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BOTANY LEC > M6: STEMS > Flashcards

M6: STEMS Flashcards

1
Q

AERIAL part of the plant

A

STEM

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2
Q

where leaves and reproductive
shots get attached (mechanical support)

A

STEM

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3
Q

Stem exposes the leaves for _____ positions

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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4
Q

Stem positions the reproductive shoots for optimal access to _____ and dispersal agents

A

POLLINATORS

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5
Q

conducts water and minerals from roots to the leaves and solutes from leaves to storage and use sites

A

STEM

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6
Q

STEM FUNCTIONS

A

SUPPORT
CONDUCTION
GROWTH
STORAGE
AS FOOD

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7
Q

young stem (1 year old or less) WITH LEAVES

A

SHOOT

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8
Q

young stem (1 year old or less) that is in the dormant winter stage (NO LEAVES)

A

TWIG

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9
Q

stem that is MORE THAN 1 YEAR OLD typically with lateral stems radiating from it

A

BRANCH

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10
Q

a woody plant’s MAIN STEM

A

TRUNK

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11
Q

a type of stem that is THIN SOFT, GREEN in color except that grow underground

A

HERBACEOUS STEM

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12
Q

a type of stem that is TALLER, THICKER AND HARDER than herbaceous stems

A

WOODY STEMS

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13
Q

stem’s PRIMARY GROWING POINT

A

BUD

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14
Q

single BUD FOUND AT THE APEX of the stem

A

TERMINAL BUD

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15
Q

tip of the stem

A

APEX

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16
Q

protects lateral & terminal bud

A

BUD SCALES

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17
Q

MARKS LEFT ON THE STEM from the previous years which serve as EXTERNAL MEASURE OF ANNUAL GROWTH

A

TERMINAL BUD SCALE SCARS

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18
Q

buds that occur in the LEAF AXILS on the side of a stem

A

LATERAL BUDS / AXILLARY BUDS

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19
Q

lateral buds is also known as

A

AXILLARY BUDS

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20
Q

mark that leaves on the stem to the base of the LEAF FALLS

A

LEAF SCAR

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21
Q

STALK that extends from the stem to the base of the leaf (extension ni stem to leaves)

A

PETIOLE

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22
Q

PORES that allow for GAS EXCHANGE

A

LENTICEL

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23
Q

segment of stem where LEAVES AND LATERAL BUDS ARE ATTACHED. (above or below ground)

A

NODE

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24
Q

SECTION of a stem BETWEEN TWO NODES

A

INTERNODE

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25
Q

used in the IDENTIFICATION OF THE WOODY PLANTS and it is a mark left in the LEAF SCAR from the VASCULAR TISSUE attachment

A

BUNDLE SCAR

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26
Q

TINY BUMPS in leaf scar where vascular tissue enter the leaf from the stem

A

BUNDLE SCAR

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27
Q

they mark the places where BUNDLES OF VASCULAR TISSUE were located.

A

BUNDLE SCARS

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28
Q

○ increases LENGTH of the stem
○ mostly occur on HERBACEOUS plants

A

PRIMARY GROWTH

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29
Q

○ increases THICKNESS of the stem
○ builds WOODY STEM

A

SECONDARY GROWTH

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30
Q

located in a bud, called terminal bud at the tip of the stem

A

APICAL MERISTEM

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31
Q

Primary Growth

A

SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM

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32
Q

developing leaves

A

PRIMORDIUM

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33
Q

primordium plural

A

PRIMORDIA

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34
Q

Secondary Growth

A

LATERAL MERISTEM

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35
Q

○ located in AXILLRY BUDS
○ Vascular cambium to Secondary
Xylem and Secondary Phloem
(same function as your primary
xylem and phloem)

A

LATERAL MERISTEM

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36
Q

o Produces Phelloderm (inside) and Phellem (outside)

A

CORK CAMBIUM (PHELLOGEN)

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37
Q

PERIDERM IN WOODY PLANTS

A

PHELLEM - PHELLOGEN - PHELLODERM

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38
Q

synonym ng cork cambium

A

PHELLOGEN

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39
Q

Cork cells are impregnated with _______&raquo_space; protection

A

SUBERIN

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40
Q

develop beneath the stomata

A

LENTICELS

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41
Q

____ DON’T do secondary growth

A

ANNUAL PLANTS

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42
Q

do secondary growth

A

PERENNIAL PLANTS

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43
Q

complete their ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE from germination and death within ONE YEAR

A

ANNUAL PLANTS

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44
Q

plants that live multiple years

A

PERENNIAL PLANTS

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45
Q

other term for vascular cylinder

A

STELE

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46
Q

Composed of Primary xylem, primary phloem, and pith

A

VASCULAR CYLINDER / STELE

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47
Q

● SIMPLEST FORM of stele
● SOLID CORE of conducting tissues in which phloem usually surrounds the xylem

