MOD 9: FRUITS&SEEDS Flashcards
a characteristic of flowering plants.
FRUITS
Once pollination and fertilization occur, the ____ of the plant BECOMES THE FRUIT
OVARY
Once pollination and fertilization occur, the ________ BECOME THE SEEDS
OVULES
They can be FLESHY or DRY.
FRUITS
The main purpose of _____ is that they PROTECT THE SEEDS DURING DEVELOPMENT.
FRUITS
are OFTEN COLORFUL and EMANATE A DETECTABLE ODOR, they help in attracting birds and other animals to eat seeds
FRUITS
when seed drops
SEED DISPERSAL
FRUIT REGIONS:
SKIN (outside)
EXOCARP
FRUIT REGIONS:
- INNER BOUNDARY AROUND SEEDS
ENDOCARP
FRUIT REGIONS:
- TISSUE BETWEEN EXOCARP AND ENDOCARP
MESOCARP
FRUIT REGIONS:
- FLESHY PART of the fruit
MESOCARP
COLLECTIVELY term for the 3 regions of fruit (exocarp, endocarp, mesocarp)
PERICARP
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS
SIMPLE
AGGREGATE
MULTIPLE
- one fruit that has developed from ONE SINGLE FLOWER
- single pistil
- one carpel
SIMPLE FRUIT
- ONE FLOWER that produces TINY FRUIT clustered tightly together.
- MANY FRUITLETS
AGGREGATE FRUIT
- fruits from MANY DIFFERENT FLOWERS which develop closely together to form ONE BIGGER FRUIT
- pineapple
MULTIPLE FRUIT
- fruits whose mesocarp is atleast PARTLY FLESHY AT MATURITY
FLESHY FRUITS
- fruits whose mesocarp is DEFINITELY DRY AT MATURITY
DRY FRUITS
- a simple fleshy fruit with A SINGLE SEED ENCLOSED BY A HARD, STONY ENDOCARP OR PIT
- usually develops from flowers with a
SUPERIOR OVARY CONTAINING A SINGLE OVULE
DRUPE
stone fruits (e.g., apricots, cherries, peaches, plums, olives)
DRUPE
- develop from a COMPOUND OVARY and
commonly CONTAIN MORE THAN ONE SEED. - ENTIRE PERICARP IS FLESHY, and it is
DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH between the
mesocarp and the endocarp.
BERRIES
3 TYPES OF BERRIES
TRUE BERRY
PEPO
HESPERIDIUM
- a fruit with a THIN (EXOCARP) SKIN and
a PERICARP that is RELATIVELY SOFT AT MATURITY.
TRUE BERRY
tomatoes, grapes, persimmons, peppers, and eggplants.
TRUE BERRY
● are berries with relatively THICK RINDS.
● Fruits of members of the PUMPKIN FAMILY (Cucurbitaceae)
PEPOS
pumpkins, cucumbers, watermelons, squashes, and cantaloupes
PEPOS
● and HAS PULPS
● NUMEROUS OUTGROWTHS from the INNER LINING OF THE OVARY WALL become SACLIKE AND SWOLLEN WITH JUICE as the fruit develops
HESPERIDIUM
● Citrus Family (Rutaceae)
● Examples include oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit, tangerines, and kumquats.
HESPERDIUM
● are simple fleshy fruits, the bulk of
whose flesh comes from the ENLARGED FLORAL TUBE or RECEPTACLE that grows up around
● The ovary.
POMES (berries)
apples, pears, and quinces.
POMES
FLESHY FRUITS
BERRY
DRUPE
POME
DRY FRUITS
DEHISCHENT
INDEHISCENT
● asexual reproduction
● fruit develops WITHOUT FERTILIZATION
● growth hormones
PARTHENOCARPY
- opens when RIPE
- EXPOSES SEEDS
DEHISCENT
The fruits in this group are distinguished from one another by the way they SPLIT.
DEHISCENT FRUITS (dry fruits that split at maturity)
- splits along ONE SIDE OR SEAM (suture) ONLY, exposing the seeds within.
- One carpel opens on ONE SIDE
FOLLICLE
larkspur, columbine, milkweed, and peony
FOLLICLE
- splits along TWO SIDES or seams
LEGUMES
peas, beans, garbanzo beans, lentils, carob, kudzu, and mesquite.
