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PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY > MODULE 4: STEM > Flashcards

MODULE 4: STEM Flashcards

1
Q

Crucial part of plant physiology and become the erect, aerial SHOOT SYSTEM which contains the branches & leaves.

A

STEM

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2
Q

It is the axis of the shoot system which provides mechanical support to the plant; It is the site where leaves and reproductive shoots get attached; It also conducts water and minerals from roots to the leaves and solutes from leaves to storage and use sites.

A

STEM

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3
Q

Exposes the leaves for photosynthesis and positions the reproductive shoots for optimal access to pollinators and dispersal agents; Storage of food and/or water

A

STEM

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4
Q

2 TYPES OF STEM:

A
  1. HERBACEOUS STEM
  2. WOODY STEM
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5
Q

Thin, soft and green in color except those that grow underground.

A

HERBACEOUS STEMS

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6
Q

Taller, thicker, and harder than herbaceous stems.

A

WOODY STEMS

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7
Q

External Parts of the Stem:

A
  1. NODE
  2. INTERNODE
  3. BUD
    - Axillary bud
    - Terminal bud
  4. BUD SCALES
  5. TERMINAL BUD SCALE SCARS
  6. STIPULE SCARS
  7. LEAF SCARS
  8. BUNDLE SCARS
  9. LENTICLE
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8
Q

EXTERNAL PARTS:
- Area of the stem where a leaf or leaves are attached.

A

NODE

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9
Q

EXTERNAL PARTS
- Stem region between nodes

A

INTERNODE

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10
Q

EXTERNAL PARTS
- Located at the angle (axil) between a petiole & stemp

A

BUD

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11
Q

2 TYPES OF BUDS:

A
  1. AXILLARY BUD
  2. TERMINAL BUD
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12
Q

TYPES OF BUDS
Bud at the axillary; forms into separate branches

A

AXILLARY BUD

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13
Q

TYPES OF BUDS
Present at the end of the twig (not always); does not form into branches

A

TERMINAL BUD

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14
Q

EXTERNAL PARTS
Protects buds; falls off when bud tissue starts to grow.

A

BUD SCALES

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15
Q

EXTERNAL PARTS
Marks leaves on the stem from the previous years which serve as external measure of annual growth.

A

TERMINAL BUD SCALE SCARS

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16
Q

EXTERNAL PARTS
Left after buds expand; maybe fine line encircling the twig (or inconspicuous)

A

STIPULE SCARS

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17
Q

EXTERNAL PARTS
Left after leaves fall

A

LEAF SCARS

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18
Q

EXTERNAL PARTS
Mark the location of water conducting & food conducting tissue

A

BUNDLE SCARS

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19
Q

EXTERNAL PARTS
Pores that allow for gas exchange

A

LENTICEL

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20
Q

TERMINOLOGY

A
  1. SHOOT
  2. TWIG
  3. BRANCH
  4. TRUNK
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21
Q

TERMINOLOGY
A young stem (1 year old or less) with leaves

A

SHOOT

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22
Q

TERMINOLOGY
A young stem (1 year old or less) that is in the dormant winter stage (no leaves)

A

TWIG

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23
Q

TERMINOLOGY
A stem that is more than 1 year old typically with lateral stems radiating from it

A

BRANCH

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24
Q

TERMINOLOGY
A woody plant’s main stem

A

TRUNK

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25
Q

The apical meristem is dormant before the growing season begins.

A

LEAF PRIMORDIA

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26
Q

Protected by bud scales of the bud in which it is located and to certain extent by the tiny embryonic leaves that will develop into mature leaves after the bud scales drop off and growth begins.

A

LEAF PRIMORDIA

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27
Q

MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
Coated & protected by a cuticle; from the protoderm

A

PROTODERM = EPIDERMIS

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28
Q

MERISTEMATIC TISSUES

A
  1. PROTODERM = EPIDERMIS
  2. PROCAMBIUM = PRIMARY XYLEM AND PHLOEM
  3. GROUND MERISTEMS
    - Pith
    - Cortex
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29
Q

MERISTEMATIC TISSUES

A

PROCAMBIUM = PRIMARY XYLEM AND PHLOEM

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30
Q

MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
Parenchyma tissue in the center of the stem

A

PITH

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31
Q

MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
From the ground meristem

A

CORTEX

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32
Q

VASCULAR CAMBIUM

A
  1. SECONDARY XYLEM
  2. SECONDARY PHLOEM
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33
Q

SECONDARY GROWTH
Tracheids, vessel elements

A

SECONDARY XYLEM

34
Q

SECONDARY GROWTH
Sieve tubes, companion cells

A

SECONDARY PHLOEM

35
Q

In woody species, a ________________ arises within the cortex or from the epidermis/phloem.

A

SECOND CAMBIUM = Cork Cambium/Phellogen

36
Q

Produces boxlike cork cells, which become impregnated with

A

SUBERIN

37
Q

In general, plants that die after going from seed to maturity within one growing season (annuals) have green, herbaceous (nonwoody) stems.

A

HERBACEOUS DICOT STEM

38
Q

Have discrete vascular bundles composed of patches of xylem and phloem. The vascular bundles are arranged in a cylinder that separates the cortex from the pith.

Exception: (e.g., foxgloves), the xylem and the phloem are produced as continuous rings (cylinders) instead of in separate bundles.

A

HERBACEOUS DICOT STEM

39
Q

Most monocots (e.g., grasses, lilies) are herbaceous plants that do not grow tall.

A

MONOCOT STEM

40
Q

The stems have no vascular cambium nor a cork cambium and thus produce no secondary vascular tissues or cork.

A

MONOCOT STEM

41
Q

Each bundle, regardless of its specific location, is oriented so that its xylem is closer to the center of the stem and its phloem is closer to the surface.

