MODULE 5 L2: FRUITS AND SEEDS Flashcards
a characteristic of flowering plants. Once pollination and fertilization occur, the ovary of the plant becomes the fruit and the ovules become the seeds.
FRUIT
They can be fleshy or dry
FRUITS
Main purpose is that they protect the seeds during
development.
FRUITS
often colorful and emanate a delectable odor, they help in attracting birds and other animals to eat seeds. This way the seeds get dispersed to other areas for generating new plants.
FRUITS
FRUIT REGIONS
- The skin
EXOCARP
FRUIT REGION
- The inner boundary around seed(s)
ENDOCARP
FRUIT REGION
- The tissue between exocarp and endocarp
MESOCARP
3 regions is collectively called
PERICARP
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS
- one fruit that has developed from one single flower
SIMPLE FRUIT
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS
- one flower that produces tiny fruits clustered tightly together
AGGREGATE FRUIT
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS
- fruits from many different flowers which develop closely together to form one bigger fruit
MULTIPLE FRUIT
SIMPLE FRUIT:
Fleshy fruits types
BERRY
DRUPE
POME
SIMPLE FRUIT:
Fleshy fruits (Under Berry)
TRUE BERRY
PEPO
HESPERIDIUM
SIMPLE FRUIT:
Dry fruits types
DEHISCENT
INDEHISCENT
SIMPLE FRUIT:
Dry fruits types (under Dehiscent)
FOLLICLE
LEGUME
SILIQUES
CAPSULES
SIMPLE FRUIT:
Dry fruits types (under Indehiscent)
ACHENE
NUTS
CARYOPSIS
SAMARAS
SCHIZOCARP
The ripened ovary of the flower
FRUIT
Parts of the Fruit
SEED
PERICARP
- EXOCARP
- MESOCARP
- ENDOCARP
BASED ON THE ORIGIN
- Fruit that develops after fertilization
NORMAL
BASED ON THE ORIGIN
- Fruit that develops without fertilization
PARTHENOCARPIC
BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
- Developed from one ovary
SIMPLE FRUIT
BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
- Develops from several ovaries
COMPOUND FRUIT
BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
Types of Compound fruit
AGGREGATE AND MULTIPLE
BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
Types of Compound fruit
- Develops from several ovaries of a single flower
AGGREGATE
BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
Types of Compound fruit
- Develops from several ovaries of a compact inflorescence
MULTIPLE (collective)
Example of Aggregate fruit
ATIS (Annona squamosa)
Example of Multiple fruit
PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus)
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
- Legume of Pod
- Follicle
- Capsule
- Silique
PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT
- Arises from a single carpel which maturity splits along two sutures
- With the shell, pericarp enclosing the seeds
Ex. Peanut, sitao, batao, patani
LEGUME OR POD
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT
- Develops from single carpel and opens along one suture
Ex. Camachile
FOLLICLE
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT
- Derives from an ovary with 2 or more united carpels, each carpel producing few to many seeds and splits in various ways.
Ex. Banaba, okra, cotton
CAPSULE
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT
- Derived from superior ovary consisting of two locules which at maturity separates into three portions with the seeds attached to the central, persistent portion
Ex. Malunggay
SILIQUE
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
- Achene
- Grain (Caryopsis)
- Samara
- Schizocarp
- Nut
PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT
- Commonly called ‘seeds’ buy when the pericarp is broken, the seeds within is seen to be attached to the ovary wall at one point.
Ex. Sunflower
ACHENE
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT
- Like the achene, it is also one seeded, but the pericarp and seed coat are firmly united.
Ex. Corn, Rice
GRAIN (caryopsis)
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT
- May be one-seeded or two-seeded and has wing like outgrowth of the ovary wall.
Ex. Narra, Maple
SAMARA
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT
- Derived from 2 carpels which splits when mature
Ex. Mustard family
SCHIZOCARP
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT
- One seeded fruit with a hard or stony pericarp commonly called the “shell”.
Ex. Cashew, Pistachio, Walnut, Chestnut
NUTS
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
- Berry
- Hesperidium
- Pepo
- Drupe
- Pome
PERICARP FLESHY
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP FLESHY
- The pericarp is soft and fleshy
- Usually many seed are embedded in a fleshy part which is both endocarp and mesocarp
Ex. Eggplant, Tomato, Grapes
BERRY
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP FLESHY
- Type of berry with a thick, leathery exocarp, and with thick juicy mesocarp.
Ex. Orange, Dalandan, Calamansi
HESPERIDIUM
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP FLESHY
- Berry-like fruit with hard exocarp while the fleshy part of the fruit is principally mesocarp and endocarp.
Ex. Watermelon, Cucumber
PEPO
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP FLESHY
- Usually ine seeded, exocarp is thin, mesocarp may be fleshy or fibrous and the endocarp is hard.
Ex. Coconut, Mango, Avocado
DRUPE
BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP FLESHY
- With thin, papery exocarp
- Derived from an inferior ovary, the fleshy part is the enlarged floral tube and the core comes from the ovary.
