Module 2: Writing/Drawing Organic Structures Flashcards
What are the different ways to represent an organic molecule?
Lewis Dot Formula
Line Bond/Kekule Formula
Condensed Formula
Line Angle/Skeletal Formula
Shared pairs of e-
bonding pairs
________________ show atoms and bonds that go into the page, behind the plane, away from you
dashed lines
Atoms strive to have a full outer shell of eight electrons (or two for hydrogen and helium), known as an
octet
Unshared pairs of e-
nonbonding pairs/ lone pairs
The quantity of ____________ determines the element’s identity, known as the atomic number
protons
It is crucial in chemical bonding and determining the properties of elements
electron
These are found in the outermost shell of an atom and are crucial for chemical bonding
Valence electrons
These elements form the backbone and functional groups of organic compounds, with carbon being the foundational element due to its ability to form complex structures
carbon (C)
hydrogen (H)
nitrogen (N)
oxygen (O)
phosphorus (P)
sulfur (S)
This process happens in chemical reactions to achieve electron stability
Ionization
Bonding electrons in covalent bonds are drawn as lines and ______________ are left out
lone pair electrons
These are mainly located on the right side of the periodic table, except for hydrogen
nonmetals
these are removed/omitted in the condensed structural formula
covalent bonds and lone pairs
the only way for all atoms to have an octet is by having a _______________________
carbon-oxygen double bond
They determine an element’s reactivity and bonding behavior
Valence electrons
What are the six most important elements in organic chemistry?
carbon (C)
hydrogen (H)
nitrogen (N)
oxygen (O)
phosphorus (P)
sulfur (S)
A shorthand representation of a molecule’s bonding using lines and chemical symbols of atoms other than C and H
Line Angle (Skeletal) Formula
Varying numbers of neutrons in atoms of the same element result in ___________
isotopes
These are attracted to positively charged ions (cations) and can form ionic compounds.
Anions
It is a system of writing organic structures in a single line of text
Condensed Structural Formula
These are the main actors in chemical reactions, forming bonds between atoms to create molecules and compounds
Electrons
Which part of the periodic table contains metals?
groups 1-12 (IA to IIB) and 13-16 (IIIA to VIA), except for hydrogen
It forms when one atom transfers electrons to another, creating positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions)
Ionic Bond
Electron-dot representation for organic molecules
Lewis Dot Formula
It is electrically neutral and contribute to nucleus stability
neutron
_____________________ illustrate atoms and bonds that are in the same plane as the paper
straight lines
Which part of the periodic table contains nonmetals?
right side of the periodic table, except for hydrogen, groups 14 to 18 (IVA to VIIIA)
This carries a positive charge opposite to that of an electron
proton
Bonding electrons in covalent bonds are drawn as lines and lone pair electrons are left out. Each of the atoms (C and H) is still shown in the structure.
Line Bond (Kekule) Formula
What does it mean if the elements are in the same column in the periodic table?
share similar chemical properties
same number of valence electrons
It the fundamental unit of a chemical element
atom
It contains protons and neutrons and is where most of the atom’s mass is concentrated
nucleus
These contribute to atom stability but usually do not participate directly in chemical reactions
Protons and neutrons
What does it mean if the elements are in the same row (period) in the periodic table?
same number of electron shells
same physical properties
Typically found in nonmetallic molecules, these bonds involve electron sharing rather than transfer
Covalent Bond
Which of the above comprise/s most of the mass of an atom?
nucleus
It forms when two atoms share electrons, enabling them to achieve a stable electron configuration akin to noble gases
Covalent Bond
Which part of the periodic table contains transition metals?
groups 3 to 12 (IIIB to IIB)
It is a negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom in an electron cloud
electron
Which of the above is/are usually involved in chemical reactions?
electrons
It states that atoms aim to achieve a stable electron configuration, resembling that of a noble gas, by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons
octet rule
The least electronegative atom is usually the?
Central Atom
It’s the smallest unit of an element retaining its properties and is essential in forming matter
atom
How is our current periodic table arranged?
The periodic table is organized by increasing atomic number
It is a positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons, creating an excess of positive charge
cations
These are attracted to negatively charged ions (anions) and play a role in forming compounds through ionic interactions
cations
Occurs between a metal (losing electrons) and a nonmetal (gaining electrons), resulting in a complete transfer of electrons and the creation of a crystalline lattice structure in solid compounds
Ionic Bonds
__________________ can be used to show that polyatomic groups within a formula are attached to the nearest non-hydrogen atom on the left
Parentheses
___________________ illustrate bonds and atoms that come out of the page, in front of the plane, toward you
wedged lines
It is a negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons
Anion
