Module 1 Unit 2 - Cell and Tissue Characteristics Flashcards
3 Steps of Interphase
G1 - Cell growth
S - DNA replication
G2 - Preparation for Mitosis
Phases of Mitosis
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
Prophase
Nucleolus disappears
DNA packed into chromosomes
Metaphase
Centrosomes form at poles
Microtubules from centrosomes attach to chromosomes
Chromosomes align in middle of cell (Metaphase plate)
Where do the microtubules attach to chromosomes
the centromere at the middle of the chromosome
Anaphase
Sister chromosomes pulled to opposite sides of cell.
Telophase
nuclear membranes form around the 2 new nuclei
Cytokinesis
Cell division
Mutation in P16
Controls checkpoint between G0 and G1
Mutation in P21
Checkpoint between G1 and S
3 steps of oxidative metabolism in order
Glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle/ Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
ETC
Energy yield of glycolysis
1 glucose > 2 ATP + 2 NADH
What is made from a single glucose molecule and a sincle Acetyl-CoA during the Kreb’s/TCA cycle
1 Acetyl-CoA > 3NADH + FADH2
1 Glucose > 2NADH + 2FADH2
In the ETC where does NADH donate its proton and how many protons are generated?
Complex 1, 3 protons generated
In the ETC where does FADH2 donate its proton and how many protons are generated?
Complex 2, 2 protons generated
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC
oxygen - that’s why it’s called oxidative phosphorylation
Total energy yield for cellular metabolism (aerobic respiration)
36-38 ATP per glucose molecule
Total Energy yield of TCA/Kreb’s
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
Proteasome pathway
targets individual proteins
Ubiquitin
used to tag individual proteins for degradation via proteasome
Stages of autophagy
- Closure - membrane forms around target to form autophagosome.
- Fusion - Membrane fuses with lysosome containing digestive enzymes
- Digestions
How are most proteins removed after a period of time to prevent accumulation of old proteins?
Tagged by ubiquitin
Vici Syndrome cause
Gene involved in fusion of autophagosome with lysosome is mutated. Cell can’t clear toxic materials
Vici Syndrome S/S
Mental Retardation
Cleft Lip
Cardiomyopathy
Cataracts
Autocrine Signaling
Self signaling
Paracrine Signaling
Adjacent cells
includes gap junction, direct receptor signaling (T cell receptors for antigens), and hormone released between cells that don’t enter blood stream.
Endocrine Signaling
Far away cells - via blood stream
Synaptic Signaling
neurons
How do cancer cells promote survival?
continuously secrete growth factors (autocrine signaling) to bypass checkpoints
