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BOTANY LEC > M2: PLANT CELL AND TISSUES > Flashcards

M2: PLANT CELL AND TISSUES Flashcards

1
Q

smallest living unit

A

CELL

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2
Q

first saw cells in 1665

A

ROBERT HOOKE

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3
Q

what did Robert Hooke used to observe cells

A

CORK

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4
Q

CELL THEORY

A
  1. All living things are made of cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
  3. Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
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5
Q

In 1838, a German botanist named _______ concluded that all PLANTS WERE MADE OF CELLS . He is a cofounder of the cell theory

A

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN

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6
Q

ENGLISH FATHER OF MICROSCOPY

A

ROBERT HOOKE

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7
Q

Robert Hooke coined the term “cells” because they look like ____

A

SMALL MONASTERY ROOMS

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8
Q

In 1839, a German zoologist named ________ concluded that all ANIMLAS WERE MADE OF CELLS. He also cofounded the cell theory

A

THEODORE SCHWANN

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9
Q

In 1855, a German medical doctor named __________ observed, under the microscope, CELLS DIVIDING. He reasoned that all cells COME FROM OTHER PRE-EXISITING CELLS by cell division

A

RUDOLPH VIRCHOW

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10
Q

the study of the STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of the cells

A

CYTOLOGY

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11
Q

two types of cells

A

PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC

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12
Q

They have NO TRUE NUCLEUS as the DNA is not contained within a membrane or separated from the rest of the cell, but is coiled up in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.

A

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

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13
Q

a cell that has a MEMBRANE-BOUND NUCELUS and other membrane-bound compartments or sacs, called organelles, which have specialized functions.

A

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

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14
Q

The word eukaryotic means “_______”

A

TRUE NUCLEUS

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15
Q

multicellular cells

A

EUKARYOTIC

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16
Q

basic BUILDING BLOCK OF PLANT LIFE. they carry out all the functions necessary for survival

A

PLANT CELL

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17
Q
  • EUKARYOTIC CELLS
  • have a true nucleus along with specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions
A

PLANT CELLS

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18
Q

specialized structures are called

A

ORGANELLES

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19
Q

an OUTER COVERING that PROTECTS the bacterial cell and GIVES IT SHAPE

A

CELL WALL

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20
Q

it is composed of cellulose and other substances

A

CELL WALL

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21
Q

what is the main component of the cell wall

A

CELLULOSE

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22
Q

what are the other substances of cell wall

A

LIGNIN, SUBERIN, CUTIN

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23
Q

a STRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE and considered a COMPLEX SUGAR because it is used in protection and structure

A

CELL WALL

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24
Q

a JELLY-LIKE substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.

A

CYTOPLASM

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25
Q

it is present within the cell membrane of ALL CELL TYPES and contains all organelles and cell parts

A

CYTOPLASM

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26
Q

responsible for GIVING THE CELL ITS SHAPE

A

CYTOPLASM

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27
Q

where MOST CHEMICAL PROCESSES take place

A

CYTOPLASM

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28
Q

a NETWORK OF PROTEIN FIBERS that helps to MAINTAIN THE SHAPE of the cell, secures certain organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently

A

CYTOSKELETON

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29
Q

involved in the MOVEMENT within the cell

A

CYTOSKELETON

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30
Q

MAINTAINS CELL SHAPE and help in INTERNAL MOVEMENT and MOTILITY

A

CYTOSKELETON

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31
Q

two types of fibers within the cytoskeleton

A

MICROFILAMENTS
MICROTUBULES

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32
Q

move chromosomes during cell division

A

MICROTUBULES

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33
Q

made up of protein TUBULIN

A

MICROTUBULES

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34
Q

cytoplasm is also called as

A

CELL JELLO

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35
Q

made from G-ACTIN protein

A

MICROFILAMENTS

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36
Q

are the THINNEST of the cytoskeletal fibers and function in moving cellular components.

A

MICROFILAMENTS

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37
Q

large tubular structures composed of the protein tubulin

A

MICROTUBULES

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38
Q

part of the structure of CILIA & FLAGELLA

A

MICROTUBULES

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39
Q

small, SPHERICAL ORGANELLES with specialized enzyme and are bound by single membrane

A

MICROBODIES

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40
Q

3 MICROBODIES

A

PEROXISOME
GLYOXISOME
LYSOSOMES

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41
Q

are long, HAIR-LIKE STRUCTURES that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to MOVE AN ENTIRE CELL

A

FLAGELLA

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42
Q

In animal cells, the ________ are the cell’s “GARBAGE DISPOSAL.” DIGESTIVE enzymes within the ______ aid the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles.

A

LYSOSOME

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43
Q

is a rigid covering that PROTECTS the cell, provides STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, and GIVES SHAPE to the cell.

