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Human Biology > Module 2 - Topic 3-4: Joints and Muscles > Flashcards

Module 2 - Topic 3-4: Joints and Muscles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Joints

A

hold bones together

facilitates movement

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2
Q

Ligament

A

bone to bone

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3
Q

Tendon

A

bone to muscle

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4
Q

Joint tissue - types

A

fibrous connective tissue
cartilage
mixture of both with synovial fluid

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5
Q

fibrous connective tissue

A

strength and support

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6
Q

Cartilage

A

cushioning, strength and flexibility

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7
Q

Mixture and synovial fluid

A

cushioning and lubrication

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8
Q

Joint Classification - composition

A

fibrous joints
cartilage joints
synovial joints

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9
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

no cavity
collagen fibres extend from matrix of one bone to another
eg. suture - held together by short fibres and interlocked bone edges

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10
Q

Cartilage Joints

A

no cavity
bones held together by cartilage
symphyses and synchondroses

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11
Q

symphyses

A

made of cartilage

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12
Q

synchondroses

A

bones united by hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

Synovial Joints

A

distinct cavity filled with fluid
bones seperated by cavity
eneclosed in double layered fibrous capsule
reinforced by ligaments

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14
Q

Articular cartilgae

A

outer fibrous layer, inner synovial membrane

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15
Q

bursae

A

small fluid sacs
where friction would occur
aids in gliding of tendons and muscles over bones

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16
Q

Core molecule in synovial fluid

A

hyaluronic acid, sugar that attracts water

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17
Q

Joint Classfication - Mobility

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

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18
Q

Synarthroses

A

close together, no movement in joint

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19
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

little to some movement

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20
Q

Diarthroses

A

freel moveable, far apart

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21
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

allows movement in all direction

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22
Q

Hinge joint

A

allows joint to bend and straighten, does not rotate

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23
Q

saddle joints

A

fit together to allow all movement but rotation

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24
Q

gliding joints

A

two surfaces glide past each other

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25
Q

Gliding movement

A

bone glides over the other (ankle, wrist)

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26
Q

Angular Movement

A

when it changes angles between bones

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27
Q

Flexion

A

angle of joint has decreased

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28
Q

Extension

A

angle of joint has increased

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29
Q

Abduction

A

taken away from body

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30
Q

Adduction

A

towards body

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31
Q

Circumduction

A

going around

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32
Q

Rotational movement

A

movement of bone round own axis`

33
Q

Supination

A

turning outwards

34
Q

Pronation

A

turning inwards

35
Q

Synovial Joints - 5 main parts

A 
articular cartilage
a synovial cavity
synovial fluid
articular capsule
re inforcing ligaments
36
Q

Hyaline cartilage in synovial cavity

A

acts as sponge

fluid is removed when joint is under pressure, placed back in when pressure is removed

37
Q

main types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

38
Q

muscle fibres

A

ability to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy

39
Q

myoblasts

A

make up mature muscle cells

40
Q

skeletal muscles

A

primarily attached to tendons

41
Q

skeletal muscle fibres

A

straited appearance
contraction is voluntary
long, cylindrial and multi nucleated

42
Q

Cardiac muscle fibres

A

striated appearance
involuntary
branching chains, one or 2 nuclei
intercalated discs

43
Q

intercalated disc

A

intercellular junction

uniform contraction of the heart

44
Q

Smooth muscle fibres

A 
in the walls of tubular organs
not striated 
involuntary contraction
uninuclear 
unbranched and spindle shaped
45
Q

skeletal muscle - organ level

A

made up of fascicles, individually wrapped and bound by connective tissue

46
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibres

47
Q

tendons

A

similar to ligaments but connect bone to muscle

48
Q

muscle fibres - make up

A

fusion of hundreds of myoblasts

multinucleated

49
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fibre

50
Q

t tubules

A

extensions from sarcolemma, penetrate deep in cell

51
Q

Sacrcoplasmic reticulum

A

a store of calcium ions which regulate the contraction of each fibre

52
Q

Myofibrils

A

extend from one end to the other

are the contractile components

53
Q

myofibril composition

A

thick filaments - myosin

thin filaments - actin

54
Q

sarcomeres

A

thick and thin filaments overlapping

55
Q

how muscles contract

A

thick and thin filaments slide past each other

56
Q

muscle sliding process

A

actin and myosin bind to each other
myosin molecule bends dragging actin
energy from ATP

57
Q

Tropomyosin

A

blocks the myosin binding on thin filaments

58
Q

muscle stimulated to contract by nerve impulses

A

calcium are released
calcium binds to troponin and it changes shape
as shape change, it drags tropomyosin away
actin is now free to bind to myosin

59
Q

smooth muscle

A

regulation of blood pressure

cells are spindle shaped and form sheets that run longitudinally

60
Q

Peristalsis

A

rhythmical waves of compression that moves food through digestive system

61
Q

smooth muscle makeup

A

myosin and actin filaments
intermediate filament outer netting
limited sarcoplasmic reticulum
caveoli (little cavities)

62
Q

regulating contractions - smooth muscle

A

calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase provide calcium dependent mechaism

63
Q

smooth muscle contraction

A

calcium is released from SR
bind to and activates calmodulin which actives MLC kinase
MLC kinase transfers phosphate from ATP to myosin cross bridges
myosin bridges interact with actin

64
Q

muscle relaxtion

A

returns after calcium ions are reabsorbed by the SR

65
Q

Muscular System functions

A 
movement
control of body openings and communication
stability of posture
stabilisation of joints
heat production
66
Q

Muscular System properties

A 
excitability
conductivity
contractability
extensibility
elasticity
67
Q

Perimysium

A

protective sheath around fascicle

68
Q

endomysium

A

between individual cells

69
Q

Sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane

70
Q

Epimysium

A

whole muscle wrapping

71
Q

Muscle Growth

A

fusion of myoblasts into large cells

72
Q

t tubules

A

extensions of cell membrane into cell, allows muscles to receive signals at same time

73
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

switch on or off contractions - troponin and tropomyosin

74
Q

structural proteins

A

provides correct alignment, elasticity and extensibility (titin and dystrophin)

75
Q

what helps anchor the filaments together

A

m line
z disc
titin

76
Q

Myosin molecules

A

made of actin and ATP binding sites

77
Q

Thin filaments

A

actin with sites for myosin attachment heads, hoever sites are blocked by tropomyosin ribbons

78
Q

what happens when thick filaments pull the thin filaments

A

reduces other zones

Human Biology (14 decks)

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