M2: PLANT CELL AND TISSUES Flashcards
smallest living unit
CELL
first saw cells in 1665
ROBERT HOOKE
what did Robert Hooke used to observe cells
CORK
CELL THEORY
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
- Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
In 1838, a German botanist named _______ concluded that all PLANTS WERE MADE OF CELLS . He is a cofounder of the cell theory
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
ENGLISH FATHER OF MICROSCOPY
ROBERT HOOKE
Robert Hooke coined the term “cells” because they look like ____
SMALL MONASTERY ROOMS
In 1839, a German zoologist named ________ concluded that all ANIMLAS WERE MADE OF CELLS. He also cofounded the cell theory
THEODORE SCHWANN
In 1855, a German medical doctor named __________ observed, under the microscope, CELLS DIVIDING. He reasoned that all cells COME FROM OTHER PRE-EXISITING CELLS by cell division
RUDOLPH VIRCHOW
the study of the STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of the cells
CYTOLOGY
two types of cells
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
They have NO TRUE NUCLEUS as the DNA is not contained within a membrane or separated from the rest of the cell, but is coiled up in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
a cell that has a MEMBRANE-BOUND NUCELUS and other membrane-bound compartments or sacs, called organelles, which have specialized functions.
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
The word eukaryotic means “_______”
TRUE NUCLEUS
multicellular cells
EUKARYOTIC
basic BUILDING BLOCK OF PLANT LIFE. they carry out all the functions necessary for survival
PLANT CELL
- EUKARYOTIC CELLS
- have a true nucleus along with specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions
PLANT CELLS
specialized structures are called
ORGANELLES
an OUTER COVERING that PROTECTS the bacterial cell and GIVES IT SHAPE
CELL WALL
it is composed of cellulose and other substances
CELL WALL
what is the main component of the cell wall
CELLULOSE
what are the other substances of cell wall
LIGNIN, SUBERIN, CUTIN
a STRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE and considered a COMPLEX SUGAR because it is used in protection and structure
CELL WALL
a JELLY-LIKE substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.
CYTOPLASM
it is present within the cell membrane of ALL CELL TYPES and contains all organelles and cell parts
CYTOPLASM
responsible for GIVING THE CELL ITS SHAPE
CYTOPLASM
where MOST CHEMICAL PROCESSES take place
CYTOPLASM
a NETWORK OF PROTEIN FIBERS that helps to MAINTAIN THE SHAPE of the cell, secures certain organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently
CYTOSKELETON
involved in the MOVEMENT within the cell
CYTOSKELETON
MAINTAINS CELL SHAPE and help in INTERNAL MOVEMENT and MOTILITY
CYTOSKELETON
two types of fibers within the cytoskeleton
MICROFILAMENTS
MICROTUBULES
move chromosomes during cell division
MICROTUBULES
made up of protein TUBULIN
MICROTUBULES
cytoplasm is also called as
CELL JELLO
made from G-ACTIN protein
MICROFILAMENTS
are the THINNEST of the cytoskeletal fibers and function in moving cellular components.
MICROFILAMENTS
large tubular structures composed of the protein tubulin
MICROTUBULES
part of the structure of CILIA & FLAGELLA
MICROTUBULES
small, SPHERICAL ORGANELLES with specialized enzyme and are bound by single membrane
MICROBODIES
3 MICROBODIES
PEROXISOME
GLYOXISOME
LYSOSOMES
are long, HAIR-LIKE STRUCTURES that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to MOVE AN ENTIRE CELL
FLAGELLA
In animal cells, the ________ are the cell’s “GARBAGE DISPOSAL.” DIGESTIVE enzymes within the ______ aid the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles.
LYSOSOME
is a rigid covering that PROTECTS the cell, provides STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, and GIVES SHAPE to the cell.
