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PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY > BOTANY LAB: MITOSIS > Flashcards

BOTANY LAB: MITOSIS Flashcards

1
Q

An orderly series of events where cells divide

A

CELL CYCLE

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2
Q

It has two divisions:
1. Interphase
2. Mitosis

A

CELL CYCLE

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3
Q

Process of division that produces two daughter cells with identical chromosomal content of parent cell.

A

MITOSIS

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4
Q
  • A period in which chromosomes are not visible with light microscope
  • The living cells are not dividing
A

INTERPHASE

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5
Q

It has 3 intervals:
1. G1 phase
2. S phase
3. G2 phase

A

INTERPHASE

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6
Q

3 INTERVALS OF INTERPHASE
- Lengthy period after the nucleus divides; RNA and ribosomes are produced, and cells increase in size

A

G1 PHASE (growth or gap one)

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7
Q

3 INTERVALS OF INTERPHASE
- DNA replication takes place

A

S PHSE (synthesis)

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8
Q

3 INTERVALS OF INTERPHASE
- Where mitochondria and other organelles divide; microtubules are produced; coiling and condensation of chromosomes begin

A

G2 PHASE (growth or gap two)

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9
Q
  • Where one cell divides into two and each of the two cells to produce two or more daughter cells
  • The daughter cells have the exact number

Location: Meristem (found in roots and stem tips)

A

MITOSIS

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10
Q

Normally comes with mitosis; division of the remainder of the cells

A

CYTOKINESIS

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11
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS
- The first and longest stage of mitosis

A

PROPHASE

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12
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS

THE MAIN FEATURE OF THIS STAGE
- 2 chromosomes become shorter and thicker; 2 strands are apparent (CHROMATIDS)
- Nuclear envelop dissociated; nucleolus disintegrates

A

PROPHASE

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13
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS
A band formed from microtubules and microfilaments inside the plasma membrane

A

PRE-PROPHASE

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14
Q

Holds each pair of chromatids together (short, thick, and rod like)

A

CENTROMERES

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15
Q

A dense region composed of protein complex found on the outer surface of each centromere

A

KINETOCHORE

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16
Q

Help distinguish certain chromosomes from others in a nucleus; knob like appearance

A

SATELLITE

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17
Q

Developed extend in arcs between two invisible poles located towards the end of the cell

A

SPINDLE FIBERS

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18
Q

Keg-shaped structure; Found on fungi and algae and animal cells located outside the nucleus with radiating asters (Starlike rays)

A

CENTRIOLES

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19
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS

THE MAIN FEATURE OF THIS STAGE
- Alignment of the chromosomes in the circle midway between the 2 poles around the spindle and in the same plane as the Pre-prophase band

A

METAPHASE

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20
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS

THE MAIN FEATURE OF THIS STAGE
- Chromosomes become aligned; centromere are in the center of the cell

A

METAPHASE

21
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS

THE MAIN FEATURE OF THIS STAGE
- Equator an invisible circular plate (similar to earths equator)

A

METAPHASE

22
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS
- Chromosomes condense and become visible
- Spindle fibers emerge from the chromosomes
- Nuclear envelope breaks down
- Centrosomes move toward opposite poles

A

PROPHASE

23
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS
- Chromosomes continue to condense
- Kinetochores appear at the centromeres
- Mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores

A

PROMETAPHASE

24
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS
- Chromosomes are lined up at the met a phase plate
- Each sister chromatic is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles

A

METAPHASE

25
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS
- Centromere split in two
- Sister chromatids (now called chromosomes are pulled toward opposite poles)
- Certain spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell

A

ANAPHASE

26
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS
- Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense
- Nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes
- The mitotic spindle breaks down
- Spindle fibers continue to push poles apart

A

TELOPHASE

27
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS
- The shortest phase

A

ANAPHASE

28
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS
- Sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles which are now the daughter chromosomes
- Movement may be due to shortening of spindle fibers

A

ANAPHASE

29
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS

THE MAIN FEATURE OF THIS STAGE
- Each group of daughter chromosomes are surrounded by a reformed nuclear envelop
- Daughter chromosomes become longer and thinner
- Nucleoli reappear
- Spindle 2 fibers disintegrate
- Cell plates are formed

A

TELOPHASE

30
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS
- Shorter keg-shaped fibrils (microfibrils) develop in the equator between the daughter nuclei called PHRAGMOPLAST

A

TELOPHASE

31
Q

A hollow structure of dictyosome derived vesicle fused together

A

CELL PLATE

32
Q

Shared by two daughters cells

A

MIDDLE LAMELLA

33
Q

Minute strands of protoplasm that extend via tiny desmotubules through the walls between cells

A

PLASMODESMATA

34
Q

The division of cytoplasm to form two new cells, overlaps with the final stages

A

CYTOKINESIS

35
Q

Cell plate forms down the middle of the cell, splitting it into two daughter cells separated by a new wall

A

CYTOKINESIS

36
Q

The form of cell division in which a cell divides into four daughter cells each of which has half of the number of chromosomes of the original cells

A

MEIOSIS

37
Q
  • The cells return to having the normal (called ‘diploid’) number of chromosomes after fertilization of the ova by the sperm
  • It occurs prior to the formation of sperm (in males) and ova (in females)
A

MEIOSIS

38
Q

STAGES OF MEIOSIS

A
  • Prophase I
  • Metaphase I
  • Anaphase I
  • Telophase I
  • Prophase II
  • Metaphase II
  • Anaphase II
  • Telophase II
39
Q

STAGES OF MEIOSIS
- The chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down; crossing over occurs

A

PROPHASE I

40
Q

STAGES OF MEIOSIS
- Pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell

A

METAPHASE I

41
Q

STAGES OF MEIOSIS
- Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell

A

ANAPHASE I

42
Q

STAGES OF MEIOSIS
- Chromosomes gather at the poles of the cells. The cytoplasm divides

A

TELOPHASE I and CYTOKINESIS

43
Q

STAGES OF MEIOSIS
- A new simple forms around the chromosomes

A

PROPHASE II

44
Q

STAGES OF MEIOSIS
- Chromosomes line up at the equator

A

METAPHASE II

45
Q

STAGES OF MEIOSIS
- Centromeres divides; chromatids move ti opposite poles of the cell

A

ANAPHASE II

46
Q

STAGES OF MEIOSIS
- A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes. The cytoplasm divides

A

TELOPHASE II and CYTOKINESIS

47
Q

Those the make up skin, hair, and muscle are duplicated by mitosis

A

SOMATIC CELLS

48
Q

Somatic cells are __________ - meaning they have two copies of each chromosomes

A

DIPLOID

49
Q

Are produced by meiosis in special tissues of male testes and female ovaries

A

SPERM and OVA

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY (15 decks)

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