Module 5: soft tissue response Flashcards
what are the forces/load that can act on an athlete’s tissues during sport?
1) compression
2) tension
3) shearing
what are the anatomical properties of soft tissue?
- muscle
- fat
- fibrous tissue
- blood vessels
what is soft tissue?
non-bony tissue
what are the components of blood?
- liquid fraction: plasma (water) = 55%
- forms elements: blood cells = 45% (RBC), WBC (leukocytes) = immune response, platelets (thrombocytes) = clotting factor
describe the vascular events of a body in shock
- There will be initial immediate vasoconstriction (first 5-10 mins)
- Histamine causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (increase permeability of the tissue, allowing fluid to leak out of vessel to space around it). Happens after 5-10 mins
o WBC and macrophages ingest and dispose unwanted substances
o Platelets help seal off the area (clots)
what are the signs/symptoms of shock?
- pulse: rapid/weak
- skin: cool/clammy
- breathing: rapid/slow
- sweating: profusely
- pupils: dilated
- BP: steady falling
- unconsciousness
- nausea
what is the management of an athlete in shock?
- comfort athlete
- cover w/warm blanket
- elevate feet/get more blood flow to heart
- monitor vitals continuously
what is necrosis?
when deprived of O2 results in cell death
AKA no blood goes to part of tissue and bone which makes them die
the primary injury is a result of what?
- bleeding
- damaged tissue
what causes the secondary injury?
- excessive swelling
what are the 3 phases of healing?
1) acute inflammatory phase
2) repair phase
3) remodeling phase
what happens in phase 1 of healing (acute inflammatory phase)?
o Initial Immediate vasocontraction (first 5-10 mins)- blood vessels gets smaller
o Histamine causes vasodilation an increased vascular permeability (after 5-10 mins)- AKA more fluid leaks from vessel to space around it (fluid will run through blood and lymphatic system?)
WBC (neutrophils)/macrophages dispose unwanted substance
Platelets help clot
(lasts 0-6 days, up to 2 weeks)
what happens in phase 2 of healing? (repair phase)
(AKA proliferation phase) (last 3-21 days, but begins within 12 hours of the injury and may continue up to 6 weeks)
o Begins once all necrotic debris is cleared from injury site
o Dense capillary network will form
o Fibroblasts proliferate damaged area and makes collagen
o Collagen forms a loose mesh network of connective tissue at the injury site
Vascular and fragile
o AKA laying down dense capillaries and collagen onto an injured site.. disorganized and fragile, but very vascular
what happens in phase 3 of healing? (remodelling phase)
o Begins once fibroblasts disappear
o Scar tissue collagen begin to align with direction of stress and the cross-link formation becomes more organized
o Scar tissue is avascular and inelastic and may be present up to one year
what is the pain-spasm cycle?
pain leads to muscular hyperactivity (spasm), which causes terrible pain
what is a muscle spasm?
an involuntary contraction of short duration caused by a reflex action that can be biochemically derived or initiated by a mechanical blow to a nerve or muscle
what are some ways to interrupt the pain-spasm cycle?
- icing
- stretching
what are adhesions?
a band of scar tissue that joins two internal body surfaces that are not usually combined
what is atrophy?
decrease in size of a body part, cell, organ, or other tissue
explain some features of the cognitive appraisal model?
- the injury will happen, and the healing process will be different for each individual
- the model is influenced by personal factors and situational factors
what is R.I.C.E.S?
- rest
- ice
- compression
- elevation
- support
what are the attributes of cryotherapy?
- constrict capillaries and reduce blood flow
- increase blood clotting and decrease haemorrhaging
- decrease pain and muscle spasm
- increase tissue stiffness
- decrease biochemical activity (AKA reduce overall inflammation)
outline the return to activity (RTA) guidlines
- do not return the same say as injury
- rest until asymptomatic
- light aerobic exercise
- sport specific exercise
- non-contact training
- full contact training after medical clearance
- return to competition
- *ALL steps are 24 hours apart. At any time athlete has symptoms of concussion, athlete must go back to step 1
at what phase of healing is it acceptable to apply tape to an injured limb for return to activity?
only at the remodelling phase
what are the properties of collagen fibres?
ligament = wavier muscle-tendon = smaller waves
what are the properties of tensile sterngth?
ligament = not as strong, more elastic muscle-tendon = stronger, more tense less elastic
what the properties of vascularity?
ligament = none muscle-tendon = none
what is vasodilation?
blood vessels widening
what is vasoconstriction?
blood vessels constricting/getting smaller
what is hypertrophy?
an increase and growth of muscle cells
what is necrosis?
damaged tissues due to a lack of O2 or dead tissue
what is the role of RBC (erythrocytes)?
carry O2
what is the role of WBC (leukocytes)?
fight off infections
what is the role of platelets?
clotting
what is the role of plasma (liquid fraction)?
makes up fluid portion
