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Chem 31 > Module 11: Intro to Macromolecules > Flashcards

Module 11: Intro to Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

examples of electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic

A

aspartic acid (negatively charged)
glutamic acid (negatively charged)
lysine (positively charged)
arginine (positively charged)
histidine (positively charged)

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2
Q

these account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells

A

proteins

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3
Q

molecules containing ____________________ have the potential to react with water, releasing energy

A

phosphate groups

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4
Q

these are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers

A

lipids

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5
Q

these can undergo mutarotation (C1 - anomeric carbon)

A

monosaccharides

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6
Q

form nonpolar covalent bonds

A

hydrocarbons

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7
Q

examples of sugar

A

glucose
fructose
sucrose

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8
Q

these stores, transmits, and helps express hereditary information

A

nucleic acids

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9
Q

polymers are disassembled to monomers by?

A

hydrolysis

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10
Q

two types of nucleic acids

A

deoxyribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid

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11
Q

these are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

A

fats

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12
Q

a cyclic form of monosaccharides that is a five-membered ring

A

furanose ring

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13
Q

humans and other mammals store their fat in?

A

adipose cells

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14
Q

a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides

A

DNA

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15
Q

it removes a water molecule, forming a new bond

A

dehydration

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16
Q

it serves as fuel and building material

A

carbohydrates

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17
Q

hemiacetals and hemiketals can react with alcohols in the presence of acid to form?

A

acetals and ketals

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18
Q

these are stereoisomers of a cyclic monosaccharide that differ in the position of the OH group at the hemiacetal carbon

A

anomers

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19
Q

it is the most common monosaccharide

A

glucose

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20
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch
cellulose

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21
Q

these also cushions vital organs and insulates the body

A

adipose tissue

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22
Q

it also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

A

chitin

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23
Q

these provide a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues

A

collagen and elastin proteins

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24
Q

examples of polar side chains; hydrophilic

A

serine
threonine
cysteine
tyrosine
asparagine
glutamine

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25
Q

these may reinforce the protein’s structure

A

disulfide bridges

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26
Q

this is the protein of milk and is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals

A

casein

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27
Q

this is determined by interactions between R groups

A

tertiary structure

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28
Q

these are made of DNA, a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides

A

genes

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29
Q

the most biologically important lipids are?

A

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

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30
Q

another structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods (crunch!)

A

chitin

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31
Q

name of the amino end in a unique linear sequence of amino acids

A

N-terminus

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32
Q

the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called?

A

gene

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33
Q

examples of disaccharide

A

maltose
sucrose
lactose

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34
Q

it passes through the digestive tract as insoluble fiber

A

cellulose

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35
Q

the linear form of starch

A

amylose

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36
Q

these results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

A

quaternary structure

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37
Q

it has the OH group on the stereogenic center farthest from the carbonyl on the right in a Fischer projection (like D-glyceraldehyde)

A

D-sugar

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38
Q

these are classified by the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

A

monosaccharides

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39
Q

DNA is a nucleic acid made of monomers called?

A

nucleotides

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40
Q

it consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups

A

ATP

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41
Q

functions as selective acceleration of chemical reactions

A

enzymatic proteins

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42
Q

these are organic molecule protein monomers with carboxyl and amino groups

A

amino acids

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43
Q

protein synthesis occurs on?

A

ribosomes

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44
Q

it is a fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptides coiled like a rope

A

collagen

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45
Q

_______________________________ in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair

A

cross-linking of cysteines

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46
Q

what are the polymers of sugars

A

cellulose
starch

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47
Q

carbohydrates containing a hemiacetal are in equilibrium with an acyclic aldehyde, making them?

A

reducing sugars

48
Q

it is an important source of energy for cellular processes

A

ATP

49
Q

open form of D-glucose

A

D-glucopyranose

50
Q

transport of substances

A

transport proteins

51
Q

name of the carboxyl end in a unique linear sequence of amino acids

A

C-terminus

52
Q

it is an important steroid

A

cholesterol

53
Q

this directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis

A

DNA

54
Q

it is the breaking down of polymer

A

hydrolysis

55
Q

these can exist in both open or closed form

A

monosaccharides

56
Q

it is a reaction that is the reverse of the dehydration reaction

A

hydrolysis

57
Q

monosaccharides with a ketone carbonyl group at C2 are called?

