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PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY > MODULE 2: PLANT CELLS AND TISSUES > Flashcards

MODULE 2: PLANT CELLS AND TISSUES Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the structure and the function of cells.

A

CYTOLOGY

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2
Q

Archae bacteria

A

PROKARYOTES

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3
Q

Plant, animals, protists, fungi

A

EUKARYOTES

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4
Q

Has Cell membrane, cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Genetic material, Membrane-bound organelles, Nucleus

A

EUKARYOTE

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5
Q

Has Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, genetic material

A

PROKARYOTE

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6
Q

Selectively permeable which regulates the entrance and exit of substances in a cell.

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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7
Q

Outermost part of the plant cell.

A

CELL WALL

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8
Q

A non-living material made up of cellulose and other substance like lignin, suberin, and cutin.

A

CELL WALL

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9
Q

Surrounds/keeps organelles in place

A

CYTOPLASM

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10
Q

Facilitates the transport of materials within the cell.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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11
Q

Help in the production and storage of proteins

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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12
Q

TYPE OF ER

Mainly produce and export lipids and protein and function for detoxification. (without ribosomes)

A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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13
Q

TYPE OF ER

Produces, secrete and export proteins and few hormones. (with ribosomes)

A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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14
Q

Dense granules which synthesize protein.

A

RIBOSOMES

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15
Q

Composed of two subunits that are composed of RNA and proteins; the subunits, upon close inspection, can be differentiated by a line or cleft toward the center.

A

RIBOSOMES

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16
Q

“Powerhouse of the cell”

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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17
Q

Double layered organelle of the plant cell.

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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18
Q

Other name of Mitochondria

A

Chondrisomes

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19
Q

Inside folds in mitochondria ; site for cellular respiration.

A

CRISTAE

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20
Q

“Post office of the cell”

A

GOLGI BODY

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21
Q

Composed of circular, flattened vesicles of cisternae aligned in stacks.

A

GOLGI BODY

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22
Q

“Packaging of proteins” areas, transport of substances to and from the cell.

A

GOLGI BODY

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23
Q

Other word for Golgi body

A

DICTYOSOMES

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24
Q

Rounded, oval, or irregularly shaped protoplasmic bodies

A

PLASTIDS

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25
Q

Three main types of Plastids:

A
  1. Chloroplast
  2. Leucoplast
  3. Chromoplast
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26
Q

Green plastids, Organelles of photosynthesis Contains photosynthetic pigments called chlorophylls.

A

CHLOROPLAST

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27
Q

It synthesize carbohydrates using the energy of sunlight

A

CHLOROPLAST

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28
Q

Photosynthetic pigments

A

CHLOROPHYLLS

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29
Q

Yellow, orange, or red in color due to the presence of carotenoid pigments, which they synthesize and accumulate.

A

CHROMOPLAST

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30
Q

Yellow, orange, or red in color

A

CAROTENOID PIGMENTS

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31
Q

Essentially colorless and include amyloplasts, which synthesize starches, elaioplasts, which synthesize oils, and proteinoplast/aleuroplasts, stores protein and found in seeds and nuts.

A

LEUCOPLAST

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32
Q

It synthesizes starches

A

AMYLOPLAST

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33
Q

It synthesizes oils

A

ELAIOPLASTS

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34
Q

It stores protein and found in seeds and nuts

A

PROTEINOPLAST/ALEUROPLAST

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35
Q

“Control center of the cell”

A

NUCLEUS

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36
Q

Serves to protect DNA information and is perforated with holes called nuclear pores.

A

NUCLEUS

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37
Q

Membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

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38
Q

Similar to the cytoplasm of a cell, also known as karyoplasm

A

NUCLEOPLASM

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39
Q

Contains chromosomes and nucleolus

A

NUCLEOPLASM

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40
Q

Contains the “genes” that determines the hereditary characteristics of the cell.

A

CHROMOSOMES

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41
Q

Controls the activity of the cell.

A

CHROMOSOMES

42
Q

Assembles ribosomes, is the largest structure in the cell nucleus.

43
Q

INCLUSION BODIES:

Filled with aqueous solutions containing various dissolved substances

44
Q

INCLUSION BODIES

Used for the storage of waste and food

45
Q

INCLUSION BODIES

Useful for maintaining cell structure and water balance

46
Q

An orderly series of events where cells divide

A

CELL CYCLE

47
Q

2 Divisions:

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitosis
    a. Prophase
    b. Metaphase
    c. Anaphase
    d. Telophase
48
Q

Process of division that produces two daughter cells with identical chromosomal content of parent cell.