Ex. Apple, Pear
POME
This accessory ‘fruit’ is actually an enlarged receptacle
STRAWBERRY
Embryotic plants enclosed in a protective outer covering.
SEEDS
Functions:
- Reproduction
- Covering the embryo
- Storage of food
- Dispersal to a new location and dormancy during unfavorable conditions
SEEDS
SEED STRUCTURE
- External
- Embryo
- Endosperm
SEED STRUCTURE
External types
SEED COAT/TESTA
HILUM
SEED STRUCTURE
EXTERNAL
- Outer protective covering
SEED COAT/ TESTA
SEED STRUCTURE
EXTERNAL
- Scar frim the sed being attached to the parent plant
HILUM
SEED STRUCTURE
Embryo types
- COTYLEDON
- PLUMULE
- RADICLE
SEED STRUCTURE
EMBRYO
- The first leaf that germinates
COTYLEDON
SEED STRUCTURE
EMBRYO (cotyledon sub term)
- The portion of axis above and lower portion of the cotyledon respectively.
EPICOTYL AND HYPOCOTYL
SEED STRUCTURE
EMBRYO
- The first apical bud of shoot
PLUMULE
SEED STRUCTURE
EMBRYO (plumule sub term)
- Covering the young shoot
COLEOPTILE
SEED STRUCTURE
EMBRYO
- Part of the seed where the root develops
RADICLE
SEED STRUCTURE
EMBRYO (radicle sub term)
- The protective sheath investing the radicle in som monocotyledonous plants through which the roots emerge.
COLEORHIZA
SEED STRUCTURE
- This is the source of stored food, consisting prima of starches.
- It is the structure that has been formed to provide nutrition for embryo in germination.
ENDOSPERM
- Only one cotyledon present in the embryo
- Cotyledons is thin and small and lacks food materials
- Endosperm is mostly present and stores food
- Radicle is protected by coleorhiza and plumule by coleoptile
Ex. Corn seed
MONOCOT SEED
- Two lateral cotyledons are present in embryo axis
- Cotyledons are fleshy and store food
- Endosperm is mostly absent and lacks food
- Coleorhiza and coleoptiles are absent
Ex. Bean seed
DICOT SEED
- Have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit)
- It includes Flowers, Fruits, and Endosperm in the seeds.
ANGIOSPERMS
- Have no flowers or Fruits, and have enclosed ir ‘naked’ seeds on the surface of scales or leaves
- Often configured as cones
GYMNOSPERMS
MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL
SELF DISPERSAL
WIND DISPERSAL
WATER
ANIMALS
MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL
Types of Self dispersal
BALLISTIC
GRAVITY
MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL
Types of Self dispersal
- Witch hazel, squirting cucumber
BALLISTIC
MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL
Types of Self dispersal
- Carpel grows inside the soil (geocarpic)
Ex. Peanuts
GRAVITY
MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL
Ex. Dandelion and Maple
WIND DISPERSAL
MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL
- Fleshy fruits eaten and dispersed with feces
- Some have velcro-like hooks that cling to animal fur (burdock, cockleburs)
ANIMALS
SEED DISPERSAL
- Bees, Beetles, Bats, Birds, Butterflies, etc
POLEN DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS
FRUIT AND SEED DISPERSAL
- Seeds are small and light weight
Ex. Samaras, Plumes
DISPERSAL BY WIND
- Oils attract ants
- Elaiosomes (Greek élaion “oil” and sóma “body”) on bleeding hearts used as foods by ants
DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS
- The Coconut seed is well adapted by the method of ocean dispersal
- The buoyant coconuts drift on ocean currents
- They end up on tropical beaches where they germinate and develop root
WATER DISPERSAL
Includes emergence of the radicle, is the beginning or resumption of growth of a seed, and it depends on the interplay of a number of internal and external factors.
GERMINATION
The emergence and development from the seed embryo of those structures which seed indicate the ability to produce a normal plant.
GERMINATION
The process by which a dormant seed begins to sprout and grow into a seedling under the right growing conditions.
GERMINATION
MODES OF GERMINATION
EPIGEAL GERMINATION
HYPOGEAL GERMINATION
Based on the behavior of the cotyledons or storage organ
MODES OF GERMINATION
MODES OF GERMINATION
- Seeds emerge out of the soil or above the soil
EPIGEAL GERMINATION
MODES OF GERMINATION
- Seeds remain inside the soil or below the soil
HYPOGEAL GERMINATION
MODES OF GERMINATION
- The cotyledons come out above the soil surface and generally turn green and act as first foliage leaves. This type of germination present in Groundnut, Bean, Cotton, Sunflower, and, Cotton seeds.
EPIGEAL GERMINATION
MODES OF GERMINATION
- The cotyledons do not come above the soil surface. This type of germination is found in Wheat, Barley, Maize, and Pea.