CELL WALL
Provides STRUCTURE to cell; site of many METABOLIC REACTIONS; medium in which ORGANELLES ARE FOUND
CYTOPLASM
OXIDIZES and BREAKS DOWN FATTY ACIDS and AMINO ACIDS, and DETOXIFIES POISON
PEROXISOMES
DIGESTION of macromolecules; RECYCLING OF WORN-OUT organelles
LYSOSOMES
Maintains cell’s shape, secures organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently
CYTOSKELETON
PEROXISOME is a membrane-bound packets of _____
OXIDATIVE ENZYME
contain enzymes needed by plants to survive during hot conditions
PEROXISOMES
plant survival during hot conditions
PHOTORESPIRATION
converts FATTY ACIDS TO SUGAR as fuel for respiration
GLYOXISOME
a SIRIES OF INTERCONNECTED MEMBRANOUS TUBULES that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
system of membrane-bound channels visible only under electron microscope
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
the endoplasmic reticulum is only visible under what type of microscope
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
CONNECTED with the OUTER MEMBRANE of the NUCLEUS
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
transport materials within the cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
is so named because the ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface give it a STUDDED appearance when viewed through an electron microscope.
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
ribosomes are NOT attached
SMOOTH ER
lipid secretion/storage/synthesis are synthesized
SMOOTH ER
is continuous with the RER but has few or NO RIBOSOMES on its cytoplasmic surface. The ______ functions include SYNTHESIS of carbohydrates, LIPIDS (including phospholipids), and steroid hormones; detoxification of medications and poisons; alcohol metabolism; and storage of calcium ions.
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
ribosomes are attached to
ROUGH ER
PROTEIN synthesis takes place
ROUGH ER
are the CELLULAR STRUCTURE responsible for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
RIBOSOMES
these are DENSE GRANULES present in the cytoplasm
RIBOSOMES
INVOLVED in PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
RIBOSOMES
it may be free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
RIBOSOMES
anong tinatrabaho ni ribosomes kapag free siya
THE CELL ITSELF
nasan si ribosomes kapag free siya
CYTOSOL
anong tinatrabaho ni ribosomes kapag attached sa RER
inside/outside of the cell
a microbodies that is only present in animal cells
LYSOSOME
the _____ of the ribosomes in a cell determines what kind of protein it makes
LOCATION
DOUBLE LAYERED organelle of the plant cell
MITOCHONDRIA
are often called the “POWERHOUSES” or “energy factories” of a cell because they are responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell’s main ENERGY-CARRYING molecule.
MITOCHONDRIA
powerhouse of the cell
MITOCHONDRIA
its MAIN FUNCTION is to perform CELLULAR RESPIRATION and to REGULATE CELLULAR METABOLISM
MITOCHONDRIA
what do you call the INSIDE FOLDS of the mitochondria
CRISTAE
they occur in a variety of shapes and sizes (with the chloroplast)
PLASTIDS
for HIGHER PLANTS, the ___ resemble 2 FRISBEES GLUED TOGETEHR
CHLOROPLAST
found within the chloroplast formed from membranes like a STACK OF COINS
GRANA
stacks of - found in each granum; it contains green pigments
THYLAKOID
green pigments; where the 1st steps of photosynthesis happen
CHLOROPHYLL
____ have more chloroplast
HIGHER PLANTS
round, oval, or IRREGULARLY SHAPED PROTOPLASMIC BODIES
PLASTIDS
3 main types of plastids
CHLOROPLAST
LEUCOPLAST
CHROMOPLAST
GREEN plastids
CHLOROPLAST
- COLORLESS plastids
-some are involved in the STORAGE OF STARCH
LEUCOPLAST
storage of starch
AMYLOPLAST
storage of oil
ELAIOPLAST
air storage of preoteins
