M6: STEMS Flashcards
AERIAL part of the plant
STEM
where leaves and reproductive
shots get attached (mechanical support)
STEM
Stem exposes the leaves for _____ positions
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Stem positions the reproductive shoots for optimal access to _____ and dispersal agents
POLLINATORS
conducts water and minerals from roots to the leaves and solutes from leaves to storage and use sites
STEM
STEM FUNCTIONS
SUPPORT
CONDUCTION
GROWTH
STORAGE
AS FOOD
young stem (1 year old or less) WITH LEAVES
SHOOT
young stem (1 year old or less) that is in the dormant winter stage (NO LEAVES)
TWIG
stem that is MORE THAN 1 YEAR OLD typically with lateral stems radiating from it
BRANCH
a woody plant’s MAIN STEM
TRUNK
a type of stem that is THIN SOFT, GREEN in color except that grow underground
HERBACEOUS STEM
a type of stem that is TALLER, THICKER AND HARDER than herbaceous stems
WOODY STEMS
stem’s PRIMARY GROWING POINT
BUD
single BUD FOUND AT THE APEX of the stem
TERMINAL BUD
tip of the stem
APEX
protects lateral & terminal bud
BUD SCALES
MARKS LEFT ON THE STEM from the previous years which serve as EXTERNAL MEASURE OF ANNUAL GROWTH
TERMINAL BUD SCALE SCARS
buds that occur in the LEAF AXILS on the side of a stem
LATERAL BUDS / AXILLARY BUDS
lateral buds is also known as
AXILLARY BUDS
mark that leaves on the stem to the base of the LEAF FALLS
LEAF SCAR
STALK that extends from the stem to the base of the leaf (extension ni stem to leaves)
PETIOLE
PORES that allow for GAS EXCHANGE
LENTICEL
segment of stem where LEAVES AND LATERAL BUDS ARE ATTACHED. (above or below ground)
NODE
SECTION of a stem BETWEEN TWO NODES
INTERNODE
used in the IDENTIFICATION OF THE WOODY PLANTS and it is a mark left in the LEAF SCAR from the VASCULAR TISSUE attachment
BUNDLE SCAR
TINY BUMPS in leaf scar where vascular tissue enter the leaf from the stem
BUNDLE SCAR
they mark the places where BUNDLES OF VASCULAR TISSUE were located.
BUNDLE SCARS
○ increases LENGTH of the stem
○ mostly occur on HERBACEOUS plants
PRIMARY GROWTH
○ increases THICKNESS of the stem
○ builds WOODY STEM
SECONDARY GROWTH
located in a bud, called terminal bud at the tip of the stem
APICAL MERISTEM
Primary Growth
SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM
developing leaves
PRIMORDIUM
primordium plural
PRIMORDIA
Secondary Growth
LATERAL MERISTEM
○ located in AXILLRY BUDS
○ Vascular cambium to Secondary
Xylem and Secondary Phloem
(same function as your primary
xylem and phloem)
LATERAL MERISTEM
o Produces Phelloderm (inside) and Phellem (outside)
CORK CAMBIUM (PHELLOGEN)
PERIDERM IN WOODY PLANTS
PHELLEM - PHELLOGEN - PHELLODERM
synonym ng cork cambium
PHELLOGEN
Cork cells are impregnated with _______»_space; protection
SUBERIN
develop beneath the stomata
LENTICELS
____ DON’T do secondary growth
ANNUAL PLANTS
do secondary growth
PERENNIAL PLANTS
complete their ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE from germination and death within ONE YEAR
ANNUAL PLANTS
plants that live multiple years
PERENNIAL PLANTS
other term for vascular cylinder
STELE
Composed of Primary xylem, primary phloem, and pith
VASCULAR CYLINDER / STELE
● SIMPLEST FORM of stele
● SOLID CORE of conducting tissues in which phloem usually surrounds the xylem
PROTOSTELE
● tubular with PITH IN THE CENTER.
