosis

A

Moves out of cell

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37
Q

Simple tissue

A

Cells are all the same structure

38
Q

Compound tissue

A

Mixture of cells with different functions

39
Q

Living organism criteria

A 
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
40
Q

Inner region of membrane

A

Highly insoluble as it is made up of hydrophobic tails

41
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Proteins inserted between phospholipid molecules

42
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Attached to either inner or outer surface

43
Q

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

A

Proteins and phospholipids that have carb molecules attached to them
Function as cell signalling and cell receptors

44
Q

Channel proteins

A

Allows specific substances to move through pores

45
Q

Signal transduction

A

Stimulation of plasma membrane protein by external stimulus

46
Q

Passive transport

A

Diffusion through bilayer
Diffusion through channel
Facilitated diffusion

47
Q

Actin Cortex

A

Dense network of protein below surface of plasma

Linked to plasma membrane via integral proteins

48
Q

Actin

A

Property of polymerising within the cell to produce supportive cytoskeleton

49
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Tough, rope like fibrous proteins

50
Q

Microtubules

A

Composed of Tubulin subunits

51
Q

Microfilament

A

Thin

52
Q

Filament location

A

Actin microfilaments - plasma membrane
Microtubules - central portion of cell
Intermediate filament- central portion of cell

53
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Constantly changes to meet requirements of cell

Facilitates transport of cellular component by interacting with motor proteins

54
Q

Microvilli

A

Small finger like projections that increase surface area

Supported by actin microfilaments and are found on cells that absorb

55
Q

Cilia

A

Motile structures
Present in variety of cells
Transport substances along surfaces of cells

56
Q

Flagella

A

Found in male sperm

Whipping movements allow it to swim towards desired destination

57
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid filled space bound by membrane

Composed of intracellular fluid

58
Q

Chromatin

A

Equal amounts of DNA and bead like proteins called histones

59
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Contain specialised pores to allow molecules to enter and leave nucleus

60
Q

Nucleoli

A

Dark spherical bodies that synthesise the rna and proteins needed to form ribosomal subunits

61
Q

Mitochondria

A

Contain own DNA
Able to replicate independently of the cell
Replicate through binary fission

62
Q

Mitochondria - function

A

Energy production via synthesis of atp

Calcium storage and release

63
Q

Synthesis of atp - ways

A

Krebs cycle

Electron transport chain

64
Q

Ribosomes

A

Proteins combined with RNA

Two globular structures called subunits

65
Q

Ribosome function

A

Reads coded message for protein in messenger rna and translate into chain of amino acids

66
Q

Polypeptide

A

Conforms to the shape of protein

67
Q

Membrane bound ribosomes

A

Synthesise proteins for incorporation into cellular membrane

68
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of membrane that continuous with the nuclear envelope

69
Q

Rough ER

A

Ribosomes bound to the ER

70
Q

Smooth ER

A

Without ribosomes

71
Q

Protein synthesis on Rough ER

A

Secreted from cells

72
Q

Smooth ER function

A

Production of large amounts of cholesterol and steroids
Lipid metabolism
Detoxification of drugs, toxins and alcohol
Breakdown of stored glycogen

73
Q

Golgi Appartus

A

Final stop of secreted proteins

Modifies proteins, like addition of carbs, then repackaged prior to secretion

74
Q

Glycosylation

A

Adding sugar molecules to form glycoproteins

75
Q

Golgi appartus structure

A

Stack of membrane bounded cisternqe

Different enzymes perform varies activies in the Golgi

76
Q

Transition vesicles

A

Pinch off from surface carrying
Integral membrane proteins
Soluble proteins
Processing enzymes

77
Q

Outbound pathway

A

Transition vesicles move toward the cis Golgi on microtubules
Coat protein is removed and vesicles fuse together
Sugars are added
Proteins move from cis to medial to trans Golgi
Vesicles pinch off and carry completed products

78
Q

Inbound pathway

A

Using signals, the Golgi separates the products from processing enzymes and returns the enzymes back
Inbound vesicles are coated in coat protein

79
Q

V snares

A

On vesicle surface

80
Q

T snares

A

On surface of target membrane

81
Q

V and t snares

A

Bind to each other die to complementary structures

82
Q

Lysomes - function

A

Cell demolition
- digest particles taken into cell by endocytosis
Degrading and recycling worn out organelle
Break down stores glycogen, non useful tissue, bone
Secretory function - release content by exocytosis

83
Q

Perixisomes - function

A

Breakdown fatty acids
Breakdown harmful chemicals
Synthesis of cholesterol

84
Q

Oxidase function

A

Detoxify harmful substances

Neutralise and convert dangerous free radicals

85
Q

Catalase

A

Convert harmful hydrogen peroxide made from oxidase to water

86
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Substance between cells
All cells in solid tissue are surrounded by ecm
Composed of proteins, complex chains of sugar

87
Q

ECM function

A

Extracellular communication
Stable positioning of cells in tissue through adhesion
Repositioning of cells by cell migration

88
Q

ECM properties

A

Tensile strength to tendons
Compressive strength to cartilage
Hydraulic protection for many cells
Elasticity to blood vessel walls

89
Q

Main forms of ECM

A

Connective tissue
Basement membrane
Pericellular matrix

90
Q

Cell Adhesion molecules

A

Located at cell surface and join cells to cells, cells to ECM and ECM to cell cytoskeleton

91
Q

CAM function

A

Adhesion of cells to provide organised tissue structure
Transmission of extracellular cues and signals across membrane
Migration of cells through regulation of adhesions

Human Biology (14 decks)

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