ALEUROPLAST
plastids with RED and YELLOW pigments called carotenoids
CHROMOPLAST
what do you call the red and yellow pigments
CAROTENOIDS
the sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins take place in the __________________, a SERIES OF FLATTENED MEMBRANOUS SACS
GOLGI BODIES
golgi bodies are also called as
DICTYOSOMES
composed of circular, flattened vesicles of CISTERNAE ALIGNED IN STACKS
GOLGI BODIES
PACKAGING OF PROTEINS areas, TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES TO ADN FROM THE CELL
GOLGI BODIES
golgi bodies is named after ____ (
CAMILO GOLGI
what do you call the folds of the golgi bodies
CISTERNAE
golgi bodies is considered as the ______
POST OFFICE
SEPARATES CELL FROM EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT; controls passage of organic molecules, ions, water, oxygen, and wastes INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL
CELL MEMBRANE
selectively PERMEABLE which regulates the ENTRANCE and EXIT OF SUBSTANCES in a cell
CELL MEMBRANE
its basic function is to PROTECT the cell FROM ITS SURROUNDINGS
CELL MEMBRANE
cell membrane is ___ - layer
BILAYER
CELL EMBRANE IS ALSO CALLED AS
PLASMA MEMBRANE
HOLES all over the cell wall which ALLOWS THE NUTRIENTS TO ENETER the cell and also ALLOWS THE WASTE TO EXIT the cell
PLASMODESMA
TINY STRANDS of cytoplasm thread that connects and extends between cell openings
PLASMODESMA
chemical communication (nakikipag communicate sa ibang cell)
PLASMODESMA
structures of the cell that only the plant cells have
CHLOROPLAST AND CELL WALL
structures of the cell that only the animal cells have
CENTRIOLES
The genetic material of the cell
DNA
is the MOST PROMINENT ORGANELLE in a cell. It houses the cell’s DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins.
NUCLEUS
Cell organelle that houses DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
NUCLEUS
structure that STORES DNA and acts as a cell’s COMMAN CENTER
NUCLEUS
a double-membrane structure that constitutes the OUTERMOST PORTION OF THE NUCLEUS. is PUNCTUATED WITH PORES that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
the nucleus is surrounded by the ___
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
the nuclear envelope is filled with
NUCLEOPLASM
the nuclear envelope contains ___ which allow molecules with the APPROPRIATE NUCLEAR IMPORT AND EXPORT SIGNALS in and out of the nucleus
NUCLEAR PORES
the control center
NUCLEUS
the nucleoplasm is also called as
NUCLEAR SAP
the fluid portion of the nucleus
NUCLEOPLASM / NUCLEAR SAP
DARKLY STAINING material SUSPENDED within the nucleoplasm
CHROMATIN
portion of the chromosome VISIBLE ONLY WHEN THE CELL IS DIVIDING
CHROMATIN
condensed CHROMATIN STRANDS
CHROMOSOMES
contains the GENES that determines the hereditary caracteristics of the cell
CHROMOSOMES
controls the activity of the cell
CHROMOSOMES
filled with aqueous solutions containing various dissolved susbtances
VACUOLE
the vacuole is bound by _____ that has similar function with plasma membrane
VACUOLAR MEMBRANES
vacuolar membranes are also known as
TONOPLAST
useful for maintaining cell structure and WATER BALANCE
VACUOLE
used for the STORAGE OF WASTE AND FOOD
VACUOLE
what do you call an empty vacuole
VACUUS
FLUID PORITON of the VACUOLE
CELL SAPslightly acidic,
slightly acidic, vacuolealso contains sugar, organic acids, and soluble proteins
CELL SAP
discolor sa plants
RHOEO DISCOLOR
shape of monocot
DUMBELL
shape of dicot
KIDNEY SHAPE
DOTTED TINY OPENING OR PORE that is used fro GAS EXCHANGE. they are mostly FOUND on the UNDER-SURFACE of plant leaves (or sometimes upper) which allows entry of CO2 and the diffusion of O2
STOMATA
CONTROLS WATER LOSS when the guard cells inflate or deflate, by opening or closing of pores
