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PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY > MODULE 5 L2: FRUITS AND SEEDS > Flashcards

MODULE 5 L2: FRUITS AND SEEDS Flashcards

1
Q

a characteristic of flowering plants. Once pollination and fertilization occur, the ovary of the plant becomes the fruit and the ovules become the seeds.

A

FRUIT

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2
Q

They can be fleshy or dry

A

FRUITS

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3
Q

Main purpose is that they protect the seeds during
development.

A

FRUITS

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4
Q

often colorful and emanate a delectable odor, they help in attracting birds and other animals to eat seeds. This way the seeds get dispersed to other areas for generating new plants.

A

FRUITS

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5
Q

FRUIT REGIONS
- The skin

A

EXOCARP

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6
Q

FRUIT REGION
- The inner boundary around seed(s)

A

ENDOCARP

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7
Q

FRUIT REGION
- The tissue between exocarp and endocarp

A

MESOCARP

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8
Q

3 regions is collectively called

A

PERICARP

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9
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS
- one fruit that has developed from one single flower

A

SIMPLE FRUIT

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10
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS
- one flower that produces tiny fruits clustered tightly together

A

AGGREGATE FRUIT

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11
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS
- fruits from many different flowers which develop closely together to form one bigger fruit

A

MULTIPLE FRUIT

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12
Q

SIMPLE FRUIT:
Fleshy fruits types

A

BERRY
DRUPE
POME

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13
Q

SIMPLE FRUIT:
Fleshy fruits (Under Berry)

A

TRUE BERRY
PEPO
HESPERIDIUM

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14
Q

SIMPLE FRUIT:
Dry fruits types

A

DEHISCENT
INDEHISCENT

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15
Q

SIMPLE FRUIT:
Dry fruits types (under Dehiscent)

A

FOLLICLE
LEGUME
SILIQUES
CAPSULES

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16
Q

SIMPLE FRUIT:
Dry fruits types (under Indehiscent)

A

ACHENE
NUTS
CARYOPSIS
SAMARAS
SCHIZOCARP

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17
Q

The ripened ovary of the flower

A

FRUIT

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18
Q

Parts of the Fruit

A

SEED
PERICARP
- EXOCARP
- MESOCARP
- ENDOCARP

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19
Q

BASED ON THE ORIGIN
- Fruit that develops after fertilization

A

NORMAL

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20
Q

BASED ON THE ORIGIN
- Fruit that develops without fertilization

A

PARTHENOCARPIC

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21
Q

BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
- Developed from one ovary

A

SIMPLE FRUIT

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22
Q

BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
- Develops from several ovaries

A

COMPOUND FRUIT

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23
Q

BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
Types of Compound fruit

A

AGGREGATE AND MULTIPLE

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24
Q

BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
Types of Compound fruit
- Develops from several ovaries of a single flower

A

AGGREGATE

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25
Q

BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
Types of Compound fruit
- Develops from several ovaries of a compact inflorescence

A

MULTIPLE (collective)

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26
Q

Example of Aggregate fruit

A

ATIS (Annona squamosa)

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27
Q

Example of Multiple fruit

A

PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus)

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28
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
- Legume of Pod
- Follicle
- Capsule
- Silique

A

PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT

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29
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT
- Arises from a single carpel which maturity splits along two sutures
- With the shell, pericarp enclosing the seeds

Ex. Peanut, sitao, batao, patani

A

LEGUME OR POD

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30
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT
- Develops from single carpel and opens along one suture

Ex. Camachile

A

FOLLICLE

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31
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT
- Derives from an ovary with 2 or more united carpels, each carpel producing few to many seeds and splits in various ways.

Ex. Banaba, okra, cotton

A

CAPSULE

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32
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND DEHISCENT
- Derived from superior ovary consisting of two locules which at maturity separates into three portions with the seeds attached to the central, persistent portion

Ex. Malunggay

A

SILIQUE

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33
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
- Achene
- Grain (Caryopsis)
- Samara
- Schizocarp
- Nut

A

PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT

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34
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT
- Commonly called ‘seeds’ buy when the pericarp is broken, the seeds within is seen to be attached to the ovary wall at one point.

Ex. Sunflower

A

ACHENE

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35
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT
- Like the achene, it is also one seeded, but the pericarp and seed coat are firmly united.

