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Human Biology > Module 2 - Topic 1-2: Integumentary system > Flashcards

Module 2 - Topic 1-2: Integumentary system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Basic function of integumentary system

A
  • physical and chemical barrier
  • maintains body temp
  • enables body to sense environment
  • vitamin D synthesis
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2
Q

How blood recieves oxygen

A

by diffusion through the skin (1-2%)

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3
Q

integumentary makeup

A

many layers thick

specialised nerve endings

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4
Q

Epidermis

A

outer layer of squamous epithelium

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5
Q

Dermis

A

connective tissue, glands, blood and lymph vessels and nervous tissue

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6
Q

Hypodermis

A

below the dermis, adipose tissue and connective tissue

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7
Q

Keratinocytes

A

contains fibrous intermediate filaments protein (keratin) and waterproofs

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8
Q

Melanocytes

A

secretes pigment - melanin

  • shields the DNA from UV rays
  • close to blood vessels
  • delivers melanin granules to kertainocytes
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9
Q

Langerhan’s cells

A

for immune surveillance and present antigens to immune system

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10
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

outermost layer, dead, flattened sloughing cells

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11
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

clear layer, mainly thick skin

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12
Q

Stratum Granulosom

A

granular layer, keratohyaline granules

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13
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

spiny layer, developed desomomes, melanin

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14
Q

Stratum Basale

A

innermost base, where the live cells, closest to the dermis

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15
Q

Eumelanin

A

dark, makes skin darker

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16
Q

Phaeomelanin

A

makes red hair

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17
Q

Carotene

A

yellow

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18
Q

Haemoglobin

A

reddish colour

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19
Q

Dermis

A

highly vascularised

  • supplies nutrients and O2 to stratum basale
  • involved in temperature regulation
  • protects underlying tissues
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20
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

modified apocrine glands

- secretes cerumen - wax

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21
Q

Mammary Glands

A

modified apocrine sweat glands

- secrete milk

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22
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

associated with hair follicles

  • secrete sebum
  • oil lubricates hair
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23
Q

Hair

A

composed of concentric rings of keratinised cells

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24
Q

Eumelanin

A

gives black brown and blonde colour

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25
Q

Lanugo

A

loses 2 months before birth

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26
Q

Vellus

A

fine, pale body hair

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27
Q

Terminal hair

A

scalp, eyebrow, lashes, axilla, pubis

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28
Q

Around hair follicles

A

nervous tissue

  • microscopic muscle tissue
  • contraction forces sebum out of hair follicles
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29
Q

Free nerve endings

A

pain and temp

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30
Q

merkel discs

A

light touch and pressure

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31
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

skin distortion and pressure

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32
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

light touch, texture

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33
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

deep pressure, tickle and vibration

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34
Q

Hypodermis

A

consists of adipose tissue
storage depot for triglycerides
protects and insulates underlying skin

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35
Q

Human Skeleton

A

Compromised bone and cartilage

  • provides support and protection
  • assists movement
  • calcium and phosphate storage
  • blood cell production
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36
Q

Bone - qualities

A

strong and light but prone to wear and tear

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37
Q

Cartilage - qualities

A

more durable and flexible material

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38
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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39
Q

Basic types of bones

A 
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
40
Q

long bone

A

compact

41
Q

short bone

A

spongy except surface

42
Q

flat bone

A

plates of compact bone enclosing spongy bone

43
Q

irregular bone

A

variable

44
Q

sesamoid bone

A

developed in tendons or ligaments

45
Q

ends of bone

A

epiphyses

46
Q

shaft of bone

A

diaphysis

47
Q

ara white fibrous membrane

A

periosteum

48
Q

ticular cartilige

A

caps the end of bone

49
Q

bone matrix

A

strong, hard, durable, tough material

50
Q

Bone matrix composition

A

collagen type 1 fibres (strong, rope like protein fibres) and crystals (surrounding the collagen fibres)

51
Q

Bone cells

A

Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

52
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells, the young cells that develop into other specialised cells

53
Q

Oestoblasts

A

Matrix synthesising cell
Bone growth
Outside of Bone matrix

54
Q

Oestoclasts

A

Bone reabsorbing cell
Bone eaters
Outside of cell

55
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cell
Monitors and maintains bone matrix
Inside bone

56
Q

Bone tissue

A

Dynamic, always changing

57
Q

Lacuna

A

Cavities which the oestocytes are in

58
Q

Long bone - compact bone

A

Solid, dense bone

Basic unit of structure is osteons

59
Q

Osteons

A

Ring circles of bone crystal

60
Q

Long bone - spongy bone

A

Sponge like with spaces and trabeculae
No osteon
Usually ends of bone

61
Q

Trabeculae

A

Bony struts surrounded by bone marrow

62
Q

When trabeculae are formed

A

Formed after birth, formed in places that need added strength and to lessen force

63
Q

Flat bone - structure

A

Compact bone
Spongy bone
Compact bone

64
Q

Osteons- structure

A

Central cavity - arteries and veins
Lacuna - cavatites that hold osteocytes
Canliculi - allows nutrients from arteries to fuse to other osteocytes

65
Q

Collagen fibres

A

Winded up bone
Tough fibres
Run in different directions in each layer of bone to provide strength

66
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Secretes calcitonin
Inhibits osteoclasts activity
Decreases blood calcium levels

67
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

4 small glands
Secretes parathyroid hormone
Stimulates osteocytes activity and bone degradation
Increases blood calcium level

68
Q

Growth hormone

A

Secreted in parathyroid

Stimulates oestoblasts and osteoclasts

69
Q

Sex hormones

A

Oestrogen and testosterone inhibits oestoclast activity

Stimulates osteoblasts activity

70
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Cartilage growth plate

At 18 cartilage stops dividing to let in more bone and bone replaces it

71
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Found in spongy bone

Site of blood cell production

72
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Oily substance
Found in meduallary cavity of long bones (middle cavity)
Site of fat storage

73
Q

Cartilage

A 
Made of Chondrocytes (found in lacuna) 
Matrix consisting of
- collagen fibres ( strength) 
- elastin fibres (flexibility) 
- chondrotin sulphate
74
Q

Chondrotin sulphate

A

Chemical that attracts water

Causes cartilage to be stiff - filled with water

75
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most abundant but weakest
Rubbery
No blood vessels or nerves so repair is slow
Found in joints
Provides support, flexibility and reduces friction

76
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Networkof elastic fibres - maintains shape

Provides elasticity and shape

77
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Visible collagen fibres - causes rigidity and strength as well as support and flexibility
Absorbs shock, resists compression

78
Q

Cranium

A

Skull

79
Q

Mandible

A

Chin

80
Q

Clavicle

A

Shoulder bones

81
Q

Scapula

A

Bone inbetween shoulder and torso

82
Q

Humerus

A

Top of arm

83
Q

Sternum

A

Middle of chest

84
Q

Ilium

A

Pelvic bones

85
Q

Sacrum

A

Where spine mets pelvis

86
Q

Carpals

A

Wrist

87
Q

Metacarpals

A

Bottoms of fingers

88
Q

Plalanges

A

Top of fingers

89
Q

Radius

A

Outer bone of lower arm

90
Q

Ulna

A

Inner bone of lower arm

91
Q

Femur

A

Top of leg

92
Q

Patella

A

Knee cap

93
Q

Ishchium

A

Pubis bone

94
Q

Fibula

A

Outer lower leg

95
Q

Tibia

A

Inner lower leg

96
Q

Tarsals

A

Ankle

97
Q

Metatarsals

A

Bottom of foot Close to ankle

Human Biology (14 decks)

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