A

CELL WALL

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44
Q

Provides STRUCTURE to cell; site of many METABOLIC REACTIONS; medium in which ORGANELLES ARE FOUND

A

CYTOPLASM

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45
Q

OXIDIZES and BREAKS DOWN FATTY ACIDS and AMINO ACIDS, and DETOXIFIES POISON

A

PEROXISOMES

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46
Q

DIGESTION of macromolecules; RECYCLING OF WORN-OUT organelles

A

LYSOSOMES

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47
Q

Maintains cell’s shape, secures organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently

A

CYTOSKELETON

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48
Q

PEROXISOME is a membrane-bound packets of _____

A

OXIDATIVE ENZYME

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49
Q

contain enzymes needed by plants to survive during hot conditions

A

PEROXISOMES

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50
Q

plant survival during hot conditions

A

PHOTORESPIRATION

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51
Q

converts FATTY ACIDS TO SUGAR as fuel for respiration

A

GLYOXISOME

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52
Q

a SIRIES OF INTERCONNECTED MEMBRANOUS TUBULES that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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53
Q

system of membrane-bound channels visible only under electron microscope

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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54
Q

the endoplasmic reticulum is only visible under what type of microscope

A

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

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55
Q

CONNECTED with the OUTER MEMBRANE of the NUCLEUS

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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56
Q

transport materials within the cell

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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57
Q

is so named because the ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface give it a STUDDED appearance when viewed through an electron microscope.

A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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58
Q

ribosomes are NOT attached

A

SMOOTH ER

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59
Q

lipid secretion/storage/synthesis are synthesized

A

SMOOTH ER

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60
Q

is continuous with the RER but has few or NO RIBOSOMES on its cytoplasmic surface. The ______ functions include SYNTHESIS of carbohydrates, LIPIDS (including phospholipids), and steroid hormones; detoxification of medications and poisons; alcohol metabolism; and storage of calcium ions.

A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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61
Q

ribosomes are attached to

A

ROUGH ER

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62
Q

PROTEIN synthesis takes place

A

ROUGH ER

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63
Q

are the CELLULAR STRUCTURE responsible for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

A

RIBOSOMES

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64
Q

these are DENSE GRANULES present in the cytoplasm

A

RIBOSOMES

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65
Q

INVOLVED in PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

A

RIBOSOMES

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66
Q

it may be free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

A

RIBOSOMES

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67
Q

anong tinatrabaho ni ribosomes kapag free siya

A

THE CELL ITSELF

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68
Q

nasan si ribosomes kapag free siya

A

CYTOSOL

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69
Q

anong tinatrabaho ni ribosomes kapag attached sa RER

A

inside/outside of the cell

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70
Q

a microbodies that is only present in animal cells

A

LYSOSOME

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71
Q

the _____ of the ribosomes in a cell determines what kind of protein it makes

A

LOCATION

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72
Q

DOUBLE LAYERED organelle of the plant cell

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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73
Q

are often called the “POWERHOUSES” or “energy factories” of a cell because they are responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell’s main ENERGY-CARRYING molecule.

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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74
Q

powerhouse of the cell

A

MITOCHONDRIA

75
Q

its MAIN FUNCTION is to perform CELLULAR RESPIRATION and to REGULATE CELLULAR METABOLISM

A

MITOCHONDRIA

76
Q

what do you call the INSIDE FOLDS of the mitochondria

A

CRISTAE

77
Q

they occur in a variety of shapes and sizes (with the chloroplast)

A

PLASTIDS

78
Q

for HIGHER PLANTS, the ___ resemble 2 FRISBEES GLUED TOGETEHR

A

CHLOROPLAST

79
Q

found within the chloroplast formed from membranes like a STACK OF COINS

A

GRANA

80
Q

stacks of - found in each granum; it contains green pigments

A

THYLAKOID

81
Q

green pigments; where the 1st steps of photosynthesis happen

A

CHLOROPHYLL

82
Q

____ have more chloroplast

A

HIGHER PLANTS

83
Q

round, oval, or IRREGULARLY SHAPED PROTOPLASMIC BODIES

A

PLASTIDS

84
Q

3 main types of plastids

A

CHLOROPLAST
LEUCOPLAST
CHROMOPLAST

85
Q

GREEN plastids

A

CHLOROPLAST

86
Q
  • COLORLESS plastids
    -some are involved in the STORAGE OF STARCH
A

LEUCOPLAST

87
Q

storage of starch

A

AMYLOPLAST

88
Q

storage of oil

A

ELAIOPLAST

89
Q

air storage of preoteins

A

ALEUROPLAST

90
Q

plastids with RED and YELLOW pigments called carotenoids

A

CHROMOPLAST

91
Q

what do you call the red and yellow pigments

A

CAROTENOIDS

92
Q

the sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins take place in the __________________, a SERIES OF FLATTENED MEMBRANOUS SACS