Ex. Corn, Rice

A

GRAIN (caryopsis)

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36
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT
- May be one-seeded or two-seeded and has wing like outgrowth of the ovary wall.

Ex. Narra, Maple

A

SAMARA

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37
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT
- Derived from 2 carpels which splits when mature

Ex. Mustard family

A

SCHIZOCARP

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38
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP DRY AND INDEHISCENT
- One seeded fruit with a hard or stony pericarp commonly called the “shell”.

Ex. Cashew, Pistachio, Walnut, Chestnut

A

NUTS

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39
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
- Berry
- Hesperidium
- Pepo
- Drupe
- Pome

A

PERICARP FLESHY

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40
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP FLESHY
- The pericarp is soft and fleshy
- Usually many seed are embedded in a fleshy part which is both endocarp and mesocarp

Ex. Eggplant, Tomato, Grapes

A

BERRY

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41
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP FLESHY
- Type of berry with a thick, leathery exocarp, and with thick juicy mesocarp.

Ex. Orange, Dalandan, Calamansi

A

HESPERIDIUM

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42
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP FLESHY
- Berry-like fruit with hard exocarp while the fleshy part of the fruit is principally mesocarp and endocarp.

Ex. Watermelon, Cucumber

A

PEPO

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43
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP FLESHY
- Usually ine seeded, exocarp is thin, mesocarp may be fleshy or fibrous and the endocarp is hard.

Ex. Coconut, Mango, Avocado

A

DRUPE

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44
Q

BASED ON CONSISTENCY
PERICARP FLESHY
- With thin, papery exocarp
- Derived from an inferior ovary, the fleshy part is the enlarged floral tube and the core comes from the ovary.

Ex. Apple, Pear

A

POME

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45
Q

This accessory ‘fruit’ is actually an enlarged receptacle

A

STRAWBERRY

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46
Q

Embryotic plants enclosed in a protective outer covering.

A

SEEDS

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47
Q

Functions:
- Reproduction
- Covering the embryo
- Storage of food
- Dispersal to a new location and dormancy during unfavorable conditions

A

SEEDS

48
Q

SEED STRUCTURE

A
  • External
  • Embryo
  • Endosperm
49
Q

SEED STRUCTURE
External types

A

SEED COAT/TESTA
HILUM

50
Q

SEED STRUCTURE
EXTERNAL
- Outer protective covering

A

SEED COAT/ TESTA

51
Q

SEED STRUCTURE
EXTERNAL
- Scar frim the sed being attached to the parent plant

A

HILUM

52
Q

SEED STRUCTURE
Embryo types

A
  • COTYLEDON
  • PLUMULE
  • RADICLE
53
Q

SEED STRUCTURE
EMBRYO
- The first leaf that germinates

A

COTYLEDON

54
Q

SEED STRUCTURE
EMBRYO (cotyledon sub term)
- The portion of axis above and lower portion of the cotyledon respectively.

A

EPICOTYL AND HYPOCOTYL

55
Q

SEED STRUCTURE
EMBRYO
- The first apical bud of shoot

A

PLUMULE

56
Q

SEED STRUCTURE
EMBRYO (plumule sub term)
- Covering the young shoot

A

COLEOPTILE

57
Q

SEED STRUCTURE
EMBRYO
- Part of the seed where the root develops

A

RADICLE

58
Q

SEED STRUCTURE
EMBRYO (radicle sub term)
- The protective sheath investing the radicle in som monocotyledonous plants through which the roots emerge.

A

COLEORHIZA

59
Q

SEED STRUCTURE
- This is the source of stored food, consisting prima of starches.
- It is the structure that has been formed to provide nutrition for embryo in germination.

A

ENDOSPERM

60
Q
  • Only one cotyledon present in the embryo
  • Cotyledons is thin and small and lacks food materials
  • Endosperm is mostly present and stores food
  • Radicle is protected by coleorhiza and plumule by coleoptile

Ex. Corn seed

A

MONOCOT SEED

61
Q
  • Two lateral cotyledons are present in embryo axis
  • Cotyledons are fleshy and store food
  • Endosperm is mostly absent and lacks food
  • Coleorhiza and coleoptiles are absent

Ex. Bean seed

A

DICOT SEED

62
Q
  • Have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit)
  • It includes Flowers, Fruits, and Endosperm in the seeds.
A