A

ketoses

58
Q

the branched form of starch

A

amylopectin

59
Q

these are acetals, so they are not in equilibrium with any acyclic aldehyde, making them nonreducing sugars

A

glycosides

60
Q

the simplest carbohydrates are called?

A

monosaccharides

61
Q

what are the cyclic forms of monosaccharides?

A

pyranose
furanose

62
Q

it is polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom

A

ethanol

63
Q

it acts as a base

A

glycine

64
Q

these are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

A

steroids

65
Q

these differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups

A

amino acids

66
Q

these are linked by peptide bonds

A

amino acids

67
Q

each nucleic acid is made of monomers called?

A

nucleotides

68
Q

it is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

A

glycerol

69
Q

these have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of carbo-hydrate

A

monosaccharides

70
Q

four classes of large biological molecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
protein
nucleic acids

71
Q

these are unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

A

polypeptides

72
Q

synthesis of disaccharides

A
  1. dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose
  2. dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose
73
Q

it consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

A

fatty acid

74
Q

it occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

A

dehydration reaction

75
Q

it adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

A

hydrolysis

76
Q

storage of amino acids

A

storage proteins

77
Q

it contains more than two sugars linked, have storage and structural roles

A

polysaccharides

78
Q

arrangement of _________________ in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function

A

methyl groups

79
Q

The _____________ and ___________________ of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties.

A

number, arrangement

80
Q

monosaccharides with an aldehyde carbonyl group at C1 are called?

A

aldoses

81
Q

these are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.

A

functional groups

82
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

peptide bonds

83
Q

Tertiary structure is determined by interactions between R groups – these include actual ionic bonds and strong covalent bonds called?

A

disulfide bridges

84
Q

a _____________ protein is biologically inactive

A

denatured

85
Q

the loss of a protein’s native structure is called?

A

denaturation

86
Q

these ranges in length from a few to more than a thousand monomers

A

polypeptides

87
Q

these are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds

A

lipids

88
Q

these are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

A

lipids

89
Q

these are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms

A

macromolecules

90
Q

the iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body

A

hemoglobin

91
Q

these are classified by the location of the carbonyl group

A

monosaccharides

92
Q

carbohydrates containing a hemiacetal are in equilibrium with an _________________, making them reducing sugars

A

acyclic aldehyde

93
Q

it is the primary energy-tranferring molecule in the cell

A

ATP

94
Q

molecular structure and function are?

A

inseparable

95
Q

what do you call the polymers that are composed of many sugar building blocks

A

polysaccharides

96
Q

these are the major component of all cell membranes

A

phospholipids

97
Q

it has the OH group on the stereogenic center farthest from the carbonyl on the left in a Fischer projection (like L-glyceraldehyde)

A

L-sugar

98
Q

these determines protein structure

A
  1. alterations in pH
  2. salt concentration
  3. temperature
  4. other environmental factors
99
Q

it is a component in animal cell membranes

A

cholesterol

100
Q

this provides directions for its own replication

A

DNA

101
Q

it is the protein of egg white and used as an amino acid source for the developing embryo

A

ovalbumin

102
Q

it is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides

A

protein

103
Q

a cyclic form of monosaccharides that is a six-membered ring

A

pyranose ring

104
Q

addition of a ___________________ to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects the expression of genes

A

methyl group

105
Q

examples of nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic

A

glycine
alanine
valine
leucine
isoleucine
methionine
phenylalanine
tryptophan
proline

106
Q

it acts as an acid

A

acetic acid

107
Q

it is the protein of hair, horns, feathers, and other skin appendages

A

keratin

108
Q

these distinguish living matter and are all composed of carbon compounds

A

proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates

109
Q

it can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugar

A

ethanol

110
Q

functions as a support

A

structural proteins

111
Q

functions as protection against diseases

A

defensive proteins

112
Q

what do you call an open form of monosaccharides

A

Fischer projection

113
Q

Fats are constructed from two types of smaller molecules namely?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

114
Q

what do you call the closed form of monosaccharides

A

Haworth projection

115
Q

these functions include structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances

A

protein

116
Q

this is an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

A

sickle-cell disease

117
Q

these can react with alcohols in the presence of acid to form acetals and ketals

A

hemiacetals and hemiketals

Chem 31 (22 decks)

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