A

PROTOSTELE

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48
Q

● tubular with PITH IN THE CENTER.
● Common in FERNS

A

SIPHONOSTELES

49
Q

● Present-day flowering plants and conifers have this
● the primary xylem and primary phloem are in DISCRETE VASCUALR BUNDLES

A

EUSTELES

50
Q

Vascular and cork cambium both develop from _____ in the stem as a stem enters into secondary growth

A

PRIMARY TISSUE

51
Q

Hypodermis in DICOT STEM is made up of

A

COLLENCHYMA

52
Q

hypodermis in MONOCOT STEM is made up of

A

SCLERENCHYMA

53
Q

Vascular Bundle Arrangement in DICOT STEM

A

ONE OR TWO BROKEN RINGS

54
Q

Vascular Bundle Arrangement in MONOCOT STEM

A

SCATTERED ACCROSS THE STEM

55
Q

epidermis that is present in dicot stem but absent in monocot stem

A

TRICHOMES
CUTICLE

56
Q

absent - dicot stem
present - monocot stem

A

BUNDLE SHEATH

57
Q

present - dicot stem
absent - monocot stem

A

CORTEX & PITH

58
Q

In ______, OBVIOUS DIFFERENCES
begin to appear as soon as the vascular cambium and the cork cambium develop

A

WOODY PLANTS

59
Q

Most conspicuous differences involve the _______ or wood

A

SECONDARY XYLEM

60
Q

In trees of temperate climates, virtually ALL GROWTH takes place during the ______, and then CEASES until the following _____

A

GROW: SPRING AND SUMMER
CEASES: SPRING

61
Q

Vascular cambium ACTIVE DURING THE SPRING that produces a xylem

A

SPRING WOOD

62
Q

Xylem with SMALLER or FEWER VESSEL ELEMENTS and LARGE NUMBER of TRACHEIDS

A

SUMMER WOOD

63
Q

Indicates the AGE of the tree; but it also denotes the CLIMATE

A

ANNUAL RINGS

64
Q

aside from age, annual rings also denote ____

A

CLIMATE

65
Q

One year’s GROWTH OF XYLEM

A

ANNUAL RING

66
Q

LIGHTER STREAKS seen on transverse cross section of tree trunk
○ parenchyma cells that may be alive
> 10 years

A

VASCULAR RAYS

67
Q

functions by LATERAL CONDUCTION OF NUTRIENTS & WATER from the stele (thru xylem & phloem) to the cortex

A

VASCULAR RAYS

68
Q

cell w/o cell wall

A

PROTOPLASTS

69
Q

as the tree ages, protoplasts of some of the parenchyma cells that surround the vessels and tracheids grow through the ___ in the walls

A

PITS

70
Q

as the _____ continues to expand, much of the cavity of the vessel of tracheid becomes filled

A

PROTOPLASM

71
Q

PROTRUSIONS filled with resins, gums or tannins; that prevent conduction of water & dissolved substance

A

TYLOSIS (TYLOSES)

72
Q

results to accumulation of resins, gums and tannins as well as
pigments that darken color of the wood

A

TYLOSIS / TYLOSES

73
Q

parenchyma cell na nawalan ng cell wall

A

TYLOSIS

74
Q

due to this kaya nawalan ng cell wall ang parenchyma cell

A

ENZYME SECRETION

75
Q

○ OLDER DARKER WOOD AT THE CENTER, no longer conducts materials
○ helps strengthen the tree
○ tree may LIVE and FUNCTION WELL
after the heartwood has rotted away

A

HEARTWOOD

76
Q

lighter, STILL FUNCTIONING, xylem
CLOSEST TO CAMBIUM

A

SAPWOOD

77
Q

wood of dicots

A

HARDWOOD

78
Q

NO FIBERS OR VESSEL elements; ONLYU TRACHEIDS
○ softer
○ Pines and cone-bearing trees

A

SOFTWOOD

79
Q

ALL TISSUES outside the vascular cambium, including the phloem

A

BARK

80
Q

primary and secondary phloem

A

INNER BARK

81
Q

periderm — cork tissue and cork cambium

A

OUTER BARK

82
Q

● specialized cells or ducts
● form extensive branched networks of LATEX-SECRETING CELLS
● woody flowering plants
● COMMON IN PHLOEM but present throughout all parts of the plant

A

LATICIFERS

83
Q

● a THICK FLUID that is white, yellow orange or red in color and consists of gums, proteins, sugars, oils, salts, alkaloidal drugs, enzymes and other substances
● aids in CLOSING WOUNDS

A

LATEX “DAGTA”

84
Q

anong meron sa dagta ng opium poppy

A

MORPHINE

85
Q

● UNDERGROUND STEM
● grows horizontally
● capable of producing NEW SHOOTS AND ROOTS
○ Ginger, Asparagus, Bamboo, Iris
and many ferns

A

RHIZOMES

86
Q

● above ground stems that RUN ACROSS THE SOIL SURFACE
● long internodes
● ADEVNTITIOUS BUDS appear at alternate nodes along the ____
○ strawberry

