MODULE 3: ROOTS AND PLANT PROCESSES

Question 1

A part of the embryo (immature plantlet) within it, grows out and develops into first root.

Answer 1

EMBRYONIC ROOT or RADICLE

Question 2

Generally grows straight down from the stem. It is a heavy, thick root that does not have many branches.

Answer 2

TAP ROOT SYSTEM

Question 3

Number of large, equal-sized
taproots.

Answer 3

TAPROOT EVEN/EQUAL

Question 4

Large taproot extending from stem

Answer 4

TAPROOT SWOLLEN

Question 5

Larger than average root going deeper
into the soil.

Answer 5

TAPROOT PRIMARY

Question 6

Advantage of Taproots:

Answer 6

• Anchors plant deeply, helping to prevent the wind from blowing them over
• Food storage
• Drought tolerance

Question 7

Thin, somewhat hair- like, and numerous.

Answer 7

FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM

Question 8

Advantage of fibrous root

Answer 8

• Absorbs water and nutrients quickly
• Helps prevent soil erosion as they anchor plants to the top layers of soil.

Question 9

It is often used for human or animal consumption. COMMON IN DICOTS

Answer 9

TAP ROOT SYSTEM

Question 10

Dry out quicker, thus cannot tolerate drought. COMMON IN MONOCOTS

Answer 10

FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM

Question 11

Thimble-shaped mass of parenchyma cells at the tip of each root.

Answer 11

ROOT CAP

Question 12

Golgi bodies release_______ lasts less than a week, then these die – slough cells.

Answer 12

MUCILAGINOUS LUBRICANT (mucigel)

Question 13

Accumulate at the bottom of cells;Important in perception of gravity.

Answer 13

AMYLOPLASTS

Question 14

Regions of plant cell:

Answer 14

• ROOT CAP
• REGION OF CELL DIVISION/ MERISMATIC REGION
• REGION OF ELONGATION
• REGION OF MATURATION/DIFFERENTIATION

Question 15

Divide once or twice per day.

Answer 15

APICAL MERISTEM

Question 16

Forms the epidermis

Answer 16

PROTODERM

Question 17

Ground tissue and produces parenchyma cells of the cortex.

Answer 17

GROUND MERISTEM

Question 18

Forms the vascular tissues, the primary xylem and phloem.

Answer 18

PROCAMBIUM

Question 19

Protoderm, Ground meristem, Procambium

Answer 19

REGION OF CELL DIVISION/ MERISMATIC REGION

Question 20

Cells become longer and wider.

Answer 20

REGION OF ELONGATION

Question 21

Aka Root hair zone, Root hairs develop as protuberances from epidermal cells.

Answer 21

REGION OF MATURATION/DIFFERENTIATION

Question 22

Increase the surface area for the absorption of water

Answer 22

REGION OF MATURATION/ DIFFERENTIATION

Question 23

Originated from the root of the seedling.

Answer 23

PRIMARY ROOTS

Question 24

(Lateral) roots originate from the primary roots

Answer 24

SECONDARY ROOTS

Question 25

Originate on stems, except the radicles/roots.

Answer 25

ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS

Question 26

3 Meristematic Tissues

Answer 26

• PROTODERM
• GROUND MERISTEM
• PROCAMBIUM

Question 27

The growth of the tips of roots and stems in length with the help of apical meristem.

Answer 27

PRIMARY GROWTH

Question 28

The growth that results from cell division in the cambia or lateral meristems causing the roots and stems to thicken; Doesn’t occur in monocots Mostly occur in seed plants

Answer 28

SECONDARY GROWTH

Question 29

TYPES OF MODIFIED ROOTS

Answer 29

• FOOD STORAGE
• WATER STORAGE
• PROPAGATIVE ROOTS
• PNEUMATOPHORES
• AERIAL ROOTS AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC ROOTS
• CONTRACTILE ROOTS
• BUTTRESS ROOTS
• PARASITIC ROOTS
• SYMBIOTIC ROOTS

Question 30

MODIFIED ROOTS
Roots are enlarged and store large quantities of starch and other carbohydrates, which may later be used for extensive growth.