49
Q

A period in which chromosomes are NOT visible with light microscope, Living cells are NOT dividing

A

INTERPHASE

50
Q

3 INTERVALS OF INTERPHASE:

A
  1. G1 –(growth or gap one) lengthy period after the nucleus divides; RNA are ribosomes are produced & cell increase in size
  2. S- synthesis- DNA replication takes place
  3. G2- (growth or gap two) mitochondria & other organelles divide; microtubules are produced; coiling & condensation of chromosomes begin
51
Q

Where one cell divides into two and each of the two cells to produce two more daughter cells

52
Q

Location of cell division in mitosis

A

MERISTEM (found in the roots and stem tips)

53
Q

Normally comes with mitosis; division of the remainder of the cell

A

CYTOKINESIS

54
Q

The daughter cells have the EXACT number of chromosomes as the parent cell

55
Q

MITOSIS:

Condensing chromosomes (consists of 2 sister chromatids)

56
Q

MITOSIS:

Chromosomes lines up on the equator; Spindle microtubules

57
Q

MITOSIS:

Sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) move to opposite ends of cell

58
Q

MITOSIS:

Has a cell plate and new nuclei

59
Q

The division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells, overlaps with the final stages of mitosis.

A

CYTOKINESIS

60
Q

Cell plate forms down the middle of the cell, splitting it into two daughter cells separated by a new wall.

A

CYTOKINESIS

61
Q

A group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure.

62
Q

Where tissues originated

63
Q

Regions where cell divisions produce plant growth

64
Q

3 Types of Meristems

A
  1. APICAL MERISTEMS
  2. LATERAL MERISTEMS
  3. INTERCALARY MERISTEMS
65
Q

Lengthen stems and roots, Responsible for primary growth

A

APICAL MERISTEM

66
Q

Cells that form apical meristems:

A
  1. EPIDERMAL/DERMAL TISSUES
  2. GROUND TISSUE
  3. VASCULAR TISSUE
67
Q

Protoderm (aka dermatogen)

A

EPIDERMIS/DERMAL TISSUE

68
Q

Ground meristem; develops into the pith and the cortex

A

GROUND TISSUE

69
Q

Procambium

A

VASCULAR TISSUE

70
Q

Increase width of stems; Responsible for secondary growth

A

LATERAL MERISTEMS

71
Q

Increases the girth of older roots and stems; Cylindrical arrays of cells

A

LATERAL MERISTEMS

72
Q

Thin layer of cells found in plants, separating two other types of plant vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

A

VASCULAR CAMBIUM

73
Q

Protective tissue that replaces the epidermis when secondary growth displaces or response to injury/infection.

74
Q

PERMANENT TISSUES
Non-dividing tissues

A
  1. SIMPLE TISSUES
  2. COMPLEX TISSUES
75
Q

PERMANENT TISSUES
Composed of a single cell type

A

SIMPLE TISSUES

76
Q

PERMANENT TISSUES
Parts of Simple Tissues:

A
  1. EPIDERMIS
  2. PARENCHYMA
  3. COLLENCHYMA
  4. SCLERENCHYMA
77
Q

PERMANENT TISSUES
Composed of a more than one cell type

A

COMPLEX TISSUES

78
Q

PERMANENT TISSUES
Parts of Complex Tissues:

A
  1. XYLEM
  2. PHLOEM
79
Q

PERMANENT TISSUES
Vessel and tracheids.

80
Q

PERMANENT TISSUES
Sieve tubes and companion cells.

81
Q

PERMANENT TISSUES

TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
Epidermal

A
  • PARENCHYMA
82
Q

PERMANENT TISSUES

TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
Ground

A
  • PARENCHYMA
  • COLLENCHYMA
83
Q

PERMANENT TISSUES

TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
Vascular

A
  • XYLEM
  • PHLOEM
84
Q

It protects the soft tissues of plants and controls interactions with the plants’ surroundings.

A

DERMAL TISSUE

85
Q

Dermal tissue that is usually a single layer of cells covering the younger parts of a plant.

86
Q

It secretes a waxy layer, that inhibits water loss.

87
Q

These tissues are involved in photosynthesis, storage, regeneration, support, and protection.

A

GROUND TISSUE

88
Q

3 Types of Ground Tissue

A
  1. Parenchyma
  2. Collenchyma
  3. Sclerenchyma
89
Q

These are cells that are alive at maturity; Have thin cell walls and large vacuoles, and are most abundant of all the cells. Intercellular space is found.

A

PARENCHYMA

90
Q

This cell function in storage, photosynthesis, exchange of gases and as the bulk of ground and vascular tissues, store protein and starch, and for repair

A

PARENCHYMA

91
Q

Specialized for support for primary tissues; Cells are elongated, with walls (especially corners) thickened with pectin and cellulose; No intercellular space.

A

COLLENCHYMA

92
Q

Makes stems strong but pliable; Cells are alive at maturity; Main function: To provide support for growing tissues, like stem.

A

COLLENCHYMA

93
Q

Cells have thickened lignified walls and are dead at maturity; Supports mature plant parts; Protects many seeds

A

SCLERENCHYMA

94
Q

Main function: To provide support for the plant; Has 2 types: Fibers and Sclereids

A

SCLERENCHYMA

95
Q

Long, tapered cells

96
Q

Stubbier cells

97
Q

Composed of xylem and phloem, which function in the transport of water and dissolved substances.

A

VASCULAR TISSUE

98
Q

Function: transports material between the root and the shoot of the plant.

A

VASCULAR TISSUE

99
Q

Conducts water and dissolved minerals; conducting cells are dead and hollow at maturity

100
Q

Transports sugars; Main conducting cells are sieve-tube members; Companion cells assist in the loading of sugars

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY (15 decks)

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