ANGIOSPERMS

63
Q
  • Have no flowers or Fruits, and have enclosed ir ‘naked’ seeds on the surface of scales or leaves
  • Often configured as cones
A

GYMNOSPERMS

64
Q

MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL

A

SELF DISPERSAL
WIND DISPERSAL
WATER
ANIMALS

65
Q

MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL
Types of Self dispersal

A

BALLISTIC
GRAVITY

66
Q

MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL
Types of Self dispersal
- Witch hazel, squirting cucumber

A

BALLISTIC

67
Q

MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL
Types of Self dispersal
- Carpel grows inside the soil (geocarpic)

Ex. Peanuts

A

GRAVITY

68
Q

MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL
Ex. Dandelion and Maple

A

WIND DISPERSAL

69
Q

MAIN MODES OF SEED DISPERSAL
- Fleshy fruits eaten and dispersed with feces
- Some have velcro-like hooks that cling to animal fur (burdock, cockleburs)

A

ANIMALS

70
Q

SEED DISPERSAL
- Bees, Beetles, Bats, Birds, Butterflies, etc

A

POLEN DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS

71
Q

FRUIT AND SEED DISPERSAL
- Seeds are small and light weight

Ex. Samaras, Plumes

A

DISPERSAL BY WIND

72
Q
  • Oils attract ants
  • Elaiosomes (Greek élaion “oil” and sóma “body”) on bleeding hearts used as foods by ants
A

DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS

73
Q
  • The Coconut seed is well adapted by the method of ocean dispersal
  • The buoyant coconuts drift on ocean currents
  • They end up on tropical beaches where they germinate and develop root
A

WATER DISPERSAL

74
Q

Includes emergence of the radicle, is the beginning or resumption of growth of a seed, and it depends on the interplay of a number of internal and external factors.

A

GERMINATION

75
Q

The emergence and development from the seed embryo of those structures which seed indicate the ability to produce a normal plant.

A

GERMINATION

76
Q

The process by which a dormant seed begins to sprout and grow into a seedling under the right growing conditions.

A

GERMINATION

77
Q

MODES OF GERMINATION

A

EPIGEAL GERMINATION
HYPOGEAL GERMINATION

78
Q

Based on the behavior of the cotyledons or storage organ

A

MODES OF GERMINATION

79
Q

MODES OF GERMINATION
- Seeds emerge out of the soil or above the soil

A

EPIGEAL GERMINATION

80
Q

MODES OF GERMINATION
- Seeds remain inside the soil or below the soil

A

HYPOGEAL GERMINATION

81
Q

MODES OF GERMINATION
- The cotyledons come out above the soil surface and generally turn green and act as first foliage leaves. This type of germination present in Groundnut, Bean, Cotton, Sunflower, and, Cotton seeds.

A

EPIGEAL GERMINATION

82
Q

MODES OF GERMINATION
- The cotyledons do not come above the soil surface. This type of germination is found in Wheat, Barley, Maize, and Pea.

A

HYPOGEAL GERMINATION

83
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING GERMINATION

A

INTERNAL FACTORS AND EXTERNAL FACTORS

84
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING GERMINATION
- Maturity of embryo
- Presence or absence of chemical inhibitors

A

INTERNAL FACTORS

85
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING GERMINATION
- Oxygen
- Water
- Temperature
- Light

A

EXTERNAL FACTORS

86
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Fruits used in Treating Colds and Fevers; Leaves used to Stimulate

A

ANGELICA (Angelica archangelica)

87
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Fruits used as a Laxative

A

BUCKTHORN (Rhamnus catharticus)

88
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Fruit juice drunk to Treat Female Yeast Infections (Candidiasis)

A

CRANBERRY (Vaccinium oxycoccum)

89
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Dried fruit best known as a condiment but it is also used in Treatment of Asthma

A

CUBEBS (Piper cubeba)

90
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Fruit acid is believed to Aid in Weight Reduction

A

MONGOSTEEN (Garcinia mangostana)

91
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Liquid from Boiled fruit used as an Astringent; fruits with High beta-carotene content; Leaves have High Vitamin C content

A

PERSIMMON (Diospyros virginiana)

92
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Berries, buds, and bark Brewed for tea used to Reduce Fevers

A

SPICE BUSH (Lindera benzoin)

93
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Fruit pup, used as Laxative

A

TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica)

94
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF FRUITS
- Bromelain extracted from pineapple decreases clumping of blood platelets (antiplatelet) and fibrin, thereby improving circulation
- Bromelain also accelerates healing and can relieve pain
- may cure mouth ulcers

A

PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus)

95
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed oil used to Relieve Indigestion, Colds, and Respiratory problems such as Sinusitis

A

ANISE (Pimpinella anisum)

96
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seeds contain Levodopa used in Treatment of Parkinson’s disease

A

VELVET BEAN (Mucuna spp.)

