Module 3: Functional Groups Flashcards
It is the reactive part of the molecule.
functional group
A _____________________ (1˚H) is on a C bonded to one other C atom.
primary hydrogen
These are attractions between an instantaneous dipole and an induced dipole.
London dispersion forces
The positive end of one is attracted to the negative end of the other and vice-versa
dipole-dipole forces
Almost all organic compounds are soluble in?
nonpolar organic solvents
These are compounds made up of only the elements carbon and hydrogen.
hydrocarbons
Common heteroatoms are?
nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and the halogens.
The polar part of a molecule that can hydrogen bond to H2O is said to be?
hydrophilic
The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon an __________________
electrophile
A ___________________ (3˚ H) is on a C bonded to three other C atoms.
tertiary hydrogen
It is the extent of solute dissolution in a solvent
solubility
A ________________ (2˚ carbon) is bonded to two other C atoms.
secondary carbon
The most common ____________ occur in C=C and C=O double bonds.
π bonds
Different hydrocarbon functional groups
Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
Aromatic
Rule of the thumb:
“Like dissolves like”
The stronger the intermolecular forces, the ________________ the mp.
higher
This affects the physical properties of molecules
polarity of a molecule
Different single bond to a single heteroatom functional groups
Alkyl halides
Alcohols
Ethers
Amines
Different carbonyl functional groups
Aldehydes
Carboxylic acids
Esters
Ketones
Amides
The carbonyl group also contains a _______________ that is more easily broken than a C=O σ bond.
π bond
The _____________________ is the temperature at which a solid is converted to its liquid phase.
melting point (mp)
The more polarizable the atoms, the ____________ the bp.
higher
types of intermolecular forces
- London dispersion (van der Waals forces)
- Dipole-dipole interaction
- Hydrogen bonding
The ____________________ of a compound is the temperature at which the liquid form of the compound becomes a gas (vaporizes).
boiling point (bp)
types of functional groups
- Functional Groups with Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds
- Functional Groups with Carbon Singly Bonded to an Electronegative Atom
- Functional Groups with a Carbon–Oxygen Double Bond (Carbonyl Groups)
All intermolecular forces are?
electrostatic
These interactions are much stronger than the intermolecular forces in covalent molecules
ion-ion interactions
The tendency of an electron cloud to distort in this way is called?
polarizability
A _________________ (4˚ carbon) is bonded to four other C atoms.
quaternary carbon
what are the different physical properties of molecules?
- boiling point
- melting point
- solubility
The importance of functional groups
- bonding and shape
- nomenclature
- physical properties
- chemical reactivity
- type and strength of intermolecular forces
A _____________ (3˚ carbon) is bonded to three other C atoms.
tertiary carbon
The larger the surface area, the __________ the bp.
higher
A __________________ is a group of atoms within a molecule that has a characteristic chemical behavior.
functional group
A ______________________ (2˚ H) is on a C bonded to two other C atoms.
secondary hydrogen
functional group that is aromatic
arenes
A ______________ (1˚ carbon) is bonded to one other C atom
primary carbon
These forces are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar
London dispersion (fleeting dipole-dipole)
The physical properties of a compound are determined by the attractive forces between the individual molecules, called?
intermolecular forces
Atoms other than carbon or hydrogen
heteroatoms
functional groups that are aliphatic
alkanes
alkenes
alkynes
The nonpolar part of a molecule that is not attracted to H2O is said to be?
hydrophobic
The lone pairs on O in the polar bond C=O allow it to react as a?
nucleophile and base
These interactions are extremely strong electrostatic interactions
ion-ion interactions (forces)
As the polarity of a molecule decreases, the strength of its intermolecular forces ________________
decreases
The more compact and symmetrical the shape (a crystalline lactice), the _____________ the mp.
higher
These are classified as 1°, 2°, or 3°
Alkyl halides and Amines
As the polarity of a molecule increases, the strength of its intermolecular forces _________________.
increases
Soap molecules have two distinct parts:
Hydrophilic polar head
Hydrophobic nonpolar tail
Type of dipole-dipole interactions experienced when H atom is bonded to N, O, or F atom
hydrogen bonding
