Module 1 Unit 2 - Cell and Tissue Characteristics

Question 1

3 Steps of Interphase

Answer 1

G1 - Cell growth
S - DNA replication
G2 - Preparation for Mitosis

Question 2

Phases of Mitosis

Answer 2

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

Question 3

Prophase

Answer 3

Nucleolus disappears

DNA packed into chromosomes

Question 4

Metaphase

Answer 4

Centrosomes form at poles
Microtubules from centrosomes attach to chromosomes
Chromosomes align in middle of cell (Metaphase plate)

Question 5

Where do the microtubules attach to chromosomes

Answer 5

the centromere at the middle of the chromosome

Question 6

Anaphase

Answer 6

Sister chromosomes pulled to opposite sides of cell.

Question 7

Telophase

Answer 7

nuclear membranes form around the 2 new nuclei

Question 8

Cytokinesis

Answer 8

Cell division

Question 9

Mutation in P16

Answer 9

Controls checkpoint between G0 and G1

Question 10

Mutation in P21

Answer 10

Checkpoint between G1 and S

Question 11

3 steps of oxidative metabolism in order

Answer 11

Glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle/ Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
ETC

Question 12

Energy yield of glycolysis

Answer 12

1 glucose > 2 ATP + 2 NADH

Question 13

What is made from a single glucose molecule and a sincle Acetyl-CoA during the Kreb’s/TCA cycle

Answer 13

1 Acetyl-CoA > 3NADH + FADH2

1 Glucose > 2NADH + 2FADH2

Question 14

In the ETC where does NADH donate its proton and how many protons are generated?

Answer 14

Complex 1, 3 protons generated

Question 15

In the ETC where does FADH2 donate its proton and how many protons are generated?

Answer 15

Complex 2, 2 protons generated

Question 16

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC

Answer 16

oxygen - that’s why it’s called oxidative phosphorylation

Question 17

Total energy yield for cellular metabolism (aerobic respiration)

Answer 17

36-38 ATP per glucose molecule

Question 18

Total Energy yield of TCA/Kreb’s

Answer 18

2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2

Question 19

Proteasome pathway

Answer 19

targets individual proteins

Question 20

Ubiquitin

Answer 20

used to tag individual proteins for degradation via proteasome

Question 21

Stages of autophagy

Answer 21

1. Closure - membrane forms around target to form autophagosome.
2. Fusion - Membrane fuses with lysosome containing digestive enzymes
3. Digestions

Question 22

How are most proteins removed after a period of time to prevent accumulation of old proteins?

Answer 22

Tagged by ubiquitin

Question 23

Vici Syndrome cause

Answer 23

Gene involved in fusion of autophagosome with lysosome is mutated. Cell can’t clear toxic materials

Question 24

Vici Syndrome S/S

Answer 24

Mental Retardation
Cleft Lip
Cardiomyopathy
Cataracts

Question 25

Autocrine Signaling

Answer 25

Self signaling

Question 26

Paracrine Signaling

Answer 26

Adjacent cells
includes gap junction, direct receptor signaling (T cell receptors for antigens), and hormone released between cells that don’t enter blood stream.

Question 27

Endocrine Signaling

Answer 27

Far away cells - via blood stream

Question 28

Synaptic Signaling

Answer 28

neurons

Question 29

How do cancer cells promote survival?

Answer 29

continuously secrete growth factors (autocrine signaling) to bypass checkpoints