● Common in FERNS
SIPHONOSTELES
● Present-day flowering plants and conifers have this
● the primary xylem and primary phloem are in DISCRETE VASCUALR BUNDLES
EUSTELES
Vascular and cork cambium both develop from _____ in the stem as a stem enters into secondary growth
PRIMARY TISSUE
Hypodermis in DICOT STEM is made up of
COLLENCHYMA
hypodermis in MONOCOT STEM is made up of
SCLERENCHYMA
Vascular Bundle Arrangement in DICOT STEM
ONE OR TWO BROKEN RINGS
Vascular Bundle Arrangement in MONOCOT STEM
SCATTERED ACCROSS THE STEM
epidermis that is present in dicot stem but absent in monocot stem
TRICHOMES
CUTICLE
absent - dicot stem
present - monocot stem
BUNDLE SHEATH
present - dicot stem
absent - monocot stem
CORTEX & PITH
In ______, OBVIOUS DIFFERENCES
begin to appear as soon as the vascular cambium and the cork cambium develop
WOODY PLANTS
Most conspicuous differences involve the _______ or wood
SECONDARY XYLEM
In trees of temperate climates, virtually ALL GROWTH takes place during the ______, and then CEASES until the following _____
GROW: SPRING AND SUMMER
CEASES: SPRING
Vascular cambium ACTIVE DURING THE SPRING that produces a xylem
SPRING WOOD
Xylem with SMALLER or FEWER VESSEL ELEMENTS and LARGE NUMBER of TRACHEIDS
SUMMER WOOD
Indicates the AGE of the tree; but it also denotes the CLIMATE
ANNUAL RINGS
aside from age, annual rings also denote ____
CLIMATE
One year’s GROWTH OF XYLEM
ANNUAL RING
LIGHTER STREAKS seen on transverse cross section of tree trunk
○ parenchyma cells that may be alive
> 10 years
VASCULAR RAYS
functions by LATERAL CONDUCTION OF NUTRIENTS & WATER from the stele (thru xylem & phloem) to the cortex
VASCULAR RAYS
cell w/o cell wall
PROTOPLASTS
as the tree ages, protoplasts of some of the parenchyma cells that surround the vessels and tracheids grow through the ___ in the walls
PITS
as the _____ continues to expand, much of the cavity of the vessel of tracheid becomes filled
PROTOPLASM
PROTRUSIONS filled with resins, gums or tannins; that prevent conduction of water & dissolved substance
TYLOSIS (TYLOSES)
results to accumulation of resins, gums and tannins as well as
pigments that darken color of the wood
TYLOSIS / TYLOSES
parenchyma cell na nawalan ng cell wall
TYLOSIS
due to this kaya nawalan ng cell wall ang parenchyma cell
ENZYME SECRETION
○ OLDER DARKER WOOD AT THE CENTER, no longer conducts materials
○ helps strengthen the tree
○ tree may LIVE and FUNCTION WELL
after the heartwood has rotted away
HEARTWOOD
lighter, STILL FUNCTIONING, xylem
CLOSEST TO CAMBIUM
SAPWOOD
wood of dicots
HARDWOOD
NO FIBERS OR VESSEL elements; ONLYU TRACHEIDS
○ softer
○ Pines and cone-bearing trees
SOFTWOOD
ALL TISSUES outside the vascular cambium, including the phloem
BARK
primary and secondary phloem
INNER BARK
periderm — cork tissue and cork cambium
OUTER BARK
● specialized cells or ducts
● form extensive branched networks of LATEX-SECRETING CELLS
● woody flowering plants
● COMMON IN PHLOEM but present throughout all parts of the plant
LATICIFERS
● a THICK FLUID that is white, yellow orange or red in color and consists of gums, proteins, sugars, oils, salts, alkaloidal drugs, enzymes and other substances
● aids in CLOSING WOUNDS
LATEX “DAGTA”
anong meron sa dagta ng opium poppy
MORPHINE
● UNDERGROUND STEM
● grows horizontally
● capable of producing NEW SHOOTS AND ROOTS
○ Ginger, Asparagus, Bamboo, Iris
and many ferns
RHIZOMES
● above ground stems that RUN ACROSS THE SOIL SURFACE
● long internodes
● ADEVNTITIOUS BUDS appear at alternate nodes along the ____