LEGUMES
● also split along two sides or seams, but the seeds are BORNE ON A CENTRAL PARTITION, which is exposed when the two halves of the fruit separate.
● produced by members of the Mustard Family (Brassicaceae)
SILIQUES
less than 3 times smaller than siliques
SILICLES
broccoli, cabbage, radish, shepherd’s purse, and watercress.
SILIQUES
● MOST COMMON of the dry fruits that split.
● They consist of AT LEAST TWO CARPELS
and split in a variety of ways.
CAPSULES
irises, orchids, lilies, poppies, violets, and snapdragons.
CAPSULES
- In this type of dry fruit, the single seed is, to varying degrees, UNITED WITH THE PERICARP
INDEHISCENT FRUITS (dry fruits that do not split at maturity)
● ONLY THE BASE of the single seed of
the ____ is ATTACHED TO ITS SURROUNDING PERICARP.
● Accordingly, the husk (pericarp) is RELATIVELY EASILY SEPARATED from the
seed.
ACHENE
sunflower “seeds”, buttercup, and buckwheat.
ACHENE
● are ONE-SEEDED FRUITS similar to
achenes, but they are GENERALLY LARGER, and the PERICARP IS MUCH HARDER AND THICKER.
NUTS
acorns hazelnuts (filberts), and hickory nuts.
NUTS
● The pericarp of the ___ (caryopsis;
plural: caryopses) is TIGHTLY UNITED WITH THE SEED and cannot be separated from it.
GRAINS
corn, wheat, rice, oats, and barley,.
GRAINS
● the pericarp surrounding the seed
EXTENDS OUT IN THE FORM OF A WING or membrane, which aids in dispersal.
SAMARAS
● In ____, samaras are produced in
PAIRS
MAPLES
● In ashes, elms, and the tree of heaven, samaras are produced _____
SINGLY
are PRODUCED IN PAIRS that SEPARATE AT MATURITY
MAPLE SAMARAS
twin fruit
SCHIZOCARPS
individual carpels
MERICARP
● Represented by the Parsley Family (Apiaceae).
● Example: parsley, carrots, anise, caraway, and dill.
SCHIZOCARPS
● one that is DERIVED FROM A SINGLE FLOWER with SEVERAL TO MANY PISTILS.
● pistils develop into TINY DRUPES or OTHER FRUTILETS, but they MATURE AS A CLUSTERED UNIT ON A SINGLE RECEPTACLE.
AGGREGATE FRUIT
this accessory fruit that is actually AN ENLARGED RECEPTACLE
STRAWBERRY
● derived from SEVERAL TO MANY INDIVIDUAL FLOWERS IN A SINGLE INFLORESCENCE.
● Each flower has its OWN RECEPTACLE, but as the flowers mature separately into fruitlets, they DEVELOP TOGETHER INTO A SINGLE LARGER FRUIT, as in aggregate fruits.
MULTIPLE FRUIT
mulberries, pineapples, and figs
MULTIPLE FRUIT
● are embryotic plants ENCLOSE IN A PROTECTIVE OUTER COVERING.
SEED
● Functions:
○ Reproduction
○ Covering the embryo
○ Storage of food
○ Dispersal to a new location
and dormancy (- the seed
knows what weather it will
germinate during
unfavorable conditions)
SEED
the seed knows what weather it will
germinate during unfavorable conditions
DORMANCY
outer protective covering
SEED COAT
other term for SEED COAT
TESTA
SCAR from the seed BEING ATTACHED TO THE PARENT PLANT.
HILUM
- SCAR where ovule attached to ovary
HILUM
the FIRST LEAF that germinates
COTYLEDON
the portion of axis ABOVE AND LOWER PORTION OF THE COTYLEDON respectively
EPICOTYL & HYPOCOTYL
the FIRST APICAL BUD of shoot
PLUMULE
COVERING the YOUNG SHOOT
COLEOPTILE
part of the seed where the ROOT DEVELOPS
RADICLE
the PROTECTIVE SHEATH investing the radicle in some monocotyledonous plants through which the roots emerge
COLEORHIZA
scar where POLLEN TUBE ENTERED OVULE
MICROPILE
● The ______ is a SOURCE OF STORED FOOD, consisting primarily of
STARCHES.