A

RUNNERS

87
Q

● similar to runners but are produced
BENEATH THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND and tend to grow in different directions but NOT HORIZONTALLY
○ irish potato, plants, tubers are
produced at the tips of _____

A

STOLONS

88
Q

● modified to WRAP AROUND and CLING TO THINGS for support
● modified stem in grape & Boston Ivy
● leaf parts in peas and cucumber

A

TENDRILS

89
Q

● BELOW-GROUND, compressed, SWOLLEN VERTICAL STEM
● store food
● PAPERY COVERING
● crocus and gladiolus

A

CORMS

90
Q

small corms

A

CORMELS

91
Q

● flattened LEAF-LIKE stems
○ photosynthesis
○ store water
○ prickly pear cactus

A

CLADOPHYLLS

92
Q

○ flattened stems that resemble
leaves that can continue growing
INTERDETERMINATELY (SCALE-LIKE
leaves)

A

PHYLLOCLADES

93
Q

● swollen, fleshy, underground stem
● TUBER BODY is comprised of many
PARENCHYMA CELLS that contain amyloplasts with starch
○ store food

A

TUBERS

94
Q

● underground, consist of basal plate,
growing points, flower primordia and
fleshy scales
● found in monocots

A

BULB

95
Q

● PAPERY OUTER COVERING
● onion tulips daffodils
● protection from DIGGING AND DRYING OUT

A

TUNICATE BULBS

96
Q

● LACK a papery outer covering
● lily bulbs
● SUSCEPTIBLE TO DAMAGE AND DRYING

A

NONTUNICATE / SCALY BULBS

97
Q

● small / SECONDARY BULB that forms in the angle between a leaf and stem or in place of flowers on certain plants

A

BULBLETS

98
Q

● SHARP-POINTED MODIFIED STEMS
● honey locust

A

THORNS

99
Q

● sharp-pointed MODIFIED LEAF or stipule (twigs)
● it helps reduce water loss
● BASE OF THE PETIOLE of most leaves of the black locust is a pair of _____

A

SPINES

100
Q

● SHARP OUTGROWTH from the epidermis or bark
● raspberries and roses - originate from epidermis are neither thorns or spines

A

PRICKLES

101
Q

● chewed stem in nostrils to
arrest EPISTAXIS
● epistaxis - nosebleeding

A

BUTTON SNAKEROOT
Eryngium aquaticum spp

102
Q

● OIL FROM LEAVES & WOOD used
in cold remedies & LINIMENTS
● liniments - lotion to relieve
pain

A

CAMPHOR
Cinnamomum camphora

103
Q

nosebleeding

A

EPISTAXIS

104
Q

lotion to relieve pain

A

LINIMENTS

105
Q

● BARK EXTRACT widely used as laxative

A

CASCARA
Rhamnus purshiana

106
Q

● ROOT BARK EXTRACT used in INTESTINAL PROBLEMS like diverticulosis & Crohn’s disease
● Hirsutin component - lowers BP
● Alkaloid property
○ inhibits PLATELET CLOTTING
○ INCREASE brain SEROTONIN level

A

CAT’S CLAW
Uncaria tomentosa

107
Q

component of cat’s claw that lowers BP

A

HIRSUTIN

108
Q

● TEA FROM BARK is used for coughs and colds

A

CHERRY (WILD)
Prunus serotina

109
Q

● bark extract - NASAL STUFFINESS
& discharge
● DRAIN SINUSES and alleviate asthma and sinus headache

A

CHINESE MAGNOLIA
Magnolia officinalis
Magnolia quinquepeta

110
Q

● Bark extract improve
CIRCULATION to the HANDS and FEET
● Reduce high BP
● Alleviate frequent URINATION PROBLEMS

A

CHINESE RUBBER TREE
Eucommia ulmoides

111
Q

● DRIED RHIZOME used to control
diarrhea

A

CINQUEFOIL
Potentilla erecta

112
Q

● ____ root bark was used by
black slaves to INDUCE ABORTION

A

COTTON
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium barbadense

113
Q

● DRUG EPHEDRINE is used in
nasal congestion and low BP
● MA-HUANG
● TOXIC AMOUNTS OF CYANIDE

A

EPHEDRA
Ephedra nevadensis
Ephedra sinica

114
Q

ephedra is also known as

A

MA HUANG

115
Q

● OIL DISTILLED from barks and
leaves are used for
UROLITHIASIS

A

EUROPEAN BIRCH
Betula pendula

116
Q

● Roots, stems, fruits used as APPETITE SUPPRESSANT and
EYEWASH

A

FENNEL
Foeniculum vulgare

117
Q

● Plant is POISONOUS
● all parts can be used to control IRREGULAR HEART BEAT
● heart stimulant similar to digitalis

A

LILY OF THE VALLEY
Concallaria majalis

118
Q

● bark source of QUININE
● treatment of MALARIA

A

CINCHONA
Cinchona pubescens

BOTANY LEC (20 decks)

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