Module 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing
Carbon
Of the more than 37 million presently known chemical compounds, more than ____ of them contain carbon
99%
Carbon can share
four valence electrons
Carbon can share FOUR valence electrons and form four strong
covalent bonds
Carbon can share FOUR valence electrons and form four strong covalent bonds (which can either be single, double, or triple bond), forming a stable
tetrahedral geometry
Carbon bonds readily with itself, forming chains
polymerism
Can also produce compounds with the same number of atoms but different structures
isomerism
There are three generally accepted sources of organic compounds
carbonized organic matter
living organisms
invention/human ingenuity
It is the study of compounds containing carbon, both naturally occurring and synthetic compounds
Organic chemistry
Any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen is called a
heteroatom
examples of heteroatom
N, O, S, P and halogens
Compounds with Carbons that are Inorganic
carbonate (CO32-)
cyanide (CN-)
bicarbonate (HCO3-)
carbon dioxide (CO2)
carbon monoxide (CO)
Remember that organic compounds are compounds that were either ________________ or derived from something that was ______________, or they can be _______________.
once-living
once living
synthesized
often flammable
organic
non-flammable
inorganic
usually covalent
organic
often ionic
inorganic
based on C
organic
not based on C (Sometimes contain carbon but not C-H bonds)
low BP and MP
organic
high BP and MP
inorganic
derived from living or once-living matter
organic
minerals and ores
inorganic
In the ______, organic compounds are believed to have originated from living organisms, and only living things could synthesize
1800’s
“We cannot prepare organic compounds in the laboratory because ‘vital force’ is absent there.”
Jons Jacob Berzelius
However, in ________, Friedrich Wöhler discovered that urea
1828
However, in 1828, ________________________ discovered that urea
Friedrich Wöhler
However, in 1828, Friedrich Wöhler discovered that urea, an organic compound, could be made by heating the inorganic compound ______________________
ammonium cyanate
“The great tragedy of science, the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact.”
Friedrich Wöhler
In the 20th century, organic chemistry branched into sub-disciplines such as
polymer chemistry
pharmacology
bioengineering
petrochemistry
date: morphine extracted from opium poppy
1804
date: aspirin commercialization
1899
date: discovery of penicillin
1928
date: use of tubocurarine as anaesthetic
1942
date: vinca alkaloids, cancer treatment
1963
date: taxol discovery
1971
date: artemisinin discovery
1972
date: captopril approval for hypertension treatment
1981
lovastatin approved as lipid-lowering agent
1987
date: prialt ziconotide, oseltamivir tamiflu
2000
