Module 5: soft tissue response Flashcards

1
Q

what are the forces/load that can act on an athlete’s tissues during sport?

A

1) compression
2) tension
3) shearing

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2
Q

what are the anatomical properties of soft tissue?

A
  • muscle
  • fat
  • fibrous tissue
  • blood vessels
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3
Q

what is soft tissue?

A

non-bony tissue

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4
Q

what are the components of blood?

A
  • liquid fraction: plasma (water) = 55%
  • forms elements: blood cells = 45% (RBC), WBC (leukocytes) = immune response, platelets (thrombocytes) = clotting factor
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5
Q

describe the vascular events of a body in shock

A
  • There will be initial immediate vasoconstriction (first 5-10 mins)
  • Histamine causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (increase permeability of the tissue, allowing fluid to leak out of vessel to space around it). Happens after 5-10 mins
    o WBC and macrophages ingest and dispose unwanted substances
    o Platelets help seal off the area (clots)
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6
Q

what are the signs/symptoms of shock?

A
  • pulse: rapid/weak
  • skin: cool/clammy
  • breathing: rapid/slow
  • sweating: profusely
  • pupils: dilated
  • BP: steady falling
  • unconsciousness
  • nausea
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7
Q

what is the management of an athlete in shock?

A
  • comfort athlete
  • cover w/warm blanket
  • elevate feet/get more blood flow to heart
  • monitor vitals continuously
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8
Q

what is necrosis?

A

when deprived of O2 results in cell death

AKA no blood goes to part of tissue and bone which makes them die

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9
Q

the primary injury is a result of what?

A
  • bleeding

- damaged tissue

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10
Q

what causes the secondary injury?

A
  • excessive swelling
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11
Q

what are the 3 phases of healing?

A

1) acute inflammatory phase
2) repair phase
3) remodeling phase

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12
Q

what happens in phase 1 of healing (acute inflammatory phase)?

A

o Initial Immediate vasocontraction (first 5-10 mins)- blood vessels gets smaller
o Histamine causes vasodilation an increased vascular permeability (after 5-10 mins)- AKA more fluid leaks from vessel to space around it (fluid will run through blood and lymphatic system?)
 WBC (neutrophils)/macrophages dispose unwanted substance
 Platelets help clot

(lasts 0-6 days, up to 2 weeks)

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13
Q

what happens in phase 2 of healing? (repair phase)

A

(AKA proliferation phase) (last 3-21 days, but begins within 12 hours of the injury and may continue up to 6 weeks)
o Begins once all necrotic debris is cleared from injury site
o Dense capillary network will form
o Fibroblasts proliferate damaged area and makes collagen
o Collagen forms a loose mesh network of connective tissue at the injury site
 Vascular and fragile
o AKA laying down dense capillaries and collagen onto an injured site.. disorganized and fragile, but very vascular

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14
Q

what happens in phase 3 of healing? (remodelling phase)

A

o Begins once fibroblasts disappear
o Scar tissue collagen begin to align with direction of stress and the cross-link formation becomes more organized
o Scar tissue is avascular and inelastic and may be present up to one year

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15
Q

what is the pain-spasm cycle?

A

pain leads to muscular hyperactivity (spasm), which causes terrible pain

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16
Q

what is a muscle spasm?

A

an involuntary contraction of short duration caused by a reflex action that can be biochemically derived or initiated by a mechanical blow to a nerve or muscle

17
Q

what are some ways to interrupt the pain-spasm cycle?

A
  • icing

- stretching

18
Q

what are adhesions?

A

a band of scar tissue that joins two internal body surfaces that are not usually combined

19
Q

what is atrophy?

A

decrease in size of a body part, cell, organ, or other tissue

20
Q

explain some features of the cognitive appraisal model?

A
  • the injury will happen, and the healing process will be different for each individual
  • the model is influenced by personal factors and situational factors
21
Q

what is R.I.C.E.S?

A
  • rest
  • ice
  • compression
  • elevation
  • support
22
Q

what are the attributes of cryotherapy?

A
  • constrict capillaries and reduce blood flow
  • increase blood clotting and decrease haemorrhaging
  • decrease pain and muscle spasm
  • increase tissue stiffness
  • decrease biochemical activity (AKA reduce overall inflammation)
23
Q

outline the return to activity (RTA) guidlines

A
  • do not return the same say as injury
  • rest until asymptomatic
  • light aerobic exercise
  • sport specific exercise
  • non-contact training
  • full contact training after medical clearance
  • return to competition
  • *ALL steps are 24 hours apart. At any time athlete has symptoms of concussion, athlete must go back to step 1
24
Q

at what phase of healing is it acceptable to apply tape to an injured limb for return to activity?

A

only at the remodelling phase

25
Q

what are the properties of collagen fibres?

A
ligament = wavier
muscle-tendon = smaller waves
26
Q

what are the properties of tensile sterngth?

A
ligament = not as strong, more elastic
muscle-tendon = stronger, more tense less elastic
27
Q

what the properties of vascularity?

A
ligament = none
muscle-tendon = none
28
Q

what is vasodilation?

A

blood vessels widening

29
Q

what is vasoconstriction?

A

blood vessels constricting/getting smaller

30
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

an increase and growth of muscle cells

31
Q

what is necrosis?

A

damaged tissues due to a lack of O2 or dead tissue

32
Q

what is the role of RBC (erythrocytes)?

A

carry O2

33
Q

what is the role of WBC (leukocytes)?

A

fight off infections

34
Q

what is the role of platelets?

A

clotting

35
Q

what is the role of plasma (liquid fraction)?

A

makes up fluid portion