12: Aldehydes and Ketones (Part 1)

Question 1

The Wittig reaction uses a carbon nucleophile, the Wittig reagent, to form?

Answer 1

alkenes

Question 2

Aldehydes and ketones are also both obtained as products of the ________________ of alkenes

Answer 2

oxidative cleavage

Question 3

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the __________ the bp or mp

Answer 3

higher

Question 4

Aldehydes and ketones exhibit _______________ interactions because of their polar carbonyl group

Answer 4

dipole–dipole

Question 5

C– H bond on the α carbon to a carbonyl group is ________________ than many other C – H bonds

Answer 5

more acidic

Question 6

In nucleophilic addition, as the number of R groups around the carbonyl carbon increases, the reactivity of the carbonyl compound will?

Answer 6

decrease

Question 7

these can be reconverted to carbonyl compounds by treatment with base.

Answer 7

cyanohydrins

Question 8

In nucleophilic addition, as the number of R groups around the carbonyl carbon increases, the ________________ of the carbonyl compound decreases

Answer 8

reactivity

Question 9

Aldehydes and ketones are also both obtained as products of the oxidative cleavage of?

Answer 9

alkenes

Question 10

RCHO and RCOR having ≤5 C’s are?

Answer 10

water soluble

Question 11

Aldehydes and ketones form _________ that react with electrophiles at the α carbon

Answer 11

enolates

Question 12

this forms 2 new C-C bonds, 1 new σ bond, and 1new π bond— as well as a phosphorus by-product, Ph3P=O (triphenylphosphine oxide).

Answer 12

Wittig reaction

Question 13

these react with nucleophiles

Answer 13

aldehydes and ketones

Question 14

this reacts with a base to form a carbanion

Answer 14

C - H bond

Question 15

this makes aldehydes and ketones susceptible to nucleophilic addition reactions

Answer 15

electrophilic carbonyl carbon

Question 16

RCHO and RCOR having ________ are water insoluble because the nonpolar alkyl portion is too large to dissolve in the polar H2O solvent

Answer 16

> 5 C’s

Question 17

The cyano group (CN) of a cyanohydrin is readily hydrolyzed to a ____________ (COOH) by heating with aqueous acid or base

Answer 17

carboxy group

Question 18

Treatment of an aldehyde or ketone with NaCN and a strong acid such as HCl adds the elements of HCN across the carbon–oxygen π bond, forming a?

Answer 18

cyanohydrin

Question 19

these are also both obtained as products of the oxidative cleavage of alkenes

Answer 19

aldehydes and ketones

Question 20

if the reactivity towards nucleophiles increases, the steric hindrance will?

Answer 20

decrease

Question 21

Aldehydes and ketones exhibit dipole–dipole interactions because of their?

Answer 21

polar carbonyl group

Question 22

RCHO and RCOR having >5 C’s are ________________

Answer 22

water insoluble

Question 23

The R groups stabilize the partial charge on the carbonyl carbon of a ketone, making it more _______ and less __________

Answer 23

stable, reactive

Question 24

these exhibit dipole–dipole interactions because of their polar carbonyl group

Answer 24

aldehydes and ketones

Question 25

C - H bond reacts with base to form a?

Answer 25

carbanion

Question 26

RCHO and RCOR are ___________ in organic solvents regardless of size

Answer 26

soluble

Question 27

these form enolates that react with electrophiles at the α carbon

Answer 27

aldehydes and ketones

Question 28

how to prepare ketones

Answer 28

1. by oxidation of 2-degree alcohols with Cr6+ reagents
2. by reaction of acid chlorides with organocuprates
3. by Friedel-Crafts acylation
4. by hydration of alkyne

Question 29

In _____________________, as the number of R groups around the carbonyl carbon increases, the reactivity of the carbonyl compound decreases

Answer 29

nucleophilic addition

Question 30

The two R groups bonded to the ketone carbonyl group make it more crowded, so nucleophilic attack is?

Answer 30

more difficult

Question 31

RCOR

Answer 31

ketone

Question 32

RCHO

Answer 32

aldehyde

Question 33

The _______________ bonded to the ketone carbonyl group make it more crowded, so nucleophilic attack is more difficult

Answer 33

two R groups

Question 34

this uses a carbon nucleophile, the Wittig reagent, to form alkenes

Answer 34

Wittig reaction

Question 35

RCHO and RCOR having __________ are water soluble

Answer 35

≤5 C’s

Question 36

C– H bond on the ___________ to a carbonyl group is more acidic than many other C – H bonds

Answer 36

α carbon

Question 37

if the reactivity towards nucleophiles decreases, the steric hindrance will?

Answer 37

increase

Question 38

The Wittig reaction uses a carbon nucleophile, the ____________, to form alkenes

Answer 38

Wittig reagent

Question 39

how to prepare aldehydes

Answer 39

1. by oxidation of 1-degree alcohols with PCC
2. by reduction of esters and acid chlorides
3. by hydroboration-oxidation of an alkyne

Question 40

there is no H-Bonding

Answer 40

aldehydes and ketones