97
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seeds are major source of CORTISONE and also source of a Heart stimulant

A

STROPHANTHUS (Strophanthus spp)

98
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Strychnine extracted from seeds widely used as an Insect and Animal Poison
- Minute amounts Stimulate the Central Nervous System and Relieve Paralysis

A

STRYCHNINE PLANT (Strychnos nox-vomica)

99
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed oil used to Promote Prostate health

A

PUMPKIN (Cucurbita pepo)

100
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Extract from Green oat seeds said to Enhance both physical and sexual health

A

OATS (Avena sativa)

101
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seeds are the source of perilla oils, which is exceptionally rich in Omega-3 fatty acids essential to Cardiac health

A

PERILLA (Perilla frutescens)

102
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seeds are source of Gamma Linoleic Acid (GLA) oils beneficial in human nutrition

A

EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera spp.)

103
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seeds used in Bulking Laxatives; Reduces Mucus resulting frin Asthma and Sinus problems; Reduces skin Inflammation

A

FENUGREEK (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

104
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Cold-processed seed oils are rich source of GLA, beneficial in suppressing or reversing atherosclerosis;
- Crushed seeds used as a laxative and for treating bronchial problems.

A

FLAX (Linum usitatissimum)

105
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed extract source of powerful antioxidant
- (including quercetin) that also improve blood flow to the retina, thereby retarding macular degeneration; red grapes in particular produce significant amounts of reservatrol, which has been demonstrated to enhance enzyme activity associated with the regeneration and stimulation of nerve

A

GRAPE (Vitis vinifera)

106
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed extract used to combat Bacterial or Fungal infections

A

GRAPEFRUIT (Citrus paradise)

107
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed and leaf extracts used to improve blood flow; night cramps of legs; reduce varicose veins and leg swelling
- (Caution: Plant is poisonous and only standardized extracts of demonstrated therapeutic value should be used; a coumarin component of horse chestnut leaves can interact adversely with aspirin and other anticoagulants)

A

HORSE CHESTNUT (Aesculus hippocastanum)

108
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Powdered seeds used to Counter excessive thirst and excretion of sugar in the urine, characteristic of diabetics

A

JAVA PLUM (Syzygium cumini)

109
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed extract said to function as Bronchodilator

A

APRICOT (Prunus armeniaca)

110
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Oil from seeds used to Improve suppleness of Skin and to Reduce Skin dryness

A

BLACK CURRANT (Ribes nigrum)

111
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed oil has Antibiotic properties and is used in Treatment of Cold

A

CARDAMOM (Elettaria cadamomum)

112
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed contains an essential oil that acts like an Antioxidant that fights free radicals that attack joints ; Oil believes to have Sedative properties

A

CELERY (Apium graveolens)

113
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Oils from seeds contains gamma linoleic acid and other oils beneficial in human nutrition

A

BORAGE (Borago officinalis)

114
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed oil used in the Treatment of skin diseases such as Eczema, Psoriasis, and Leprosy

A

CHAULMOOGRA (Hydnicarpus spp.)

115
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seeds contain a caffeine-like principle that enabled Native Americans to perform unusual feats of endurance;
- Seed paste used in eye irritation by foreign matter

A

CHIA (Salvia columbariae)

116
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seed extracts are good source of L-arginine and magnesium and are believed (when combined with other chocolate constituents) to elevate serotonin levels;
- Contains theobromin (somewhat similar to caffeine in action) and phenylethylene, which are believed to produce sustained elevation of mood

A

CHOCOLATE (Theobroma cacao)

117
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF SEEDS
- Seeds contain up to 3.5% caffeine and 1% theobromine, which may lessen fatigue

A

COLA (Cola nitida, C. acuminate)

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY (15 decks)

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