A

MONOCOT STEM

42
Q

In woody plants, obvious differences begin to appear as soon as the vascular cambium and the cork cambium develop. The most conspicuous differences involve the secondary xylem, or wood, as it is best known.

A

WOODY DICOT STEM

43
Q

Some tropical trees (e.g., ebony), in which both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium are active all year, produce an ungrained, uniform wood.

A

WOODY DICOT STEM

44
Q

The wood of most trees, however, is produced seasonally. In trees of temperate climates, virtually all growth takes place during the spring and summer and then ceases until the following spring.

A

WOODY DICOT STEM

45
Q

When the vascular cambium of a typical broadleaf tree first becomes active in the spring, it usually produces relatively large vessel elements of secondary xylem; such xylem is referred to as________

A

SPRING WOOD

46
Q

The xylem that is produced after the spring wood, and which has smaller or fewer vessel elements and larger numbers of tracheids, is referred to as __________

A

SUMMER WOOD

47
Q

Lighter streaks seen on transverse or cross section of tree trunk

A

VASCULAR RAYS

48
Q

WOODY DICOT STEM
Their primary function is the lateral conduction of nutrients and water from the stele, through the xylem and phloem, to the cortex, with some cells also storing food.

A

VASCULAR RAYS

49
Q

Protrusions filled with resins, gums or tannins; that prevent conduction of water & dissolved substance

A

TYLOSIS (Tyloses)

50
Q

Older darker wood at the center

A

HEARTWOOD

51
Q

Lighter; still functioning xylem

A

SAPWOOD

52
Q

It has no fibers, the wood tends to be softer than wood with fibers and is commonly referred to

A

SOFTWOOD

53
Q

The wood of woody dicot trees is called

A

HARDWOOD

54
Q

Pines and other cone-bearing trees have xylem that consists primarily of tracheids; no fibers or vessel elements are produced.

A

WOODY DICOT STEM

55
Q
  • In late summer-early fall, starches are stored in stem and root sapwood.

– The following year, in early spring when the temperature is right, these starches are converted to sugars.

A

MAPLE SAP

56
Q

– The watery, sugar-filled sap begins flowing upwards.
– Trees are tapped and the sap is collected in buckets.
– The water is boiled-off to make maple syrup.

A

MAPLE SAP

57
Q

All tissues outside the cambium, including the phloem

A

BARK

58
Q

Consist of primary and secondary phloem

A

INNER BARK

59
Q

Consist of cork tissue and cork cambium

A

OUTER BARK (Periderm)

60
Q

Specialized cells or ducts of latex-secreting cells

A

LATICIFERS

61
Q

Thick white/yellow/orange/red fluid with gums, protein, sugar, oils, salt, alkaloidal drugs, enzymes etc.

A

LATEX (dagta)

62
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS:

A
  1. SPURS
  2. RHIZOMES
  3. STOLONS AND RUNNERS
  4. STEM TENDRILS
  5. CORMS
  6. CLADOPHYLLS
  7. TUBERS
  8. BULBS
  9. OTHERS (thorns, spines, prickles, bulblets, ramblers)
63
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
Thickened underground stem that has distinct nodes and internodes and scaly leaves at the nodes.

A

RHIZOMES

64
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
Example: Ginger

A

RHIZOMES

65
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
It grows parallel to the ground and has a creeping stem with long internodes. On the lower surface, the nodes give out adventitious roots at regular intervals. A runner develops from the axils of lower leaves of the aerial stem

A

RUNNERS

66
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
Example: Strawberry

A

RUNNERS

67
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
Similar to runners but are produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions but usually not horizontally

A

STOLONS

68
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
These types of stems are slender, twining strands that enable a plant to seek support while climbing on other surfaces.

A

STEM TENDRILS

69
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
Ex. Grapes

A

STEM TENDRILS

70
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
Short, vertical, swollen underground stem of a plant that serves as a food storage organ to enable the plant to survive adverse conditions.

A

CORMS

71
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
Example: Colocasia

A

CORMS

72
Q

SPECIALIZED STEM
This type of stem is a green, flattened or cylindrical one that resembles a leaf. A phylloclade is capable of performing photosynthesis and we can find them in xerophytes or in other plants that have little or no leaves

A

CLADOPHYLLS

73
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
Also called Phyllocades

A

CLADOPHYLLS

74
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
The thickened end of a rhizome that is fleshy and enlarged for food storage.

A

TUBERS

75
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
The “eyes” of a potato are actually axillary buds, evidence that the tuber is an underground stem rather than a storage root like sweet potatoes or carrots

A

TUBERS

76
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
A bulb is a modified underground bud in which fleshy storage leaves are attached to a short stem. A bulb is rounded and is covered by paper-like bulb scales, which are modified leaves. It frequently forms small daughter bulbs (bulblets).

A

BULBS

77
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
Two kinds of bulbs are as follows:

A
  1. TUNICATE BULBS
  2. NON-TUNICATE BULBS
78
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
Kinds of bulbs:
- Have a papery outer covering.
- Protection from digging and drying out.

A

TUNICATE BULBS

79
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
Kinds of bulbs:
Example: onion, tulips, daffodils.

A

TUNICATE BULBS

80
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
Kinds of Bulbs:
- Lack a papery outer covering.
- Susceptible to damage and drying

A

NON-TUNICATE / SCALG BULBS

81
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
Kinds of Bulbs:
Example: Garlic, Lily bulbs.

A

NON-TUNICATE/SCALY BULBS

82
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS
Tiny secondary bulb that forms in the angle between a leaf and stem or in place of flowers in certain plants.

A

BULBLETS

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY (15 decks)

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