GUARD CELLS
the cells of the lower epidermis of rhoeo discolor contain this pigment that is dissolved in the cytoplasm
ANTHOCYANIN
PLANT CELL STRUCTURES
CELL WALL
CYTOPLASM
MICROTUBULES
MICROBODIES
CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
RIBOSOMES
GOLGI BODIES
PLASTIDS
CELL MEMBRANE
PLASMODESMA
STRUCTURES OF NUCELEUS
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
NUCLEAR SAP
CHROMATIN
CHROMOSOMES
NUCLEOLUS
INCLUSION BODIES
VACUOLE
CELL SAP
STOMATA
GUARD CELL
the process in which one cell, called the parent cell, DIVIDES TO FORM TWO NEW CELLS, referred to as DAUGHTER CELLS
CELL DIVISION
cell division is simpler in ____ because these cells themselves are simpler
PROKARYOTES
have a single circular chromosomes, no new nucleus, few other organelles
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
have multiple chromosomes contained within a nucleus
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
IPAMTC
interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
orderly series of events where cells divide
CELL CYCLE
2 divisions in cell cycle
INTERPHASE
MITOSIS
chromosomes aPpear
PROPHASE
line up in the Middle
METAPHASE
pulled Apart
ANAPHASE
Two new cell
TELOPHASE
a period in which chromosomes are NOT VISIBLE with light microscope
living cells are NOT DIVIDING
INTERPHASE
3 intervals of interphase
G1
S PHASE - SYNTHESIS
G2
lengthy period after the nucleus divides; RNA AND RIBOSOMES ARE PRODUCED & cell increase in size
G1 - GROWTH/GAP ONE
DNA replication takes place
S - SYNTHESIS
MITOCHONDRIA & OTHER ORGANELLES DIVIDE; microtubules are produced; coiling & condensation of chromosmes begin
G2 - GROWTH/GAP 2
where one cell divides into two and each of the two cells to produce two more daughter cells (4 products)
MITOSIS
location of mitosis (roots and stem tips)
MERISTEM
normally comes with mitosis; division of the REMAINDER of the cell
CYTOKINESIS
the daughter cells have the EXACT NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES as the parent cell
MITOSIS
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE BREAKDOWN, chromosome condensation, SPINDLE FORMATION
PROPHASE
CHROMOSOMES ARE LINED UP precisely on the ___ plate, or middle of the cell
METAPHASE
middle of the cell where chromosomes line up
METAPHASE PLATE
SPINDLE PULLS SISTER CHROMATID APART
ANAPHASE
CHROMATIDS begin to decondense and BECOME CHROMATIN. SPINDEL DISAPPEARS
TELOPHASE
TOTAL DIVISION OF CELLS
CYTOKINESIS
what splits cell
ACTIN RING OR CLEAVAGE FURROW
________ completes the full stage of the cell cycle
CYTOKINESIS
It is the part of the cell cycle where the nucleus physically divides into two, each containing an EXACT COPY of the original DNA
MITOSIS
for most cells, the majority of their lifespan is actually spent in
INTERPHASE
a human has ____ pairs of chromosomes
23
the longest stage of the cell cycle
INTERPHASE
the ____ is the process in the cell cycle by which a cell duplicates into two genetically identical daughter cells
MITOSIS
it is formed on plant cells when it is under the CYTOKINESIS STAGE
CLEAVAGE FURROW
The process by which a parent cell DIVIDES into two or more daughter cells.
Results in the FORMATION OF NEW CELL.
CELL DIVISION
Cell division in non-sex cells or somatic cell is called
MITOSIS
cell division involving sex cells is called
MEIOSIS
basic unit of hereditary; codes for a specific trait
GENE
ELONGATED cellular structure composed of DNA and protein
CHROMOSOME
Mitotic Phases
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
the division of the ORIGINAL CELL’S CYTOPLASM, begins prior to the end of mitosis and completes shortly after telophase. At the end of _______, two genetically identical daughter cells are produced
CYTOKINESIS