● It is the structure that has been
formed to PROVIDE NUTRITION FOR EMBRYO in germination
ENDOSPERM
how many COTYLEDON is present in the embryo of a MONOCOT SEED
ONLY ONE COTYLEDON
is THIN AND SMALL and LACKS FOOD MATERIALS in MONOCOT SEED
COTYLEDONS
_____ is MOSTLY PRESENT and STORES FOOD in MONOCOT SEED
ENDOSPERM
Radicle is protected by ____ (covering) in MONOCOT SEEED
COLEORHIZA
Plumule is protected by _____ in MONOCOT SEED
COLEOPTILE
how many COTYLEDONS are present in the embryo axis of a DICOT SEED
TWO LATERAL COTYLEDONS
______ are FLESHY and STORE FOOD in DICOT SEED
COTYLEDONS
_____ MOSTLY ABSENT and LACKS FOOD in DICOT SEED
ENDOSPERM
these are ABSENT in DICOT SEED
COLEORHIZA AND COLEOPTILES
● Have seeds that are ENCLOSED WITHIN AN OVARY (usually a fruit)
ANGIOSPERMS
include flowers, fruits, and endosperm in the seeds,
ANGIOSPERMS
● Have NO FLOWERS OR FRUITS, and have
Unenclosed or “NAKES” SEEDS on the surface of scales or leaves.
● ___ seeds are often configured as CONES.
GYMNOSPERMS
● Gymnosperm seeds are often configured as _____.
CONES
two types of SELF DISPERSAL
BALLISTIC
GRAVITY
- Witch hazel, squirting cucumber
- dry out / seeds pop out
BALLISTIC
carpel grows inside the soil (geocarpic)
*Peanuts
GRAVITY
● dandelion and maple
WIND DISPERSAL
● Fleshy fruits EATEN and DISPERSED WITH FECES
● Some have VELCRO-LIKE HOOKS that
cling to animal fur (burdock, cockleburs)
ANIMAL DISPERSAL
○ Seeds are SMALL AND LIGHTWEIGTH
DISPERSAL BY WIND
○ Fruits: samaras, plumes
DISPERSAL BY WIND
● Oils attract ants.
DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS
- rich in lipids & part of fleshy tissues
- on bleeding hearts used as food by ants.
ELAIOSOMES
elaiosomes came from the greek word
ELAION & SOMA
ELAION means
OIL
SOMA means
BODY
coconut
WATER DISPERSAL
● includes EMERGENCE OF THER RADICLE is the BEGINNING OR RESUMPTION OF GROWTH of a seed, and it depends on the interplay of a number of internal and external factors.
GERMINATION
● The EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT from the seed embryo of those structures which seed indicate the ABILITY TO PRODUCE A NORMAL PLANT.
GERMINATION
● The process by which a DORMANT SEED BEGINS TO SPROUT and gGROW INTO A SEEDLING under the right growing conditions
GERMINATION
● Germination is the process by which a _____ SEED BEGINS TO SPROUT and GROW INTO A SEEDLING under the right growing conditions
DORMANT
○ Seeds emerge OUT OF THE SOIL or ABOVE THE SOIL
(w/ cotyledon)
EPIGEAL GERMINATION
○ Seeds REMAIN INSIDE THE SOIL or BELOW THE SOIL
(leaves the cotyledon)
HYPOGEAL GERMINATION
○ The cotyledons COME OUT ABOVE THE SOIL SURFACE and generally TURN GREEN and act as FIRST FOLIAGE LEAVES.
EPIGEAL GERMINATION
○ In EPIGEAL GERMINATION, the cotyledons come out above the soil surface and generally turn green and act
as _____.
FIRST FOLIAGE LEAVES
○ This type of germination present in groundnut, bean, cotton, sunflower, and cotton seeds.
EPIGEAL GERMINATION
○ The cotyledons DO NOT COME ABOVE THE SOIL SURFACE.
HYPOGEAL GERMINATION
○ This type of germination is found in wheat, barley, maize, and pea.
HYPOGEAL GERMINATION
INTERNAL FACTORS affecting germination
MATURITY OF EMBRYO
PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF CHEMICAL INHIBITORS
CHEMICAL INHIBITORS
GROWTH HORMONES
NUTRIENTS
EXTERNAL FACTORS affecting germination
OXYGEN
WATER
TEMPERATURE
OPTIMUM IDEAL TEMPERATURE FOR GERMINATION
25-30ºC
TEMPERATURE WHERE GERMINATION STOPS
0-45ºC
