Module 2: Functional Anatomy- Terminology Flashcards
what is sport medicine?
Multi-disciplinary term encompassing all phases of
medical concerns related to any sort of activity
what are some useful courses for students to take who are interested in sport medicine?
- human anatomy
- human physiology
- kinesiology/biomechanics
- etc.
what are the functions of the skeleton?
- protect the vital organs
- support an upright posture
- attachment points for muscles to provide force to the bones for movement
what are the classifications of bones?
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
- sesamoid bones
what is the diaphysis?
long portion of the bone made of compact bone
what is the epiphysis?
expanded portion at the end of the bone, made of spongy bone
what is articular cartilage?
smooth white tissue that covers end of bones where they come together from joints
where is the bone marrow located?
centre of the bone
what is the endosteum?
membrane lining the medullary cavity
what are palpable bony landmarks?
any place on the skin surface where an underlying bone is normally close to the skin surface (ex: scapula)
what are the main structures of the axial skeleton?
- skull
- vertebrae
- thorax (rib cage)
what are the main structures of the appendicular skeleton?
- shoulder/upper extremity
- pelvis/lower extremity
how many vertebrae are in each section of the vertebral column?
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- sacrum
- coccyx
explain the main differences between the male and female skeleton
male:
- heavier and larger pelvis
- narrow, deep, and more funnel shaped
female:
- wider and flare shape
- increased inward slant of the hips and knees
what is another word used to describe a bony joint?
articulation
what are the functions of articulations (joints)?
Functional junction between 2 or more bones
- AKA connects 2 or more bones together using ligaments
what are the classifications of joints?
1) synarthroses- immovable joints
2) Amphiarthroses- slightly moveable
3) diarthroses (synovial) - freely movable
what are the 6 varieties of synovial joints?
1) ball & socket (multuple planes of motion)
2) hinge (move in one plane of motion)
3) pivot (rotation in one plane of motion ex: ulnar)
4) saddle (barely any movement ex: thumb)
5) gliding (gliding on top of one another ex: carpals)
6) condyloid (moving in one direction ex: knee joint)
how many muscles are in the human body?
around 600
what is the principle of leverage?
Skeletal muscle power is nothing without lever action. The bone acts as a rigid bar, the joint is the fulcrum, and the muscle applies the force
what is the principle of optimum joint angle?
when the joint is in a weird position or stretched, it becomes weaker = more prone to injury. there is a optimum angle in which the joint can produce the most force
what are the divisions of the nervous system?
- central nervous system
- peripheral nervous system
what is the difference between sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) nerves?
sensory = posterior branches. transmit information from sensory receptors in the kin, tendons, ligaments, and muscles to the CNS (brain & spinal cord)
motor = transmit control signals to the muscles from the CNS
what is the difference between voluntary (somatic) and involuntary (visceral) nerves?
somatic = innervates a series of skeletal muscles and provides sensory input from the skin, fascia, muscles, and joints
visceral = part of the autonomic nervous system
explain the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic = nervous actions and involuntary and done when the body is in a stressful situation (fight or flight)
parasympathetic = voluntary and body is relaxed
what is a nervous plexus?
branching network on intersecting nerves
what is a dermatome?
area of skin in which sensory nerves serve from a single spinal nerve root
what is a myotome?
selected motions innervated predominantly by a single nerve root
what is Wolff’s law?
bones and soft tissues respond to the physical demands that are placed on them, causing the formation of collagen to remodel or realign along the lines of stress, and thereby promoting healthy joint biomechanics
