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NUR 612 Advanced Pathophysiology > Module 2.2 Innate and Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Module 2.2 Innate and Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

“Pleiotropic” cytokines

A

producing more than one effect

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2
Q

“Redundant” cytokines

A

duplicating the effect of another cell

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3
Q

Cytokines

A

soluble proteins, mediate interaction between immune and tissue cells

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4
Q

3 main cytokines

A

interleukins (IL’s)
interferons (INF’s)
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNA-a)

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5
Q

Interleukins are produced by

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

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6
Q

Function of interleukins

A

Enhances acquired immunity

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7
Q

Interferon functions

A

modulates inflammatory response.

{Primarily protects against viruses.

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8
Q

TNA-a function

A

Endogenous Pyrogen. Fever producer.

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9
Q

Chemokines primary function

A

Control migration of leukocytes to the primary site of action.

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10
Q

-muab suffix in a drug name indicates that it targets

A

chemokines

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11
Q

Colony-stimulating factors (type of chemokine)

A

Stimulate the growth and differentiation of BM progenitors of immune cells.

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12
Q

How are colony-stimulating factors named

A

According to the cell they target. (monocyte stimulating factor, granulocyte stimulating factor, etc.)

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13
Q

Lymphocyte primary function

A

specifically recognize and respond to foreign antigens.

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14
Q

Accessory cells include:

A

Macrophages, Dendritic cells

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15
Q

Dendritic cells are derived from? What do they do?

A

macrophages - Antigen presenting cells (APC’s)

Bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems

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16
Q

What are band cells and when are they seen in highest number?

A

Immature granulocytes that eventually mature into neutrophils.

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17
Q

Most common WBC in most cases

A

Neutrophils

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18
Q

Cells of Innate immunity

A 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Macrophages > Dendritic cells
NK cells
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19
Q

Innate immunity consists of:

A

epithelial barriers and the cells of innate immunity

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20
Q

Neutrophils are also known as

A

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN’s)

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21
Q

Neutrophils

A

Early responder cells, primarily in blood and not tissue

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22
Q

Eosinophils

A

Ingest antigen-antibody complexes and viruses.

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23
Q

Monocytes

A

released by bone marrow, migrate to tissues, mature into macrophages and dendritic cells

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24
Q

Macrophages

A

Essential for bacteria clearance. Limit spread of infection until adaptive immunity kicks in.

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25
Q

NK cells primarily target:

A

Intracellular (viral) or bacterial pathogenic organisms.

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26
Q

How do NK cells avoid killing our own cells

A

MHC-1 Receptor on human cells binds to inhibitory receptor on NK cell preventing activations.

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27
Q

How does an NK cell know a cell is compromised?

A

Infected cell will stop producing the MHC-1 receptor peptide and the NK cell is no longer prohibited.

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28
Q

What are PAMP’s and are they innate or immune?

A

Pathogen associated Molecular Patterns.
Innate
Patterns on the cell membrane of pathogens which are recognized by the PRR (Pattern Recognition Receptors of the innate immune system.)

29
Q

Opsonin

A

molecules that coat the cell membrane. Activates phagocytosis after PRR attaches.

30
Q

Inflammatory cytokines

A

Moderate the reaction between immune and tissue cells. Short duration.

31
Q

Acute Phase proteins are produced:

A

In the Liver in response to inflammatory cytokines. They activate the alternate compliment pathway Mannose-binding Ligand.

32
Q

Example of acute phase protein

A

C-reactive protein.

33
Q

3 phases of the compliment system

A
  1. Initiation/activation of immune process
  2. Amplification of inflammation
  3. Membrane attack response
34
Q

How does the compliment system render bacteria more susceptible to phagocytosis?

A

By increasing bacterial aggregation.

35
Q

How much of plasma protein is involved in the compliment system

A

15%

36
Q

When is the adaptive immune response activated?

A

When the INNATE response initiates the inflammatory process

37
Q

2 receptors of the innate immune system

A

Mannose and Toll like

38
Q

B-cell production is stimulated by

A

antigen detection

39
Q

The two functional cell types of the immune system

A

effector and regulatory cells

40
Q

Effector cells

A

Leukocytes (Activated T-lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, etc.). Eliminate the antigen

41
Q

Regulatory cells function

A

Orchestrate and control immune response

42
Q

Lymphocytes comprise approximately what percentage of WBC’s

A

35%

43
Q

Lymphocytes arise from the lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow and differentiate into

A

B and T cells

44
Q

Cells of adaptive immunity

A

Lymphocytes (B and T)

Macrophages and Dendritic cells as APC’s

45
Q

Major histocompatibility complexes (MHC’s)

A

Identification of self vs non self.

46
Q

The principle antigen presenting cell is the

A

macrophage

47
Q

Macrophages are derived from

A

Monocytes

48
Q

What do dendritic cells and macrophages present antigens to?

A

CD4 T cells (Helper T cells)

49
Q

Where do we primarily find Tissue Macrophages

A 
Lungs (alveolar MP's)
Liver (Kupffer Cells)
Spleen
Lymph Nodes
Peritoneum
CNS
50
Q

HLA antigens

A

Important in self vs non-self identification. VERY important in transplant matching.

51
Q

Class I HLA’s

A

Presented to CD8 T cells (Killer T’s)

52
Q

Class II HLA’s

A

Present to CD4 T cells (Helper T’s)

53
Q

B cells are produced and matured where? Where do they primarily function

A

Bone marrow. In the humor (blood). Mostly target extracellular microbes and toxins.

54
Q

Humoral immunity

A

B cells - extracellular

55
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

T cells - intracellular

56
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

Thymus

57
Q

Active Immunity

A

Specific Protection induced by exposure and activation of B and T cells

58
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Specific protection induced by transfer of protective antibodies.

59
Q

IgG transfer

A

crosses placenta (only IgG readily crosses)

60
Q

IgA transfer

A

in colostrum (IgG and IgA in normal breast milk).

61
Q

HBiG

A

Hepatitis B immune globulin. Given if exposed to Hepatitis B (needle stick)

62
Q

When does fetal immunity start to develop. (Including thymus)

A

5-6 weeks

Lymphoid cells colonize fetal liver

63
Q

When does IgA and IgM production start

A

shortly after birth (adult levels reached by 1 year)

64
Q

Why are premature infants usually immune deficient?

A

Maternal IgG crosses placenta in largest amounts during final weeks of pregnancy (full term)

65
Q

Umbilical cord blood should contain what Immunoglobulins

A

Only IgG

66
Q

IgA or IgM detected in cord blood may indicate what?

A

Intrauterine infection. These would only be of fetal origin.

67
Q

When does thymus gland start to decrease in size?

A

At puberty. Eventually shrinks to 15% of largest size.

68
Q

Immune system changes in elderly

A
  1. Smaller thymus.
  2. Decreased # of both T cell types.
  3. Altered T cell response to antigens
  4. Decreased # of B cells but response to antigens is unchanged.

NUR 612 Advanced Pathophysiology (21 decks)

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