Answer 30

FOOD STORAGE

Question 31

MODIFIED ROOTS
Ex.: Carrots, beets, turnips, sweet potatoes, yams, hemlocks, dandelions, radish

Answer 31

FOOD STORAGE

Question 32

MODIFIED ROOTS
Plants that grow in arid regions are known for growing structures used to retain water & used these water supply when the supply in the soil is inadequate.

Answer 32

WATER STORAGE ROOTS

Question 33

MODIFIED ROOTS
Ex.: pumpkin, manroots, calabazilla, watermelon

Answer 33

WATER STORAGE ROOTS

Question 34

MODIFIED ROOTS
Produces adventitious buds along the roots that grow near the surface of the ground. The buds develop into aerial stems (suckers). The rooted suckers can be separated from the original root & grow individually.

Answer 34

PROPAGATIVE ROOTS

Question 35

MODIFIED ROOTS
Ex.: cherries, apple, pear, rice-paper plant, tree-of-heaven, weeds such as hoarseradish, Canada thistle

Answer 35

PROPAGATIVE ROOTS

Question 36

MODIFIED ROOTS
Breathing roots to help plants that grow in very wet areas like swamps get enough oxygen. These roots act like snorkel tubes for plants, rising up above the surface of the water so that the plant can get oxygen.

Answer 36

PNEUMATOPHORES

Question 37

MODIFIED ROOTS
Ex.: Mangrove trees

Answer 37

PNEUMATOPHORES

Question 38

MODIFIED ROOTS
Orchids produce velamen roots, corn plants have prop roots, ivies have adventitious roots and vanilla orchids even have photosynthetic roots. They can facilitate climbing and support to the plant.

Answer 38

AERIAL AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC ROOTS

Question 39

MODIFIED ROOTS
Ex.: Orchids, corn, ivies, vanilla orchids

Answer 39

AERIAL AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC ROOTS

Question 40

MODIFIED ROOTS
It pulls the plant deeper into the soil by expanding radially and contracting longitudinally. The contractile part of the root may lose as much as 2/3 of its length within a few weeks as stored food is used and the cortex collapses.

Answer 40

CONTRACTILE ROOTS

Question 41

MODIFIED ROOTS
Ex.: Lily, dandelion, hyacinth

Answer 41

CONTRACTILE ROOTS

Question 42

MODIFIED ROOTS
Large roots on all sides of a tall or shallowly rooted tree. It provides support and stability to a tree.

Answer 42

BUTTRESS ROOTS

Question 43

MODIFIED ROOTS
Ex.: Fig tree and other tropical trees

Answer 43

BUTTRESS ROOTS

Question 44

MODIFIED ROOTS
Plants without chlorophyll become dependent on chlorophyll-bearing plants for nutrition. They parasitize their host plants via peglike projections called haustoria, which develop along the stem in contact with the host.

Answer 44

PARASITIC ROOTS

Question 45

MODIFIED ROOTS
Ex.: Mistletoe, orchids

Answer 45

PARASITIC ROOTS

Question 46

MODIFIED ROOTS
Mycorrhizae form a mutualistic association with plant roots.

Answer 46

SYMBIOTIC ROOTS

Question 47

MODIFIED ROOTS
Ex.: Peanuts, pea, beans, legumes

Answer 47

SYMBIOTIC ROOTS

Question 48

MODIFIED ROOTS
Root+ fungi = __________
(better absorption of phosphorus from the soil)

Answer 48

MYCHORRHIZA

Question 49

MODIFIED ROOTS
Root + bacteria = ___________
(nitrogen fixation, convert n2 to nh3 to use by plant for protein synthesis)

Answer 49

RHIZOBIA

Question 50

They parasitize their host plants via peglike projections called

Answer 50

HAUSTORIA