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Human Biology > Module 3 - Topic 1-2: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 3 - Topic 1-2: The Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

functions of nervous tissue

A

acquire and transmit sensory information
process information
activate an appropriate response

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2
Q

Central Nervous System

A

processing and control of information

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

nervous tissue outside CNS

consists of nerves carrying information to and from CNS

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4
Q

Afferent

A

sensory - division of peripheral nervous system

carrying information from body to CNS

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5
Q

Efferent

A

motor - division of peripheral nervous system

carrying information away from CNS towards effector organs

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6
Q

Somatic

A

division of efferent

voluntarily and form synapses with skeletal system

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7
Q

Autonomic

A

division of efferent
involuntarily
send efferent signals from brain to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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8
Q

Sympathetic

A

division of autonomic
fight or flight
activate target organs

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9
Q

Parasympathetic

A

division of autonomic
contentment, relaxation, digestion
inactivate target organs

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10
Q

Ganglia

A

collection of nerve cell bodies
lie outside the CNS
play important role in autonomic system

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11
Q

nervous tissue

A

consists of 2 types of cells
neuronal cells
glial cells

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12
Q

Neuronal cells

A

transmit signals throughout nervous system

electrical currents which pass from one end of cell to the other

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13
Q

how neuronal cells communicate

A

synapses

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14
Q

neurotransmitters

A

transmission of information across synapse, mediated by the release of chemical meesengers

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15
Q

Neuron makeup

A

soma
several dendrites
axon

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16
Q

soma

A

basic metabolic part of the nerve cell

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17
Q

dendrites

A

extension of cell that receives information

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18
Q

axon

A

transmits info away from cell body

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19
Q

Glial cells

A

dont transmit info but instead support the survival and function of other neuronal cells

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20
Q

Neuroglia

A

outnumber neurons 10 to 1

makeup 50% of brain mass

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21
Q

Astrocytes

A

create cohesion of central nervous tissue

hold things together and maintain structural relationships

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22
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin

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23
Q

Ependymal cells

A

epithelial lining for cavaties

small amounts of cerebrospinal fluid is formed by secretion

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24
Q

Microglia

A

migrate into nerve tissue from blood stream

protective immune function

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25
Q

Satellite cells

A

formed in peripheral ganglia and supports the cell bodies

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26
Q

Schwann cells

A

PNS, involved in peripheral myelin formation and the formation of neurilemma

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27
Q

Myelin

A

phospholipid produced when plasma membrane becomes wrapped around axon of neuronal cell

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28
Q

myelin sheath gaps

A

have lots of gaps that speed up nerve impulse conduction

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29
Q

membrane potential

A

voltage that exists across plasma membrane

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30
Q

voltage

A

difference in electrical charge

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31
Q

major molecules responsible for membrane potential

A

sodium and potassium

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32
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

removes 3 sodium ions and replaces with 2 potassium ions

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33
Q

Plasma membrane - potassium

A

more permeable to potassium so there is an unequal exchange of positively charged ions

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34
Q

unequal charge

A

inside has a less positive state than outside

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35
Q

resting neuron potential

A

negative

-70mv

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36
Q

depolarisation

A

decrease in membrane potential, less negative

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37
Q

Repolarisation

A

return of cell to its resting potential

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38
Q

Chemically gated channel

A

opens in response to chemicals binding to receptors

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39
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

open in response to change in membrane potential

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40
Q

Initial Change

A

takes place when a nerve is activated

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41
Q

Action potential

A

when a receptor potential is strong enough to reach a region, trigger zone, action potential is generated

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42
Q

trigger zone - location

A

generally located in neuron near start of axon

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43
Q

Action potential - size

A

large

cause all or nothing changes in membrane potential

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44
Q

action potential - gating

A

voltage gated and only open if threshold change in membrane potential is reached

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45
Q

Repolarisation phase - action potential

A

eventual closing of voltage gated Na+ channels and opening of voltage gated K+ channels, allowing membrane potential to return to resting state

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46
Q

Myelin - purpose

A

increases rate at which action potential travels down axon by insulating selected portions of the axon

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47
Q

Action potential - location

A

generated at the gaps within nerve sheath

48
Q

Myelin fibres

A

much faster

49
Q

Non myelin fibres

A

much slower

50
Q

CNS function

A

process sensory info and generate appropiate responses

51
Q

White matter

A

mostly nerve fibres (axons) and appear white due to myelin

52
Q

Grey matter

A

nerve cell bodies, no myelin present

53
Q

Brain matter makeup

A

outer - grey
middle - white
inner - grey

54
Q

Spinal cord matter makeup

A

outer- white

inner - grey

55
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

CNS floats in watery nutrient rich bath

produced by specialised clusters of tissue

56
Q

Choroid plexuses

A

specialised clusters of tissue that make CFS and hang from roof of ventricles
knot of porous blood capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells

57
Q

ependymal cells

A

process the filtrate passing and aid in formation of blood brain barrier

58
Q

CSF

A

protects brain from injury
nourishes brain and removes wastes
carries hormones

59
Q

constant motion of CSF

A

aided by movement of long cilia of ependymal cells lining ventricles

60
Q

Meninges

A

three covering layers of connective tissue
dura mater
arachnoid matter
pia matter

61
Q

Dura Matter

A

hard tough outermost covering connected to the inside of the skull

62
Q

Arachnoid matter

A

middle covering, spider like

63
Q

Pia Matter

A

tender, thin innermost covering attached to brain

64
Q

sub arachnoid space

A

wide space between arachnoid and pia membranes where CSF flows

65
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

when fluid accumulates and exerts pressure on brain

66
Q

Brain subdivisions

A

left and right cerebral hemisphere
diencephalon
Brain stem
cerebellum

67
Q

The left and right hemisphere

A

consist of outer cerebral cortex of grey matter
inner region of cerebral white matter
island of additional grey matter (basal nuclei)

68
Q

Cerebral cortex

A 
controls all activities of the body 
can be divided into lobes
outer: grey
middle: white matter
inner: basal nuclei - grey
69
Q

Frontal lobe

A

back of brain
consciousnesss and personality
primary motor region

70
Q

Parietal lobe

A

at the side
Primary sensory region
every part mapped to different body part

71
Q

temporal lobe

A

at temple

primary audio centre

72
Q

occipital lobe

A

infront of eyes

primary vision region

73
Q

cerebral cortex functional areas

A

sensory areas
motor
association

74
Q

Sensory areas

A

percieves information

75
Q

motor area

A

control of voluntary movement

76
Q

association areas

A

integrate multiple pieces of info from various stimuli

77
Q

commissural fibres

A

enables communication between left and right hemispheres

78
Q

association fibres

A

enables communication with each hemisphere

79
Q

projection fibres

A

links cortex to rest of NS

80
Q

Basal nuclei

A

influences motor function

consists of caudate nuclei, putamen, globus pallidus

81
Q

lentiform nucleus

A

putamen and globus pallidus

82
Q

corpus striatum

A

caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus

83
Q

Diencephalon

A 
2 lobed structure at middle brain
on top of brain stem
made of 3 components
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
84
Q

Thalamus

A

inner
relay station to higher cerbral cortex,
involved in memory processing

85
Q

Hypothalamus

A

below
control centre of homeostasis
regulates many important functions

86
Q

Epithalamus

A

back of diencephalon and contains pineal gland

87
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin that controls sleep wake cycle and mood

88
Q

Brain stem

A

critical to survival

contains specialised autonomic centres that controls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing

89
Q

Brain stem - midbrain

A

top of stem - middle of brain

90
Q

Brain stem -pons

A

bridge

91
Q

Brain stem - medulla oblongata

A

lower part of stem
controls important functions
relay station of hypothalamus

92
Q

Cerebellum

A

sits underneath cerebrum
coordinates motor activities
grey matter with thin branches of white matter
in charge of coordination

93
Q

spinal cord - protection

A

protected by bone, coverings and CSF

94
Q

spinal cord - function

A

two way conduction pathway

95
Q

anterior tips of wing

A

ventral horns

96
Q

arrangement of grey matter in spinal cord

A

butterfly shaped

97
Q

posterior tips of wings

A

dorsal horns

98
Q

lateral wings

A

to the side, located in thoracic and superior lumbar regions

99
Q

Ventral horns

A

mainly somatic motor nerve cells with efferent fibres leaving the spinal cord via ventral root

100
Q

Dorsal horns

A

somatic sensory nerve afferent fibres travelling from organs to CNS enter spinal cord

101
Q

lateral horns

A

autonomic nerve cells which stimulate visceral organs

stimulate flight or fight `

102
Q

outside spinal cord - ventral and dorsal

A

they fuse together to form on spinal nerve for each side of body

103
Q

Ascending nerve fibres

A

carry sensory impulses towards higher centres

104
Q

Descending nerve fibres

A

carry impulses from brain to lower parts

105
Q

Traversing fibres

A

carry info from one side to the other

106
Q

Gyrus

A

brain ridges

107
Q

Sulcus

A

grooves in brain, folds back on itself to form grooves

108
Q

Broca’s area

A

speaking (frontal)

109
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

processing and comprehesion

temporal

110
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

thick bundle of nerve fibres that hold brain hmispheres together
carries impulses and has many axonss

111
Q

limbic system

A

emotional response
ring of structures
encircles the upper part of brain stem, corpus callosum and temporal lobes

112
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory centre

113
Q

olfactory bulbs and stalks

A

sense smell

114
Q

Amygdala

A

instinctive behaviour and rage centre

response to pheromones

115
Q

interneuron

A

link sensory and motor neuron that doesnt go through brain

Human Biology (14 decks)

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