Module 3: Risk Management

Question 1

what is mechanism of injury?

Answer 1

application location, magnitude, and direction of which excess forces/stresses are applied to the body

Question 2

what is the difference between exposed and unexposed injury?

Answer 2

exposed = disrupt skin continuity

unexposed = internal, skin not broken

Question 3

what are the signs and symptoms of a contusion?

Answer 3

contusion = a region of injured tissue or skin in which blood capillaries have been ruptured (AKA bruise)

• swelling
• pain
• limited ROM near injury
• bluish discolouration

Question 4

what is a hematoma?

Answer 4

an abnormal collection of blood outside the blood vessel

Question 5

what is ecchymosis?

Answer 5

a discolouration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising

Question 6

describe the signs and symptoms of mild, moderate, and severe strain

Answer 6

• mild (grade 1): minimal pain, swelling, and little or no loss of functional ability
• moderate (grade 2): causes partial tearing of the ligament and is characterized by bruising, moderate pain, and swelling
• severe (grade 3): complete tear

Question 7

describe the signs and symptoms of mild, moderate and severe sprain

Answer 7

• mild (grade 1): the ligament has been stretched, resulting in slight or minimal tearing of fibers. Individual may be able to bear weight immediately after injury and it may feel stable. Pain and swelling is mild.
• moderate (grade 2): ligament has sustained greater damage with moderate tearing of the fibers. Swelling and tenderness are localized around the injured structure and may extend to surrounding tissue. Individual may be able to bear some weight and will walk with an antalgic gait (limp)
• severe (grade 3): complete tear or rupture of a ligament. Ankle is unstable and swelling, and ecchymosis (discoloration of skin) is rapid and diffuse. Individual demonstrates functional and clinical instability and will be unable to bear weight or walk with a normal gait

Question 8

what is a dislocation?

Answer 8

a condition that happens when the bones of a joint are knocked out of place

Question 9

what is the difference between subluxation and luxation?

Answer 9

subluxation = a partial abnormal separation of the articular surfaces of a joint

luxation = complete dislocation of a joint

Question 10

what is myositis?

Answer 10

inflammation of a muscle’s connective tissues and inflammation of the sheath of fascia surrounding portions of muscle

Question 11

what is tendonitis?

Answer 11

inflammation of the tendon that causes deep nagging pain

Question 12

what is tenosynovitis?

Answer 12

inflammation of the synovial sheath surrounding a tendon and is common in the hands and feet

Question 13

what is bursitis?

Answer 13

irritation of one or more bursae

Question 14

why are fractures unique injurues?

Answer 14

bones tend to buckle or bend prior to breaking, which often leads to unique fracture patterns

Question 15

what is a stress fracture?

Answer 15

a fracture that occurs due to continuous stress on the bone

Question 16

what are the different types of fractures?

Answer 16

• simple
• compound
• depressed
• transverse
• comminuted
• oblique
• epiphyseal
• spiral
• greenstick
• avulsion
• impacted

Question 17

what is a simple (closed) fracture?

Answer 17

bone breaks cleanly but ends do not break the skin

Question 18

what is a compound (open) fracture?

Answer 18

bone ends penetrate through the soft tissue and skin

Question 19

what is a depressed fracture?

Answer 19

occurs more frequently on flat bones when the broken portion is driven inwards

Question 20

what is a transverse fracture?

Answer 20

break occurs in aa straight line across the bone

Question 21

what is a comminuted fracture?

Answer 21

bone fragments into several pieces

Question 22

what is an oblique fracture?

Answer 22

break occurs diagonally when torsion occurs on one end while the other is fixed

Question 23

what is an epiphyseal fracture?

Answer 23

separation involves the epiphysis on the bone

Question 24

what is a spiral fraction?

Answer 24

jagged bone ends are s-shaped when excessive torsion is applied to a fixed bone

Question 25

what is a greenstick fracture?

Answer 25

bone breaks incompletely

Question 26

what is an avulsion fracture?

Answer 26

bone fragment is pulled off by an attached tendon or ligament

Question 27

what is an impacted fracture?

Answer 27

bone is impacted or driven into another piece of bone

Question 28

what are some signals that there may be some nerve damage?

Answer 28

• severe, excruciating, shooting pain which feels like electric shock
• tingling and/or altered sensation in the injured limb
• weakness or loss of motor power
• dry and red skin due to interruption of sympathetic functions

Question 29

what are the three main types of mechanical forces?

Answer 29

1) compression
2) tension
3) shearing

Question 30

what is a compression mechanical force?

Answer 30

the force comes straight down on one another and compress each other
(head on)

Question 31

what is a tension mechanical force?

Answer 31

pulling two forces in the opposite direction = longer and thinner muscles and ligaments

Question 32

what is a shearing mechanical force?

Answer 32

stress in 2 forces acting parallel to each other but in opposite direction

Question 33

what are some psychosocial factors may predispose an athlete to injury?

Answer 33

• social withdrawal
• emotional outbursts
• excessive worry
• changes in sleep patterns
• changes in appetite
• denying seriousness of injury
• anxiety/depression
• poor focus

Question 34

what is an intrinsic risk factor?

Answer 34

a predisposing factor that acts from within your body

Question 35

what is an extrinsic risk factor?

Answer 35

an outside influence. elements that are not caused by your own body

Question 36

what is a contusion?

Answer 36

a bruise