A

GOLGI BODIES

93
Q

golgi bodies are also called as

A

DICTYOSOMES

94
Q

composed of circular, flattened vesicles of CISTERNAE ALIGNED IN STACKS

A

GOLGI BODIES

95
Q

PACKAGING OF PROTEINS areas, TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES TO ADN FROM THE CELL

A

GOLGI BODIES

96
Q

golgi bodies is named after ____ (

A

CAMILO GOLGI

97
Q

what do you call the folds of the golgi bodies

A

CISTERNAE

98
Q

golgi bodies is considered as the ______

A

POST OFFICE

99
Q

SEPARATES CELL FROM EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT; controls passage of organic molecules, ions, water, oxygen, and wastes INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL

A

CELL MEMBRANE

100
Q

selectively PERMEABLE which regulates the ENTRANCE and EXIT OF SUBSTANCES in a cell

A

CELL MEMBRANE

101
Q

its basic function is to PROTECT the cell FROM ITS SURROUNDINGS

A

CELL MEMBRANE

102
Q

cell membrane is ___ - layer

A

BILAYER

103
Q

CELL EMBRANE IS ALSO CALLED AS

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

104
Q

HOLES all over the cell wall which ALLOWS THE NUTRIENTS TO ENETER the cell and also ALLOWS THE WASTE TO EXIT the cell

A

PLASMODESMA

105
Q

TINY STRANDS of cytoplasm thread that connects and extends between cell openings

A

PLASMODESMA

106
Q

chemical communication (nakikipag communicate sa ibang cell)

A

PLASMODESMA

107
Q

structures of the cell that only the plant cells have

A

CHLOROPLAST AND CELL WALL

108
Q

structures of the cell that only the animal cells have

A

CENTRIOLES

109
Q

The genetic material of the cell

A

DNA

110
Q

is the MOST PROMINENT ORGANELLE in a cell. It houses the cell’s DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins.

A

NUCLEUS

111
Q

Cell organelle that houses DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

A

NUCLEUS

112
Q

structure that STORES DNA and acts as a cell’s COMMAN CENTER

A

NUCLEUS

113
Q

a double-membrane structure that constitutes the OUTERMOST PORTION OF THE NUCLEUS. is PUNCTUATED WITH PORES that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.

A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

114
Q

the nucleus is surrounded by the ___

A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

115
Q

the nuclear envelope is filled with

A

NUCLEOPLASM

116
Q

the nuclear envelope contains ___ which allow molecules with the APPROPRIATE NUCLEAR IMPORT AND EXPORT SIGNALS in and out of the nucleus

A

NUCLEAR PORES

117
Q

the control center

A

NUCLEUS

118
Q

the nucleoplasm is also called as

A

NUCLEAR SAP

119
Q

the fluid portion of the nucleus

A

NUCLEOPLASM / NUCLEAR SAP

120
Q

DARKLY STAINING material SUSPENDED within the nucleoplasm

A

CHROMATIN

121
Q

portion of the chromosome VISIBLE ONLY WHEN THE CELL IS DIVIDING

A

CHROMATIN

122
Q

condensed CHROMATIN STRANDS

A

CHROMOSOMES

123
Q

contains the GENES that determines the hereditary caracteristics of the cell

A

CHROMOSOMES

124
Q

controls the activity of the cell

A

CHROMOSOMES

125
Q

filled with aqueous solutions containing various dissolved susbtances

A

VACUOLE

126
Q

the vacuole is bound by _____ that has similar function with plasma membrane

A

VACUOLAR MEMBRANES

127
Q

vacuolar membranes are also known as

A

TONOPLAST

128
Q

useful for maintaining cell structure and WATER BALANCE

A

VACUOLE

129
Q

used for the STORAGE OF WASTE AND FOOD

A

VACUOLE

130
Q

what do you call an empty vacuole

A

VACUUS

131
Q

FLUID PORITON of the VACUOLE

A

CELL SAPslightly acidic,

132
Q

slightly acidic, vacuolealso contains sugar, organic acids, and soluble proteins

A

CELL SAP

133
Q

discolor sa plants

A

RHOEO DISCOLOR

134
Q

shape of monocot

A

DUMBELL

135
Q

shape of dicot

A

KIDNEY SHAPE

136
Q

DOTTED TINY OPENING OR PORE that is used fro GAS EXCHANGE. they are mostly FOUND on the UNDER-SURFACE of plant leaves (or sometimes upper) which allows entry of CO2 and the diffusion of O2

A

STOMATA

137
Q

CONTROLS WATER LOSS when the guard cells inflate or deflate, by opening or closing of pores

