Module 11: Intro to Macromolecules Flashcards
1
Q
examples of electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic
A
aspartic acid (negatively charged)
glutamic acid (negatively charged)
lysine (positively charged)
arginine (positively charged)
histidine (positively charged)
2
Q
these account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells
A
proteins
3
Q
molecules containing ____________________ have the potential to react with water, releasing energy
A
phosphate groups
4
Q
these are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers
A
lipids
5
Q
these can undergo mutarotation (C1 - anomeric carbon)
A
monosaccharides
6
Q
form nonpolar covalent bonds
A
hydrocarbons
7
Q
examples of sugar
A
glucose
fructose
sucrose
8
Q
these stores, transmits, and helps express hereditary information
A
nucleic acids
9
Q
polymers are disassembled to monomers by?
A
hydrolysis
10
Q
two types of nucleic acids
A
deoxyribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid
11
Q
these are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
A
fats
12
Q
a cyclic form of monosaccharides that is a five-membered ring
A
furanose ring
13
Q
humans and other mammals store their fat in?
A
adipose cells
14
Q
a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides
A
DNA
15
Q
it removes a water molecule, forming a new bond
A
dehydration
16
Q
it serves as fuel and building material
A
carbohydrates
17
Q
hemiacetals and hemiketals can react with alcohols in the presence of acid to form?
A
acetals and ketals
18
Q
these are stereoisomers of a cyclic monosaccharide that differ in the position of the OH group at the hemiacetal carbon
A
anomers
19
Q
it is the most common monosaccharide
A
glucose
20
Q
examples of polysaccharides
A
starch
cellulose
21
Q
these also cushions vital organs and insulates the body
A
adipose tissue
22
Q
it also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi
A
chitin
23
Q
these provide a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues
A
collagen and elastin proteins
24
Q
examples of polar side chains; hydrophilic
A
serine
threonine
cysteine
tyrosine
asparagine
glutamine
25
these may reinforce the protein’s structure
disulfide bridges
26
this is the protein of milk and is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals
casein
27
this is determined by interactions between R groups
tertiary structure
28
these are made of DNA, a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides
genes
29
the most biologically important lipids are?
fats, phospholipids, and steroids
30
another structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods (crunch!)
chitin
31
name of the amino end in a unique linear sequence of amino acids
N-terminus
32
the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called?
gene
33
examples of disaccharide
maltose
sucrose
lactose
34
it passes through the digestive tract as insoluble fiber
cellulose
35
the linear form of starch
amylose
36
these results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule
quaternary structure
37
it has the OH group on the stereogenic center farthest from the carbonyl on the right in a Fischer projection (like D-glyceraldehyde)
D-sugar
38
these are classified by the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
monosaccharides
39
DNA is a nucleic acid made of monomers called?
nucleotides
40
it consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
ATP
41
functions as selective acceleration of chemical reactions
enzymatic proteins
42
these are organic molecule protein monomers with carboxyl and amino groups
amino acids
43
protein synthesis occurs on?
ribosomes
44
it is a fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptides coiled like a rope
collagen
45
_______________________________ in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair
cross-linking of cysteines
46
what are the polymers of sugars
cellulose
starch
47
carbohydrates containing a hemiacetal are in equilibrium with an acyclic aldehyde, making them?
reducing sugars
48
it is an important source of energy for cellular processes
ATP
49
open form of D-glucose
D-glucopyranose
50
transport of substances
transport proteins
51
name of the carboxyl end in a unique linear sequence of amino acids
C-terminus
52
it is an important steroid
cholesterol
53
this directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis
DNA
54
it is the breaking down of polymer
hydrolysis
55
these can exist in both open or closed form
monosaccharides
56
it is a reaction that is the reverse of the dehydration reaction
hydrolysis
57
monosaccharides with a ketone carbonyl group at C2 are called?
ketoses
58
the branched form of starch
amylopectin
59
these are acetals, so they are not in equilibrium with any acyclic aldehyde, making them nonreducing sugars
glycosides
60
the simplest carbohydrates are called?
monosaccharides
61
what are the cyclic forms of monosaccharides?
pyranose
furanose
62
it is polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom
ethanol
63
it acts as a base
glycine
64
these are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
steroids
65
these differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups
amino acids
66
these are linked by peptide bonds
amino acids
67
each nucleic acid is made of monomers called?
nucleotides
68
it is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
glycerol
69
these have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of carbo-hydrate
monosaccharides
70
four classes of large biological molecules
carbohydrates
lipids
protein
nucleic acids
71
these are unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids
polypeptides
72
synthesis of disaccharides
1. dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose
2. dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose
73
it consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
fatty acid
74
it occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
dehydration reaction
75
it adds a water molecule, breaking a bond
hydrolysis
76
storage of amino acids
storage proteins
77
it contains more than two sugars linked, have storage and structural roles
polysaccharides
78
arrangement of _________________ in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function
methyl groups
79
The _____________ and ___________________ of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties.
number, arrangement
80
monosaccharides with an aldehyde carbonyl group at C1 are called?
aldoses
81
these are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.
functional groups
82
dehydration synthesis
peptide bonds
83
Tertiary structure is determined by interactions between R groups – these include actual ionic bonds and strong covalent bonds called?
disulfide bridges
84
a _____________ protein is biologically inactive
denatured
85
the loss of a protein’s native structure is called?
denaturation
86
these ranges in length from a few to more than a thousand monomers
polypeptides
87
these are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds
lipids
88
these are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
lipids
89
these are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms
macromolecules
90
the iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body
hemoglobin
91
these are classified by the location of the carbonyl group
monosaccharides
92
carbohydrates containing a hemiacetal are in equilibrium with an _________________, making them reducing sugars
acyclic aldehyde
93
it is the primary energy-tranferring molecule in the cell
ATP
94
molecular structure and function are?
inseparable
95
what do you call the polymers that are composed of many sugar building blocks
polysaccharides
96
these are the major component of all cell membranes
phospholipids
97
it has the OH group on the stereogenic center farthest from the carbonyl on the left in a Fischer projection (like L-glyceraldehyde)
L-sugar
98
these determines protein structure
1. alterations in pH
2. salt concentration
3. temperature
4. other environmental factors
99
it is a component in animal cell membranes
cholesterol
100
this provides directions for its own replication
DNA
101
it is the protein of egg white and used as an amino acid source for the developing embryo
ovalbumin
102
it is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides
protein
103
a cyclic form of monosaccharides that is a six-membered ring
pyranose ring
104
addition of a ___________________ to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects the expression of genes
methyl group
105
examples of nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic
glycine
alanine
valine
leucine
isoleucine
methionine
phenylalanine
tryptophan
proline
106
it acts as an acid
acetic acid
107
it is the protein of hair, horns, feathers, and other skin appendages
keratin
108
these distinguish living matter and are all composed of carbon compounds
proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates
109
it can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugar
ethanol
110
functions as a support
structural proteins
111
functions as protection against diseases
defensive proteins
112
what do you call an open form of monosaccharides
Fischer projection
113
Fats are constructed from two types of smaller molecules namely?
glycerol and fatty acids
114
what do you call the closed form of monosaccharides
Haworth projection
115
these functions include structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances
protein
116
this is an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin
sickle-cell disease
117
these can react with alcohols in the presence of acid to form acetals and ketals
hemiacetals and hemiketals