○ strawberry
RUNNERS
● similar to runners but are produced
BENEATH THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND and tend to grow in different directions but NOT HORIZONTALLY
○ irish potato, plants, tubers are
produced at the tips of _____
STOLONS
● modified to WRAP AROUND and CLING TO THINGS for support
● modified stem in grape & Boston Ivy
● leaf parts in peas and cucumber
TENDRILS
● BELOW-GROUND, compressed, SWOLLEN VERTICAL STEM
● store food
● PAPERY COVERING
● crocus and gladiolus
CORMS
small corms
CORMELS
● flattened LEAF-LIKE stems
○ photosynthesis
○ store water
○ prickly pear cactus
CLADOPHYLLS
○ flattened stems that resemble
leaves that can continue growing
INTERDETERMINATELY (SCALE-LIKE
leaves)
PHYLLOCLADES
● swollen, fleshy, underground stem
● TUBER BODY is comprised of many
PARENCHYMA CELLS that contain amyloplasts with starch
○ store food
TUBERS
● underground, consist of basal plate,
growing points, flower primordia and
fleshy scales
● found in monocots
BULB
● PAPERY OUTER COVERING
● onion tulips daffodils
● protection from DIGGING AND DRYING OUT
TUNICATE BULBS
● LACK a papery outer covering
● lily bulbs
● SUSCEPTIBLE TO DAMAGE AND DRYING
NONTUNICATE / SCALY BULBS
● small / SECONDARY BULB that forms in the angle between a leaf and stem or in place of flowers on certain plants
BULBLETS
● SHARP-POINTED MODIFIED STEMS
● honey locust
THORNS
● sharp-pointed MODIFIED LEAF or stipule (twigs)
● it helps reduce water loss
● BASE OF THE PETIOLE of most leaves of the black locust is a pair of _____
SPINES
● SHARP OUTGROWTH from the epidermis or bark
● raspberries and roses - originate from epidermis are neither thorns or spines
PRICKLES
● chewed stem in nostrils to
arrest EPISTAXIS
● epistaxis - nosebleeding
BUTTON SNAKEROOT
Eryngium aquaticum spp
● OIL FROM LEAVES & WOOD used
in cold remedies & LINIMENTS
● liniments - lotion to relieve
pain
CAMPHOR
Cinnamomum camphora
nosebleeding
EPISTAXIS
lotion to relieve pain
LINIMENTS
● BARK EXTRACT widely used as laxative
CASCARA
Rhamnus purshiana
● ROOT BARK EXTRACT used in INTESTINAL PROBLEMS like diverticulosis & Crohn’s disease
● Hirsutin component - lowers BP
● Alkaloid property
○ inhibits PLATELET CLOTTING
○ INCREASE brain SEROTONIN level
CAT’S CLAW
Uncaria tomentosa
component of cat’s claw that lowers BP
HIRSUTIN
● TEA FROM BARK is used for coughs and colds
CHERRY (WILD)
Prunus serotina
● bark extract - NASAL STUFFINESS
& discharge
● DRAIN SINUSES and alleviate asthma and sinus headache
CHINESE MAGNOLIA
Magnolia officinalis
Magnolia quinquepeta
● Bark extract improve
CIRCULATION to the HANDS and FEET
● Reduce high BP
● Alleviate frequent URINATION PROBLEMS
CHINESE RUBBER TREE
Eucommia ulmoides
● DRIED RHIZOME used to control
diarrhea
CINQUEFOIL
Potentilla erecta
● ____ root bark was used by
black slaves to INDUCE ABORTION
COTTON
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium barbadense
● DRUG EPHEDRINE is used in
nasal congestion and low BP
● MA-HUANG
● TOXIC AMOUNTS OF CYANIDE
EPHEDRA
Ephedra nevadensis
Ephedra sinica
ephedra is also known as
MA HUANG
● OIL DISTILLED from barks and
leaves are used for
UROLITHIASIS
EUROPEAN BIRCH
Betula pendula
● Roots, stems, fruits used as APPETITE SUPPRESSANT and
EYEWASH
FENNEL
Foeniculum vulgare
● Plant is POISONOUS
● all parts can be used to control IRREGULAR HEART BEAT
● heart stimulant similar to digitalis
LILY OF THE VALLEY
Concallaria majalis
● bark source of QUININE
● treatment of MALARIA
CINCHONA
Cinchona pubescens