A

GUARD CELLS

138
Q

the cells of the lower epidermis of rhoeo discolor contain this pigment that is dissolved in the cytoplasm

A

ANTHOCYANIN

139
Q

PLANT CELL STRUCTURES

A

CELL WALL
CYTOPLASM
MICROTUBULES
MICROBODIES

140
Q

CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
RIBOSOMES
GOLGI BODIES
PLASTIDS
CELL MEMBRANE
PLASMODESMA

141
Q

STRUCTURES OF NUCELEUS

A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
NUCLEAR SAP
CHROMATIN
CHROMOSOMES
NUCLEOLUS

142
Q

INCLUSION BODIES

A

VACUOLE
CELL SAP
STOMATA
GUARD CELL

143
Q

the process in which one cell, called the parent cell, DIVIDES TO FORM TWO NEW CELLS, referred to as DAUGHTER CELLS

A

CELL DIVISION

144
Q

cell division is simpler in ____ because these cells themselves are simpler

A

PROKARYOTES

145
Q

have a single circular chromosomes, no new nucleus, few other organelles

A

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

146
Q

have multiple chromosomes contained within a nucleus

A

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

147
Q

IPAMTC

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

148
Q

orderly series of events where cells divide

A

CELL CYCLE

149
Q

2 divisions in cell cycle

A

INTERPHASE
MITOSIS

150
Q

chromosomes aPpear

A

PROPHASE

151
Q

line up in the Middle

A

METAPHASE

152
Q

pulled Apart

A

ANAPHASE

153
Q

Two new cell

A

TELOPHASE

154
Q

a period in which chromosomes are NOT VISIBLE with light microscope

living cells are NOT DIVIDING

A

INTERPHASE

155
Q

3 intervals of interphase

A

G1
S PHASE - SYNTHESIS
G2

156
Q

lengthy period after the nucleus divides; RNA AND RIBOSOMES ARE PRODUCED & cell increase in size

A

G1 - GROWTH/GAP ONE

157
Q

DNA replication takes place

A

S - SYNTHESIS

158
Q

MITOCHONDRIA & OTHER ORGANELLES DIVIDE; microtubules are produced; coiling & condensation of chromosmes begin

A

G2 - GROWTH/GAP 2

159
Q

where one cell divides into two and each of the two cells to produce two more daughter cells (4 products)

A

MITOSIS

160
Q

location of mitosis (roots and stem tips)

A

MERISTEM

161
Q

normally comes with mitosis; division of the REMAINDER of the cell

A

CYTOKINESIS

162
Q

the daughter cells have the EXACT NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES as the parent cell

A

MITOSIS

163
Q

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE BREAKDOWN, chromosome condensation, SPINDLE FORMATION

A

PROPHASE

164
Q

CHROMOSOMES ARE LINED UP precisely on the ___ plate, or middle of the cell

A

METAPHASE

164
Q

middle of the cell where chromosomes line up

A

METAPHASE PLATE

165
Q

SPINDLE PULLS SISTER CHROMATID APART

A

ANAPHASE

166
Q

CHROMATIDS begin to decondense and BECOME CHROMATIN. SPINDEL DISAPPEARS

A

TELOPHASE

167
Q

TOTAL DIVISION OF CELLS

A

CYTOKINESIS

168
Q

what splits cell

A

ACTIN RING OR CLEAVAGE FURROW

169
Q

________ completes the full stage of the cell cycle

A

CYTOKINESIS

170
Q

It is the part of the cell cycle where the nucleus physically divides into two, each containing an EXACT COPY of the original DNA

A

MITOSIS

171
Q

for most cells, the majority of their lifespan is actually spent in

A

INTERPHASE

172
Q

a human has ____ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

173
Q

the longest stage of the cell cycle

A

INTERPHASE

174
Q

the ____ is the process in the cell cycle by which a cell duplicates into two genetically identical daughter cells

A

MITOSIS

175
Q

it is formed on plant cells when it is under the CYTOKINESIS STAGE

A

CLEAVAGE FURROW

176
Q

 The process by which a parent cell DIVIDES into two or more daughter cells.
 Results in the FORMATION OF NEW CELL.

A

CELL DIVISION

177
Q

Cell division in non-sex cells or somatic cell is called

A

MITOSIS

178
Q

cell division involving sex cells is called

A

MEIOSIS

179
Q

basic unit of hereditary; codes for a specific trait

A

GENE

180
Q

ELONGATED cellular structure composed of DNA and protein

A

CHROMOSOME

181
Q

Mitotic Phases

A

PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE

182
Q

the division of the ORIGINAL CELL’S CYTOPLASM, begins prior to the end of mitosis and completes shortly after telophase. At the end of _______, two genetically identical daughter cells are produced

A

CYTOKINESIS

BOTANY LEC (20 decks)

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