HYPOGEAL GERMINATION
FACTORS AFFECTING GERMINATION
INTERNAL FACTORS AND EXTERNAL FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING GERMINATION
- Maturity of embryo
- Presence or absence of chemical inhibitors
INTERNAL FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING GERMINATION
- Oxygen
- Water
- Temperature
- Light
EXTERNAL FACTORS
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Fruits used in Treating Colds and Fevers; Leaves used to Stimulate
ANGELICA (Angelica archangelica)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Fruits used as a Laxative
BUCKTHORN (Rhamnus catharticus)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Fruit juice drunk to Treat Female Yeast Infections (Candidiasis)
CRANBERRY (Vaccinium oxycoccum)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Dried fruit best known as a condiment but it is also used in Treatment of Asthma
CUBEBS (Piper cubeba)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Fruit acid is believed to Aid in Weight Reduction
MONGOSTEEN (Garcinia mangostana)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Liquid from Boiled fruit used as an Astringent; fruits with High beta-carotene content; Leaves have High Vitamin C content
PERSIMMON (Diospyros virginiana)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Berries, buds, and bark Brewed for tea used to Reduce Fevers
SPICE BUSH (Lindera benzoin)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Fruit pup, used as Laxative
TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Bromelain extracted from pineapple decreases clumping of blood platelets (antiplatelet) and fibrin, thereby improving circulation
- Bromelain also accelerates healing and can relieve pain
- may cure mouth ulcers
PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed oil used to Relieve Indigestion, Colds, and Respiratory problems such as Sinusitis
ANISE (Pimpinella anisum)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seeds contain Levodopa used in Treatment of Parkinson’s disease
VELVET BEAN (Mucuna spp.)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seeds are major source of CORTISONE and also source of a Heart stimulant
STROPHANTHUS (Strophanthus spp)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Strychnine extracted from seeds widely used as an Insect and Animal Poison
- Minute amounts Stimulate the Central Nervous System and Relieve Paralysis
STRYCHNINE PLANT (Strychnos nox-vomica)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed oil used to Promote Prostate health
PUMPKIN (Cucurbita pepo)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Extract from Green oat seeds said to Enhance both physical and sexual health
OATS (Avena sativa)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seeds are the source of perilla oils, which is exceptionally rich in Omega-3 fatty acids essential to Cardiac health
PERILLA (Perilla frutescens)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seeds are source of Gamma Linoleic Acid (GLA) oils beneficial in human nutrition
EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera spp.)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seeds used in Bulking Laxatives; Reduces Mucus resulting frin Asthma and Sinus problems; Reduces skin Inflammation
FENUGREEK (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Cold-processed seed oils are rich source of GLA, beneficial in suppressing or reversing atherosclerosis;
- Crushed seeds used as a laxative and for treating bronchial problems.
FLAX (Linum usitatissimum)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed extract source of powerful antioxidant
- (including quercetin) that also improve blood flow to the retina, thereby retarding macular degeneration; red grapes in particular produce significant amounts of reservatrol, which has been demonstrated to enhance enzyme activity associated with the regeneration and stimulation of nerve
GRAPE (Vitis vinifera)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed extract used to combat Bacterial or Fungal infections
GRAPEFRUIT (Citrus paradise)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed and leaf extracts used to improve blood flow; night cramps of legs; reduce varicose veins and leg swelling
- (Caution: Plant is poisonous and only standardized extracts of demonstrated therapeutic value should be used; a coumarin component of horse chestnut leaves can interact adversely with aspirin and other anticoagulants)
HORSE CHESTNUT (Aesculus hippocastanum)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Powdered seeds used to Counter excessive thirst and excretion of sugar in the urine, characteristic of diabetics
JAVA PLUM (Syzygium cumini)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed extract said to function as Bronchodilator
APRICOT (Prunus armeniaca)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Oil from seeds used to Improve suppleness of Skin and to Reduce Skin dryness
BLACK CURRANT (Ribes nigrum)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed oil has Antibiotic properties and is used in Treatment of Cold
CARDAMOM (Elettaria cadamomum)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed contains an essential oil that acts like an Antioxidant that fights free radicals that attack joints ; Oil believes to have Sedative properties
CELERY (Apium graveolens)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Oils from seeds contains gamma linoleic acid and other oils beneficial in human nutrition
BORAGE (Borago officinalis)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed oil used in the Treatment of skin diseases such as Eczema, Psoriasis, and Leprosy
CHAULMOOGRA (Hydnicarpus spp.)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seeds contain a caffeine-like principle that enabled Native Americans to perform unusual feats of endurance;
- Seed paste used in eye irritation by foreign matter
CHIA (Salvia columbariae)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed extracts are good source of L-arginine and magnesium and are believed (when combined with other chocolate constituents) to elevate serotonin levels;
- Contains theobromin (somewhat similar to caffeine in action) and phenylethylene, which are believed to produce sustained elevation of mood
CHOCOLATE (Theobroma cacao)
PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seeds contain up to 3.5% caffeine and 1% theobromine, which may lessen fatigue
COLA (Cola nitida, C. acuminate)
